This is the ‘Gmsh Reference Manual’ for Gmsh 4.15.2 (development
version) (March 30, 2026).  Copyright © 1997-2025 Christophe Geuzaine,
Jean-François Remacle

Gmsh
Obtaining Gmsh
Copying conditions
Reporting a bug
1 Overview of Gmsh
2 Gmsh tutorial
3 Gmsh graphical user interface
4 Gmsh command-line interface
5 Gmsh scripting language
6 Gmsh application programming interface
7 Gmsh options
8 Gmsh mesh size fields
9 Gmsh plugins
10 Gmsh file formats
Appendix A Compiling the source code
Appendix B Information for developers
Appendix C Frequently asked questions
Appendix D Version history
Appendix E Copyright and credits
Appendix F License
Concept index
Syntax index
Gmsh
Obtaining Gmsh
Copying conditions
Reporting a bug
1 Overview of Gmsh
  1.1 Geometry module
  1.2 Mesh module
    1.2.1 Choosing the right unstructured algorithm
    1.2.2 Specifying mesh element sizes
    1.2.3 Elementary entities vs. physical groups
  1.3 Solver module
  1.4 Post-processing module
  1.5 What Gmsh is pretty good at ...
  1.6 ... and what Gmsh is not so good at
  1.7 Installing and running Gmsh on your computer
2 Gmsh tutorial
  2.1 ‘t1’: Geometry basics, elementary entities, physical groups
  2.2 ‘t2’: Transformations, extruded geometries, volumes
  2.3 ‘t3’: Extruded meshes, ONELAB parameters, options
  2.4 ‘t4’: Built-in functions, holes in surfaces, annotations, entity colors
  2.5 ‘t5’: Mesh sizes, macros, loops, holes in volumes
  2.6 ‘t6’: Transfinite meshes, deleting entities
  2.7 ‘t7’: Background meshes
  2.8 ‘t8’: Post-processing, image export and animations
  2.9 ‘t9’: Plugins
  2.10 ‘t10’: Mesh size fields
  2.11 ‘t11’: Unstructured quadrangular meshes
  2.12 ‘t12’: Cross-patch meshing with compounds
  2.13 ‘t13’: Remeshing an STL file without an underlying CAD model
  2.14 ‘t14’: Homology and cohomology computation
  2.15 ‘t15’: Embedded points, lines and surfaces
  2.16 ‘t16’: Constructive Solid Geometry, OpenCASCADE geometry kernel
  2.17 ‘t17’: Anisotropic background mesh
  2.18 ‘t18’: Periodic meshes
  2.19 ‘t19’: Thrusections, fillets, pipes, mesh size from curvature
  2.20 ‘t20’: STEP import and manipulation, geometry partitioning
  2.21 ‘t21’: Mesh partitioning
  2.22 ‘x1’: Geometry and mesh data
  2.23 ‘x2’: Mesh import, discrete entities, hybrid models, terrain meshing
  2.24 ‘x3’: Post-processing data import: list-based
  2.25 ‘x4’: Post-processing data import: model-based
  2.26 ‘x5’: Additional geometrical data: parametrizations, normals, curvatures
  2.27 ‘x6’: Additional mesh data: integration points, Jacobians and basis functions
  2.28 ‘x7’: Additional mesh data: internal edges and faces
3 Gmsh graphical user interface
  3.1 Mouse actions
  3.2 Keyboard shortcuts
4 Gmsh command-line interface
5 Gmsh scripting language
  5.1 General scripting commands
    5.1.1 Comments
    5.1.2 Floating point expressions
    5.1.3 String expressions
    5.1.4 Color expressions
    5.1.5 Operators
    5.1.6 Built-in functions
    5.1.7 User-defined macros
    5.1.8 Loops and conditionals
    5.1.9 Other general commands
  5.2 Geometry scripting commands
    5.2.1 Points
    5.2.2 Curves
    5.2.3 Surfaces
    5.2.4 Volumes
    5.2.5 Extrusions
    5.2.6 Boolean operations
    5.2.7 Transformations
    5.2.8 Other geometry commands
  5.3 Mesh scripting commands
    5.3.1 Mesh element sizes
    5.3.2 Structured grids
    5.3.3 Other mesh commands
  5.4 Post-processing scripting commands
6 Gmsh application programming interface
  6.1 Namespace ‘gmsh’: top-level functions
  6.2 Namespace ‘gmsh/option’: option handling functions
  6.3 Namespace ‘gmsh/model’: model functions
  6.4 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/mesh’: mesh functions
  6.5 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/mesh/field’: mesh size field functions
  6.6 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/geo’: built-in CAD kernel functions
  6.7 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh’: built-in CAD kernel meshing constraints
  6.8 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/occ’: OpenCASCADE CAD kernel functions
  6.9 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/occ/mesh’: OpenCASCADE CAD kernel meshing constraints
  6.10 Namespace ‘gmsh/view’: post-processing view functions
  6.11 Namespace ‘gmsh/view/option’: view option handling functions
  6.12 Namespace ‘gmsh/algorithm’: raw algorithms
  6.13 Namespace ‘gmsh/plugin’: plugin functions
  6.14 Namespace ‘gmsh/graphics’: graphics functions
  6.15 Namespace ‘gmsh/fltk’: FLTK graphical user interface functions
  6.16 Namespace ‘gmsh/parser’: parser functions
  6.17 Namespace ‘gmsh/onelab’: ONELAB server functions
  6.18 Namespace ‘gmsh/logger’: information logging functions
7 Gmsh options
  7.1 General options
  7.2 Print options
  7.3 Geometry options
  7.4 Mesh options
  7.5 Solver options
  7.6 Post-processing options
  7.7 Post-processing view options
8 Gmsh mesh size fields
9 Gmsh plugins
10 Gmsh file formats
  10.1 MSH file format
  10.2 Node ordering
    10.2.1 Low order elements
    10.2.2 High-order elements
  10.3 Legacy formats
    10.3.1 MSH file format version 2 (Legacy)
    10.3.2 MSH file format version 1 (Legacy)
    10.3.3 POS ASCII file format (Legacy)
    10.3.4 POS binary file format (Legacy)
Appendix A Compiling the source code
Appendix B Information for developers
  B.1 Source code structure
  B.2 Coding style
  B.3 Adding a new option
Appendix C Frequently asked questions
  C.1 The basics
  C.2 Installation problems
  C.3 General questions
  C.4 Geometry module
  C.5 Mesh module
  C.6 Solver module
  C.7 Post-processing module
Appendix D Version history
Appendix E Copyright and credits
Appendix F License
Concept index
Syntax index

Gmsh
****

Christophe Geuzaine and Jean-François Remacle

Gmsh is an automatic 3D finite element mesh generator with build-in pre-
and post-processing facilities.  This is the ‘Gmsh Reference Manual’ for
Gmsh 4.15.2 (development version) (March 30, 2026).

Obtaining Gmsh
**************

The source code and pre-compiled binary versions of Gmsh (for Windows,
macOS and Linux) can be downloaded from <https://gmsh.info>.  Gmsh
packages are also directly available in various Linux and BSD
distributions (Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, FreeBSD, ...).

If you use Gmsh, we would appreciate that you mention it in your work by
citing the following paper: C. Geuzaine and J.-F. Remacle, _Gmsh: a
three-dimensional finite element mesh generator with built-in pre- and
post-processing facilities_.  International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, Volume 79, Issue 11, pages 1309-1331, 2009.  A
preprint of that paper as well as other references and the latest news
about Gmsh development are available on <https://gmsh.info>.

Copying conditions
******************

Gmsh is _free software_; this means that everyone is free to use it and
to redistribute it on a free basis.  Gmsh is not in the public domain;
it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but
these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good
cooperating citizen would want to do.  What is not allowed is to try to
prevent others from further sharing any version of Gmsh that they might
get from you.

Specifically, we want to make sure that you have the right to give away
copies of Gmsh, that you receive source code or else can get it if you
want it, that you can change Gmsh or use pieces of Gmsh in new free
programs, and that you know you can do these things.

To make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to
deprive anyone else of these rights.  For example, if you distribute
copies of Gmsh, you must give the recipients all the rights that you
have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
code.  And you must tell them their rights.

Also, for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone finds
out that there is no warranty for Gmsh.  If Gmsh is modified by someone
else and passed on, we want their recipients to know that what they have
is not what we distributed, so that any problems introduced by others
will not reflect on our reputation.

The precise conditions of the license for Gmsh are found in the General
Public License that accompanies the source code (see License).  Further
information about this license is available from the GNU Project webpage
<https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-faq.html>.  Detailed copyright
information can be found in Copyright and credits.

If you want to integrate parts of Gmsh into a closed-source software, or
want to sell a modified closed-source version of Gmsh, you will need to
obtain a different license.  Please contact us directly
(http://geuz.org) for more information.

Reporting a bug
***************

If, after reading this reference manual, you think you have found a bug
in Gmsh, please file an issue on
<https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/issues>.  Provide as precise a
description of the problem as you can, including sample input files that
produce the bug.  Don't forget to mention both the version of Gmsh and
your operation system.

See Frequently asked questions, and the bug tracking system
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/issues) to see which problems we
already know about.

1 Overview of Gmsh
******************

Gmsh is a three-dimensional finite element mesh generator with a
build-in CAD engine and post-processor.  Its design goal is to provide a
fast, light and user-friendly meshing tool with parametric input and
flexible visualization capabilities.

Gmsh is built around four modules (geometry, mesh, solver and
post-processing), which can be controlled with the graphical user
interface (GUI; see Gmsh graphical user interface), from the command
line (see Gmsh command-line interface), using text files written in
Gmsh's own scripting language (‘.geo’ files; see Gmsh scripting
language), or through the C++, C, Python, Julia and Fortran application
programming interface (API; see Gmsh application programming interface).

A brief description of the four modules is given hereafter, before an
overview of what Gmsh does best (...  and what it is not so good at),
and some practical information on how to install and run Gmsh on your
computer.

1.1 Geometry module
===================

A model in Gmsh is defined using its Boundary Representation (BRep): a
volume is bounded by a set of surfaces, a surface is bounded by a series
of curves, and a curve is bounded by two end points.  Model entities are
topological entities, i.e., they only deal with adjacencies in the
model, and are implemented as a set of abstract topological classes.
This BRep is extended by the definition of _embedded_, or internal,
model entities: internal points, curves and surfaces can be embedded in
volumes; and internal points and curves can be embedded in surfaces.

The geometry of model entities can be provided by different CAD kernels.
The two default kernels interfaced by Gmsh are the _built-in_ kernel and
the _OpenCASCADE_ kernel.  Gmsh does not translate the geometrical
representation from one kernel to another, or from these kernels to some
neutral representation.  Instead, Gmsh directly queries the native data
for each CAD kernel, which avoids data loss and is crucial for complex
models where translations invariably introduce issues linked to slightly
different representations.  Selecting the CAD kernel in ‘.geo’ scripts
is done with the ‘SetFactory’ command (see Geometry scripting commands),
while in the Gmsh API the kernel appears explicitly in all the relevant
functions from the ‘gmsh/model’ namespace, with ‘geo’ or ‘occ’ prefixes
for the built-in and OpenCASCADE kernel, respectively (see Namespace
gmsh/model).

Entities can either be built in a _bottom-up_ manner (first points, then
curves, surfaces and volumes) with the built-in and OpenCASCADE kernels,
or in a _top-down_ constructive solid geometry fashion (solids on which
boolean operations are performed) with the OpenCASCADE kernel.  Both
methodologies can also be combined.  Finally, groups of model entities
(called "physical groups") can be defined, based on the elementary
geometric entities.  (See Elementary entities vs physical groups, for
more information about how physical groups affect the way meshes are
saved.)

Both model entities (also referred to as "elementary entities") and
physical groups are uniquely defined by a pair of integers: their
dimension (0 for points, 1 for curves, 2 for surfaces, 3 for volumes)
and their _tag_, a strictly positive global identification number.
Entity and group tags are unique per dimension:
  1. each point must possess a unique tag;
  2. each curve must possess a unique tag;
  3. each surface must possess a unique tag;
  4. each volume must possess a unique tag.
Zero or negative tags are reserved by Gmsh for internal use.

Model entities can be manipulated and transformed in a variety of ways
within the geometry module, but operations are always performed directly
within their respective CAD kernels.  As explained above, there is no
common internal geometrical representation: rather, Gmsh directly
performs the operations (translation, rotation, intersection, union,
fragments, ...)  on the native geometrical representation using each CAD
kernel's own API. In the same philosophy, models can be imported in the
geometry module through each CAD kernel's own import mechanisms.  For
example, by default Gmsh imports STEP and IGES files through
OpenCASCADE, which will lead to the creation of model entities with an
internal OpenCASCADE representation.  Models represented with the
built-in CAD kernel can be serialized to disk by exporting them as
‘.geo_unrolled’ files, while models contructed with the OpenCASCADE
kernel can be serialized as ‘.brep’ or ‘.xao’ files.

The Gmsh tutorial, starting with t1, is the best place to learn how to
use the geometry module: it contains examples of increasing complexity
based on both the built-in and the OpenCASCADE kernel.  Note that many
features of the geometry module can be used interactively in the GUI
(see Gmsh graphical user interface), which is also a good way to learn
about both Gmsh's scripting language and the API, as actions in the
geometry module automatically append the related command in the input
script file, and can optionally also generate input for the languages
supported by the API (see the ‘General.ScriptingLanguages’ option; this
is still work-in-progress as of Gmsh 4.14.)

In addition to CAD-type geometrical entities, whose geometry is provided
by a CAD kernel, Gmsh also supports _discrete_ model entities, which are
defined by a mesh (e.g.  STL). Gmsh does not perform geometrical
operations on such discrete entities, but they can be equipped with a
geometry through a so-called "reparametrization" procedure(1) (see
Geometry module-Footnote-1).  The parametrization is then used for
meshing, in exactly the same way as for CAD entities.  See t13 for an
example.

   (1) P. A. Beaufort, C. Geuzaine, J.-F. Remacle _Automatic surface
mesh generation for discrete models–A complete and automatic pipeline
based on reparametrization_.  Journal of Computational Physics, 417,
109575, 2020.

1.2 Mesh module
===============

A finite element mesh of a model is a tessellation of its geometry by
simple geometrical elements of various shapes (in Gmsh: lines,
triangles, quadrangles, tetrahedra, prisms, hexahedra and pyramids),
arranged in such a way that if two of them intersect, they do so along a
face, an edge or a node, and never otherwise.  This defines a so-called
conformal mesh.  The mesh module implements several algorithms to
generate such meshes automatically.  By default, meshes produced by Gmsh
are considered as _unstructured_, even if they were generated in a
_structured_ way (e.g., by extrusion).  This implies that the mesh
elements are completely defined simply by an ordered list of their
nodes, and that no predefined ordering relation is assumed between any
two elements.

In order to guarantee the conformity of the mesh, mesh generation is
performed in a bottom-up flow: curves are discretized first; the mesh of
the curves is then used to mesh the surfaces; then the mesh of the
surfaces is used to mesh the volumes.  In this process, the mesh of an
entity is only constrained by the mesh of its boundary, unless entities
of lower dimensions are explicitly embedded in entities of higher
dimension.  For example, in three dimensions, the triangles discretizing
a surface will be forced to be faces of tetrahedra in the final 3D mesh
only if the surface is part of the boundary of a volume, or if that
surface has been explicitly embedded in the volume.  This automatically
ensures the conformity of the mesh when, for example, two volumes share
a common surface.  Mesh elements are oriented according to the
geometrical orientation of the underlying entity.  Every meshing step is
constrained by a _mesh size field_, which prescribes the desired size of
the elements in the mesh.  This size field can be uniform, specified by
values associated with points in the geometry, or defined by general
mesh size fields (for example related to the distance to some boundary,
to a arbitrary scalar field defined on another mesh, etc.): see Gmsh
mesh size fields.  For each meshing step, all structured mesh directives
are executed first, and serve as additional constraints for the
unstructured parts.  (The generation and handling of conformal meshes
has important consequences on how meshes are stored internally in Gmsh,
and how they are accessed through the API: see Gmsh application
programming interface.)

Gmsh's mesh module regroups several 1D, 2D and 3D meshing algorithms:

   • The 2D _unstructured_ algorithms generate triangles and/or
     quadrangles (when recombination commands or options are used).  The
     3D _unstructured_ algorithms generate tetrahedra, or tetrahedra and
     pyramids (when the boundary mesh contains quadrangles).
   • The 2D _structured_ algorithms (transfinite and extrusion) generate
     triangles by default, but quadrangles can be obtained by using the
     recombination commands or options.  The 3D _structured_ algorithms
     generate tetrahedra, hexahedra, prisms and pyramids, depending on
     the type of the surface meshes they are based on.

All meshes can be subdivided to generate fully quadrangular or fully
hexahedral meshes with the ‘Mesh.SubdivisionAlgorithm’ option (see Mesh
options).

1.2.1 Choosing the right unstructured algorithm
-----------------------------------------------

Gmsh provides a choice between several 2D and 3D unstructured
algorithms.  Each algorithm has its own advantages and disadvantages.

For all 2D unstructured algorithms a Delaunay mesh that contains all the
points of the 1D mesh is initially constructed using a
divide-and-conquer algorithm(1) (see Choosing the right unstructured
algorithm-Footnote-1).  Missing edges are recovered using edge swaps(2)
(see Choosing the right unstructured algorithm-Footnote-2).  After this
initial step several algorithms can be applied to generate the final
mesh:

   • The "MeshAdapt" algorithm(3) (see Choosing the right unstructured
     algorithm-Footnote-3) is based on local mesh modifications.  This
     technique makes use of edge swaps, splits, and collapses: long
     edges are split, short edges are collapsed, and edges are swapped
     if a better geometrical configuration is obtained.
   • The "Delaunay" algorithm is inspired by the work of the GAMMA team
     at INRIA(4) (see Choosing the right unstructured
     algorithm-Footnote-4).  New points are inserted sequentially at the
     circumcenter of the element that has the largest adimensional
     circumradius.  The mesh is then reconnected using an anisotropic
     Delaunay criterion.
   • The "Frontal-Delaunay" algorithm is inspired by the work of S.
     Rebay(5) (see Choosing the right unstructured
     algorithm-Footnote-5).
   • Other experimental algorithms with specific features are also
     available.  In particular, "Frontal-Delaunay for Quads"(6) (see
     Choosing the right unstructured algorithm-Footnote-6) is a variant
     of the "Frontal-Delaunay" algorithm aiming at generating
     right-angle triangles suitable for recombination; and "BAMG"(7)
     (see Choosing the right unstructured algorithm-Footnote-7) allows
     to generate anisotropic triangulations.

For very complex curved surfaces the "MeshAdapt" algorithm is the most
robust.  When high element quality is important, the "Frontal-Delaunay"
algorithm should be tried.  For very large meshes of plane surfaces the
"Delaunay" algorithm is the fastest; it usually also handles complex
mesh size fields better than the "Frontal-Delaunay".  When the
"Delaunay" or "Frontal-Delaunay" algorithms fail, "MeshAdapt" is
automatically triggered.  The "Automatic" algorithm uses "Delaunay" for
plane surfaces and "MeshAdapt" for all other surfaces.

Several 3D unstructured algorithms are also available:

   • The "Delaunay" algorithm is split into three separate steps.
     First, an initial mesh of the union of all the volumes in the model
     is performed, without inserting points in the volume.  The surface
     mesh is then recovered using H. Si's boundary recovery algorithm
     Tetgen/BR. Then a three-dimensional version of the 2D Delaunay
     algorithm described above is applied to insert points in the volume
     to respect the mesh size constraints.
   • The "Frontal" algorithm uses J. Schoeberl's Netgen algorithm (8)
     (see Choosing the right unstructured algorithm-Footnote-8).
   • The "HXT" algorithm(9) (see Choosing the right unstructured
     algorithm-Footnote-9) is a new efficient and parallel
     reimplementaton of the Delaunay algorithm.
   • Other experimental algorithms with specific features are also
     available.  In particular, "MMG3D"(10) (see Choosing the right
     unstructured algorithm-Footnote-10) allows to generate anisotropic
     tetrahedralizations.

The "Delaunay" algorithm is currently the most robust and is the only
one that supports the automatic generation of hybrid meshes with
pyramids.  Embedded model entities and general mesh size fields (see
Specifying mesh element sizes) are currently only supported by the
"Delaunay" and "HXT" algorithms.

When Gmsh is configured with OpenMP support (see Compiling the source
code), most of the meshing steps can be performed in parallel:
   • 1D and 2D meshing is parallelized using a coarse-grained approach,
     i.e.  curves (resp.  surfaces) are each meshed sequentially, but
     several curves (resp.  surfaces) can be meshed at the same time.
   • 3D meshing using HXT is parallelized using a fine-grained approach,
     i.e.  the actual meshing procedure for a single volume is done is
     parallel.
The number of threads can be controlled with the ‘-nt’ flag on the
command line (see Gmsh command-line interface), or with the
‘General.NumThreads’, ‘Mesh.MaxNumThreads1D’, ‘Mesh.MaxNumThreads2D’ and
‘Mesh.MaxNumThreads3D’ options (see General options and Mesh options).

   (1) R. A. Dwyer, _A simple divide-and-conquer algorithm for computing
Delaunay triangulations in O(n log n) expected time_, In Proceedings of
the second annual symposium on computational geometry, Yorktown Heights,
2-4 June 1986.

   (2) N. P. Weatherill, _The integrity of geometrical boundaries in the
two-dimensional Delaunay triangulation_, Commun.  Appl.  Numer.  Methods
6(2), pp.  101-109, 1990.

   (3) C. Geuzaine and J.-F. Remacle, _Gmsh: a three-dimensional finite
element mesh generator with built-in pre- and post-processing
facilities_, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering
79(11), pp.  1309-1331, 2009.

   (4) P.-L. George and P. Frey, _Mesh generation_, Hermes, Lyon, 2000.

   (5) S. Rebay, _Efficient unstructured mesh generation by means of
Delaunay triangulation and Bowyer-Watson algorithm_, J. Comput.  Phys.
106, pp.  25-138, 1993.

   (6) J.-F. Remacle, F. Henrotte, T. Carrier-Baudouin, E. Béchet, E.
Marchandise, C. Geuzaine and T. Mouton, _A frontal Delaunay quad mesh
generator using the Linf norm_, International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, 94(5), pp.  494-512, 2013.

   (7) F. Hecht, _BAMG: bidimensional anisotropic mesh generator_, User
Guide, INRIA, Rocquencourt, 1998.

   (8) J. Schoeberl, _Netgen, an advancing front 2d/3d-mesh generator
based on abstract rules_, Comput.  Visual.  Sci., 1, pp.  41-52, 1997.

   (9) C. Marot, J. Pellerin and J.‐F. Remacle, _One machine, one
minute, three billion tetrahedra_, International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering 117.9, pp 967-990, 2019.

   (10) C. Dobrzynski, _MMG3D: user guide_, INRIA, 2012.

1.2.2 Specifying mesh element sizes
-----------------------------------

To determine the size of mesh elements, Gmsh locally computes the
minimum of
  1. the size of the model bounding box;
  2. if ‘Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints’ is set, the mesh size specified at
     geometrical points;
  3. if ‘Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature’ is positive, the mesh size based on
     the curvature of the curves and surfaces (the specified value is
     the number of elements per 2 Pi radians);
  4. the background mesh size field, expressed as a combination of mesh
     size fields (see Gmsh mesh size fields):
        • ‘Box’ fields specify the size inside and outside of a
          parallelepipedic region;
        • ‘Distance’ fields specify the size according to the distance
          to model entities;
        • ‘MathEval’ fields specify the size using an explicit
          mathematical function;
        • ‘PostView’ fields specify an explicit background mesh in the
          form of a scalar post-processing view (see Post-processing
          module, and Gmsh file formats) in which the nodal values
          represent the target sizes.  This method is very general but
          it requires a first (usually rough) mesh and a way to compute
          the target sizes on this mesh (usually through an error
          estimation procedure, e.g.  in an iterative process of mesh
          adaptation);
        • ‘Extend’ fields compute an extension of the sizes from a given
          boundary entity inside the enclosed surfaces or volumes;
        • ‘Min’ and ‘Max’ fields specify the size as the minimum or
          maximum of the sizes computed using other fields;
        • ...
  5. any per-entity mesh size constraint.

Using the Gmsh API, this value can then be further modified using a C++,
C, Python, Julia or Fortran mesh size callback function provided via
‘gmsh/model/mesh/setSizeCallback’ (see Namespace gmsh/model/mesh).

The resulting value is then constrained in the interval
[‘Mesh.MeshSizeMin’, ‘Mesh.MeshSizeMax’] (which can also be provided on
the command line with ‘-clmin’ and ‘-clmax’) and multiplied by
‘Mesh.MeshSizeFactor’ (‘-clscale’ on the command line).

Boundary mesh sizes are automatically interpolated during mesh
generation inside surfaces and/or volumes if
‘Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary’ is set (it is set by default; see Mesh
options for the default values of all the options).  If only specific
parts of the model should use a different mesh size (e.g.  refinement of
the mesh along an edge or within a fillet/surface), you may want to set
‘Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary’ to 0 to avoid unintentional refinement
in nearby entities.  Typically, when the mesh element sizes are fully
specified by a mesh size field, it is often desirable to set
     Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints = 0;
     Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature = 0;
     Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary = 0;
to prevent over-refinement inside an entity due to small mesh sizes on
its boundary.

In all cases, meshes are constrained by structured meshing constraints
(e.g.  transfinite or extruded meshes) as well as by any discrete model
entity that is not equipped with a geometry (which will thus preserve
its mesh during mesh generation).  Meshes on curves are further
constrainted by the ‘Mesh.MinLineNodes’, ‘Mesh.MinCircleNodes’ and
‘Mesh.MinCurveNodes’ options.

1.2.3 Elementary entities vs. physical groups
---------------------------------------------

It is usually convenient to combine elementary geometrical entities into
more meaningful groups, e.g.  to define some mathematical ("domain",
"boundary with Neumann condition"), functional ("left wing", "fuselage")
or material ("steel", "carbon") properties.  Such grouping is done in
Gmsh's geometry module (see Geometry module) through the definition of
"physical groups".

By default in the native Gmsh MSH mesh file format (see Gmsh file
formats), as well as in most other mesh formats, if physical groups are
defined, the output mesh only contains those elements that belong to at
least one physical group.  (Different mesh file formats treat physical
groups in slightly different ways, depending on their capability to
define groups.)  To save all mesh elements whether or not physical
groups are defined, use the ‘Mesh.SaveAll’ option (see Mesh options) or
specify ‘-save_all’ on the command line.  In some formats (e.g.  MSH2),
setting ‘Mesh.SaveAll’ will however discard all physical group
definitions.

1.3 Solver module
=================

Gmsh implements a ONELAB (<http://onelab.info>) server to exchange data
with external solvers or other codes (called "clients").  The ONELAB
interface allows to call such clients and have them share parameters and
modeling information.

The implementation is based on a client-server model, with a server-side
database and local or remote clients communicating in-memory or through
TCP/IP sockets.  Contrary to most solver interfaces, the ONELAB server
has no a priori knowledge about any specifics (input file format,
syntax, ...)  of the clients.  This is made possible by having any
simulation preceded by an analysis phase, during which the clients are
asked to upload their parameter set to the server.  The issues of
completeness and consistency of the parameter sets are completely dealt
with on the client side: the role of ONELAB is limited to data
centralization, modification and re-dispatching.

Using the Gmsh API, you can directly embed Gmsh in your C++, C, Python,
Julia or Fortran solver, use ONELAB for interactive parameter definition
and modification, and to create post-processing data on the fly.  See
prepro.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py),
custom_gui.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py)
and custom_gui.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.cpp)
for examples.

If you prefer to keep codes separate, you can also communicate with Gmsh
through a socket by providing the solver name (‘Solver.Name0’,
‘Solver.Name1’, etc.)  and the path to the executable
(‘Solver.Executable0’, ‘Solver.Executable1’, etc.).  Parameters can then
be exchanged using the ONELAB protocol: see the utils/solvers
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/utils/solvers)
directory for examples.  A full-featured solver interfaced in this
manner is GetDP (<https://getdp.info>), a general finite element solver
using mixed finite elements.

1.4 Post-processing module
==========================

The post-processing module can handle multiple scalar, vector or tensor
datasets along with the geometry and the mesh.  The datasets can be
given in several formats: in human-readable "parsed" format (these are
just part of a standard input script, but are usually put in separate
files with a ‘.pos’ extension - see Post-processing scripting commands),
in native MSH files (ASCII or binary files with ‘.msh’ extensions: see
Gmsh file formats), or in standard third-party formats such as CGNS or
MED. Datasets can also be directly imported using the Gmsh API (see
Namespace gmsh/view).

Once loaded into Gmsh, scalar fields can be displayed as iso-curves,
iso-surfaces or color maps, whereas vector fields can be represented
either by three-dimensional arrows or by displacement maps.  Tensor
fields can be displayed as Von-Mises effective stresses, min/max
eigenvalues, eigenvectors, ellipses or ellipsoids.  (To display other
combinations of components, you can use the ‘View.ForceNumComponents’
option - see Post-processing options.)

Each dataset, along with the visualization options, is called a
"post-processing view", or simply a "view".  Each view is given a name,
and can be manipulated either individually (each view has its own button
in the GUI and can be referred to by its index or its unique tag in a
script or in the API) or globally (see the ‘PostProcessing.Link’ option
in Post-processing options).  Possible operations on post-processing
views include section computation, offset, elevation, boundary and
component extraction, color map and range modification, animation,
vector graphic output, etc.  These operations are either carried out
nondestructively through the modification of post-processing options, or
can lead to the actual modification of the view data or the creation of
new views when done using post-processing plugins (see Gmsh plugins).
Both can be fully automated in scripts or through the API (see e.g., t8,
and t9).

By default, Gmsh treats all post-processing views as three-dimensional
plots, i.e., draws the scalar, vector and tensor primitives (points,
curves, triangles, tetrahedra, etc.)  in 3D space.  But Gmsh can also
represent each post-processing view containing _scalar points_ as
two-dimensional ("X-Y") plots, either space- or time-oriented:
   • in a '2D space' plot, the scalar points are taken in the same order
     as they are defined in the post-processing view: the abscissa of
     the 2D graph is the curvilinear abscissa of the curve defined by
     the point series, and only one curve is drawn using the values
     associated with the points.  If several time steps are available,
     each time step generates a new curve;
   • in a '2D time' plot, one curve is drawn for each scalar point in
     the view and the abscissa is the time step.

1.5 What Gmsh is pretty good at ...
===================================

Here is a tentative list of what Gmsh does best:

   • quickly describe simple and/or "repetitive" geometries with the
     built-in scripting language, thanks to user-defined macros, loops,
     conditionals and includes (see User-defined macros, Loops and
     conditionals, and Other general commands).  For more advanced
     geometries, using the Gmsh API (see Gmsh application programming
     interface) in the language of your choice (C++, C, Python, Julia or
     Fortran) brings even greater flexibility, the only downside being
     that you need to either compile your code (for C++, C and Fortran)
     or to configure and install an interpreter (Python or Julia) in
     addition to Gmsh.  A binary Software Development Kit (SDK) is
     distributed on the Gmsh web site to make the process easier (see
     Installing and running Gmsh on your computer);
   • parametrize these geometries.  Gmsh's scripting language or the
     Gmsh API enable all commands and command arguments to depend on
     previous calculations.  Using the OpenCASCADE geometry kernel, Gmsh
     gives access to all the usual constructive solid geometry
     operations (see e.g.  t16);
   • import geometries from other CAD software in standard exchange
     formats.  Gmsh uses OpenCASCADE to import such files, including
     label and color information from STEP and IGES files (see e.g.
     t20);
   • generate unstructured 1D, 2D and 3D simplicial (i.e., using line
     segments, triangles and tetrahedra) finite element meshes (see Mesh
     module), with fine control over the element size (see Specifying
     mesh element sizes);
   • create simple extruded geometries and meshes, and allow to
     automatically couple such structured meshes with unstructured ones
     (using a layer of pyramids in 3D);
   • generate high-order (curved) meshes that conform to the CAD model
     geometry.  High-order mesh optimization tools allow to guarantee
     the validity of such curved meshes;
   • interact with external solvers by defining ONELAB parameters,
     shared between Gmsh and the solvers and easily modifiable in the
     GUI (see Solver module);
   • visualize and export computational results in a great variety of
     ways.  Gmsh can display scalar, vector and tensor datasets, perform
     various operations on the resulting post-processing views (see
     Post-processing module), can export plots in many different
     formats, and can generate complex animations (see e.g.  t8);
   • run on low end machines and/or machines with no graphical
     interface.  Gmsh can be compiled with or without the GUI (see
     Compiling the source code), and all versions can be used either
     interactively or directly from the command line;
   • configure your preferred options.  Gmsh has a large number of
     configuration options that can be set interactively using the GUI,
     scattered inside script files, changed through the API, set in
     per-user configuration files and specified on the command line (see
     Gmsh options);
   • and do all the above on various platforms (Windows, macOS and
     Linux), for free (see Copying conditions)!

1.6 ... and what Gmsh is not so good at
=======================================

Here are some known weaknesses of Gmsh:

   • Gmsh is not a multi-bloc mesh generator: all meshes produced by
     Gmsh are conforming in the sense of finite element meshes;
   • Gmsh's graphical user interface is only exposing a limited number
     of the available features, and many aspects of the interface could
     be enhanced (especially manipulators).
   • While Gmsh can create and manipulate geometries interactively, it
     is in no way a full-fledged replacement for an advanced CAD system.
   • Gmsh uses straightforward OpenGL 1.1 for graphics, without specific
     tricks to handle very large meshes and post-processing datasets
     (decimation and automatic level of detail, culling, advanced
     transparency, etc.).
   • Your complaints about Gmsh here :-)

If you have the skills and some free time, feel free to join the
project: we gladly accept any code contributions (see Information for
developers) to remedy the aforementioned (and all other) shortcomings!

1.7 Installing and running Gmsh on your computer
================================================

Gmsh can be used either as a standalone application, or as a library.

As a standalone application, Gmsh can be controlled with the GUI (see
Gmsh graphical user interface), through the command line (see Gmsh
command-line interface) and through ‘.geo’ script files (see Gmsh
scripting language).  In addition, the ONELAB interface (see Solver
module) allows to interact with the Gmsh application through Unix or
TCP/IP sockets.  Binary versions of the Gmsh app for Windows, Linux and
macOS can be downloaded from <https://gmsh.info/#Download>.  Several
Linux distributions also ship the Gmsh app.  See Compiling the source
code for instructions on how to compile the Gmsh app from source.

As a library, Gmsh can still be used in the same way as the standalone
Gmsh app, but in addition it can also be embedded in external codes
using the Gmsh API (see Gmsh application programming interface).  The
API is available in C++, C, Python, Julia and Fortran.  A binary
Software Development Kit (SDK) for Windows, Linux and macOS, that
contains the dynamic Gmsh library and the associated header and module
files, can be downloaded from <https://gmsh.info/#Download>.  Python
users can use
     pip install --upgrade gmsh
which will download the binary SDK and install the files in the
appropriate system directories.  Several Linux distributions also ship
the Gmsh SDK. See Compiling the source code for instructions on how to
compile the dynamic Gmsh library from source.

2 Gmsh tutorial
***************

The following tutorials introduce new features gradually, starting with
the first tutorial ‘t1’ (see t1).  The corresponding files are available
in the tutorials
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials) directory
of the Gmsh distribution.

The ‘.geo’ files (e.g.  ‘t1.geo’) are written in Gmsh's built-in
scripting language (see Gmsh scripting language).  You can open them
directly with the Gmsh app: in the GUI (see Gmsh graphical user
interface), use the 'File->Open' menu and select e.g.  ‘t1.geo’.  Or on
the command line, run
     > gmsh t1.geo
which will launch the GUI, or run
     > gmsh t1.geo -2
to perform 2D meshing in batch mode (see Gmsh command-line interface).

The ‘c++’, ‘c’, ‘python’, ‘julia’ and ‘fortran’ subdirectories of the
tutorials (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials)
directory contain the C++, C, Python, Julia and Fortran versions of the
tutorials, written using the Gmsh API (see Gmsh application programming
interface).  You will need the Gmsh dynamic library and the associated
header files (for C++ and C) or modules (for Python, Julia and Fortran)
to run them (see Installing and running Gmsh on your computer).  Each
subdirectory contains additional information on how to run the tutorials
for each supported language.

All the tutorials starting with the letter ‘t’ are available both using
the scripting language and the API. Extended tutorials, starting with
the letter ‘x’, introduce features that are only available through the
API.

Note that besides these tutorials, the Gmsh distribution contains many
other examples written using both the built-in scripting language and
the API: see examples
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples) and
benchmarks
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/benchmarks).

2.1 ‘t1’: Geometry basics, elementary entities, physical groups
===============================================================

See t1.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t1.geo).
Also available in C++ (t1.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp)),
C (t1.c
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c/t1.c)),
Python (t1.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py)),
Julia (t1.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl))
and Fortran (t1.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t1]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 1
//
//  Geometry basics, elementary entities, physical groups
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// The simplest construction in Gmsh's scripting language is the
// `affectation'. The following command defines a new variable `lc':

lc = 1e-2;

// This variable can then be used in the definition of Gmsh's simplest
// `elementary entity', a `Point'. A Point is uniquely identified by a tag (a
// strictly positive integer; here `1') and defined by a list of four numbers:
// three coordinates (X, Y and Z) and the target mesh size (lc) close to the
// point:

Point(1) = {0, 0, 0, lc};

// The distribution of the mesh element sizes will then be obtained by
// interpolation of these mesh sizes throughout the geometry. Another method to
// specify mesh sizes is to use general mesh size Fields (see `t10.geo'). A
// particular case is the use of a background mesh (see `t7.geo').

// If no target mesh size of provided, a default uniform coarse size will be
// used for the model, based on the overall model size.

// We can then define some additional points. All points should have different
// tags:

Point(2) = {.1, 0,  0, lc};
Point(3) = {.1, .3, 0, lc};
Point(4) = {0,  .3, 0, lc};

// Curves are Gmsh's second type of elementary entities, and, amongst curves,
// straight lines are the simplest. A straight line is identified by a tag and
// is defined by a list of two point tags. In the commands below, for example,
// the line 1 starts at point 1 and ends at point 2.
//
// Note that curve tags are separate from point tags - hence we can reuse tag
// `1' for our first curve. And as a general rule, elementary entity tags in
// Gmsh have to be unique per geometrical dimension.

Line(1) = {1, 2};
Line(2) = {3, 2};
Line(3) = {3, 4};
Line(4) = {4, 1};

// The third elementary entity is the surface. In order to define a simple
// rectangular surface from the four curves defined above, a curve loop has
// first to be defined. A curve loop is also identified by a tag (unique amongst
// curve loops) and defined by an ordered list of connected curves, a sign being
// associated with each curve (depending on the orientation of the curve to form
// a loop):

Curve Loop(1) = {4, 1, -2, 3};

// We can then define the surface as a list of curve loops (only one here,
// representing the external contour, since there are no holes--see `t4.geo' for
// an example of a surface with a hole):

Plane Surface(1) = {1};

// At this level, Gmsh knows everything to display the rectangular surface 1 and
// to mesh it. An optional step is needed if we want to group elementary
// geometrical entities into more meaningful groups, e.g. to define some
// mathematical ("domain", "boundary"), functional ("left wing", "fuselage") or
// material ("steel", "carbon") properties.
//
// Such groups are called "Physical Groups" in Gmsh. By default, if physical
// groups are defined, Gmsh will export in output files only mesh elements that
// belong to at least one physical group. (To force Gmsh to save all elements,
// whether they belong to physical groups or not, set `Mesh.SaveAll=1;', or
// specify `-save_all' on the command line.) Physical groups are also identified
// by tags, i.e. strictly positive integers, that should be unique per dimension
// (0D, 1D, 2D or 3D). Physical groups can also be given names.
//
// Here we define a physical curve that groups the left, bottom and right curves
// in a single group (with prescribed tag 5); and a physical surface with name
// "My surface" (with an automatic tag) containing the geometrical surface 1:

Physical Curve(5) = {1, 2, 4};
Physical Surface("My surface") = {1};

// Now that the geometry is complete, you can
// - either open this file with Gmsh and select `2D' in the `Mesh' module to
//   create a mesh; then select `Save' to save it to disk in the default format
//   (or use `File->Export' to export in other formats);
// - or run `gmsh t1.geo -2` to mesh in batch mode on the command line.

// You could also uncomment the following lines in this script:
//
//   Mesh 2;
//   Save "t1.msh";
//
// which would lead Gmsh to mesh and save the mesh every time the file is
// parsed. (To simply parse the file from the command line, you can use `gmsh
// t1.geo -')

// By default, Gmsh saves meshes in the latest version of the Gmsh mesh file
// format (the `MSH' format). You can save meshes in other mesh formats by
// specifying a filename with a different extension in the GUI, on the command
// line or in scripts. For example
//
//   Save "t1.unv";
//
// will save the mesh in the UNV format. You can also save the mesh in older
// versions of the MSH format:
//
// - In the GUI: open `File->Export', enter your `filename.msh' and then pick
//   the version in the dropdown menu.
// - On the command line: use the `-format' option (e.g. `gmsh file.geo -format
//   msh2 -2').
// - In a `.geo' script: add `Mesh.MshFileVersion = x.y;' for any version
//   number `x.y'.
// - As an alternative method, you can also not specify the format explicitly,
//   and just choose a filename with the `.msh2' or `.msh4' extension.

// Note that starting with Gmsh 3.0, models can be built using other geometry
// kernels than the default built-in kernel. By specifying
//
//   SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");
//
// any subsequent command in the `.geo' file would be handled by the OpenCASCADE
// geometry kernel instead of the built-in kernel. Different geometry kernels
// have different features. With OpenCASCADE, instead of defining the surface by
// successively defining 4 points, 4 curves and 1 curve loop, one can define the
// rectangular surface directly with
//
//   Rectangle(2) = {.2, 0, 0, .1, .3};
//
// The underlying curves and points could be accessed with the `Boundary' or
// `CombinedBoundary' operators.
//
// See e.g. `t16.geo', `t18.geo', `t19.geo' or `t20.geo' for complete examples
// based on OpenCASCADE, and `examples/boolean' for more.

2.2 ‘t2’: Transformations, extruded geometries, volumes
=======================================================

See t2.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t2.geo).
Also available in C++ (t2.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp)),
C (t2.c
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c/t2.c)),
Python (t2.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py)),
Julia (t2.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl))
and Fortran (t2.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t2]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 2
//
//  Transformations, extruded geometries, volumes
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// We first include the previous tutorial file, in order to use it as a basis
// for this one. Including a file is equivalent to copy-pasting its contents:

Include "t1.geo";

// We can then add new points and curves in the same way as we did in `t1.geo':

Point(5) = {0, .4, 0, lc};
Line(5) = {4, 5};

// Gmsh also provides tools to transform (translate, rotate, etc.)
// elementary entities or copies of elementary entities. For example, point
// 5 can be moved by 0.02 to the left with:

Translate {-0.02, 0, 0} { Point{5}; }

// And it can be further rotated by -Pi/4 around (0, 0.3, 0) (with the rotation
// along the z axis) with:

Rotate {{0,0,1}, {0,0.3,0}, -Pi/4} { Point{5}; }

// Note that there are no units in Gmsh: coordinates are just numbers - it's up
// to the user to associate a meaning to them.

// Point 3 can be duplicated and translated by 0.05 along the y axis:

Translate {0, 0.05, 0} { Duplicata{ Point{3}; } }

// This command created a new point with an automatically assigned tag. This tag
// can be obtained using the graphical user interface by hovering the mouse over
// the point: in this case, the new point has tag `6'.

Line(7) = {3, 6};
Line(8) = {6, 5};
Curve Loop(10) = {5,-8,-7,3};
Plane Surface(11) = {10};

// To automate the workflow, instead of using the graphical user interface to
// obtain the tags of newly created entities, one can use the return value of
// the transformation commands directly. For example, the `Translate' command
// returns a list containing the tags of the translated entities. Let's
// translate copies of the two surfaces 1 and 11 to the right with the following
// command:

my_new_surfs[] = Translate {0.12, 0, 0} { Duplicata{ Surface{1, 11}; } };

// my_new_surfs[] (note the square brackets, and the `;' at the end of the
// command) denotes a list, which contains the tags of the two new surfaces
// (check `Tools->Message console' to see the message):

Printf("New surfaces '%g' and '%g'", my_new_surfs[0], my_new_surfs[1]);

// In Gmsh lists use square brackets for their definition (mylist[] = {1, 2,
// 3};) as well as to access their elements (myotherlist[] = {mylist[0],
// mylist[2]}; mythirdlist[] = myotherlist[];), with list indexing starting at
// 0. To get the size of a list, use the hash (pound): len = #mylist[].
//
// Note that parentheses can also be used instead of square brackets, so that we
// could also write `myfourthlist() = {mylist(0), mylist(1)};'.

// Volumes are the fourth type of elementary entities in Gmsh. In the same way
// one defines curve loops to build surfaces, one has to define surface loops
// (i.e. `shells') to build volumes. The following volume does not have holes
// and thus consists of a single surface loop:

Point(100) = {0., 0.3, 0.12, lc};  Point(101) = {0.1, 0.3, 0.12, lc};
Point(102) = {0.1, 0.35, 0.12, lc};

xyz[] = Point{5}; // Get coordinates of point 5
Point(103) = {xyz[0], xyz[1], 0.12, lc};

Line(110) = {4, 100};   Line(111) = {3, 101};
Line(112) = {6, 102};   Line(113) = {5, 103};
Line(114) = {103, 100}; Line(115) = {100, 101};
Line(116) = {101, 102}; Line(117) = {102, 103};

Curve Loop(118) = {115, -111, 3, 110};  Plane Surface(119) = {118};
Curve Loop(120) = {111, 116, -112, -7}; Plane Surface(121) = {120};
Curve Loop(122) = {112, 117, -113, -8}; Plane Surface(123) = {122};
Curve Loop(124) = {114, -110, 5, 113};  Plane Surface(125) = {124};
Curve Loop(126) = {115, 116, 117, 114}; Plane Surface(127) = {126};

Surface Loop(128) = {127, 119, 121, 123, 125, 11};
Volume(129) = {128};

// When a volume can be extruded from a surface, it is usually easier to use the
// `Extrude' command directly instead of creating all the points, curves and
// surfaces by hand. For example, the following command extrudes the surface 11
// along the z axis and automatically creates a new volume (as well as all the
// needed points, curves and surfaces):

Extrude {0, 0, 0.12} { Surface{my_new_surfs[1]}; }

// The following command permits to manually assign a mesh size to some of the
// new points:

MeshSize {103, 105, 109, 102, 28, 24, 6, 5} = lc * 3;

// We finally group volumes 129 and 130 in a single physical group with tag `1'
// and name "The volume":

Physical Volume("The volume", 1) = {129,130};

// Note that, if the transformation tools are handy to create complex
// geometries, it is also sometimes useful to generate the `flat' geometry, with
// an explicit representation of all the elementary entities.
//
// This can be achieved with `File->Export' by selecting the `Gmsh Unrolled GEO'
// format, or by adding
//
//   Save "file.geo_unrolled";
//
// in the script. It can also be achieved with `gmsh t2.geo -0' on the command
// line.

2.3 ‘t3’: Extruded meshes, ONELAB parameters, options
=====================================================

See t3.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t3.geo).
Also available in C++ (t3.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp)),
Python (t3.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py)),
Julia (t3.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl))
and Fortran (t3.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t3]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 3
//
//  Extruded meshes, ONELAB parameters, options
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Again, we start by including the first tutorial:

Include "t1.geo";

// As in `t2.geo', we plan to perform an extrusion along the z axis.  But here,
// instead of only extruding the geometry, we also want to extrude the 2D
// mesh. This is done with the same `Extrude' command, but by specifying element
// 'Layers' (2 layers in this case, the first one with 8 subdivisions and the
// second one with 2 subdivisions, both with a height of h/2):

h = 0.1;

Extrude {0,0,h} {
  Surface{1}; Layers{ {8,2}, {0.5,1} };
}

// The extrusion can also be performed with a rotation instead of a translation,
// and the resulting mesh can be recombined into prisms (we use only one layer
// here, with 7 subdivisions). All rotations are specified by an axis direction
// ({0,1,0}), an axis point ({-0.1,0,0.1}) and a rotation angle (-Pi/2):

Extrude { {0,1,0} , {-0.1,0,0.1} , -Pi/2 } {
  Surface{28}; Layers{7}; Recombine;
}

// Using the built-in geometry kernel, only rotations with angles < Pi are
// supported. To do a full turn, you will thus need to apply at least 3
// rotations. The OpenCASCADE geometry kernel does not have this limitation.

// Note that a translation ({-2*h,0,0}) and a rotation ({1,0,0}, {0,0.15,0.25},
// Pi/2) can also be combined to form a "twist". Here the angle is specified as
// a ONELAB parameter, using the `DefineConstant' syntax. ONELAB parameters can
// be modified interactively in the GUI, and can be exchanged with other codes
// connected to the same ONELAB database:

DefineConstant[ angle = {90, Min 0, Max 120, Step 1,
                         Name "Parameters/Twisting angle"} ];

// In more details, `DefineConstant' allows you to assign the value of the
// ONELAB parameter "Parameters/Twisting angle" to the variable `angle'. If the
// ONELAB parameter does not exist in the database, `DefineConstant' will create
// it and assign the default value `90'. Moreover, if the variable `angle' was
// defined before the call to `DefineConstant', the `DefineConstant' call would
// simply be skipped. This allows to build generic parametric models, whose
// parameters can be frozen from the outside - the parameters ceasing to be
// "parameters".
//
// An interesting use of this feature is in conjunction with the `-setnumber
// name value' command line switch, which defines a variable `name' with value
// `value'. Calling `gmsh t3.geo -setnumber angle 30' would define `angle'
// before the `DefineConstant', making `t3.geo' non-parametric
// ("Parameters/Twisting angle" will not be created in the ONELAB database and
// will not be available for modification in the graphical user interface).

out[] = Extrude { {-2*h,0,0}, {1,0,0} , {0,0.15,0.25} , angle * Pi / 180 } {
  Surface{50}; Layers{10}; Recombine;
};

// In this last extrusion command we retrieved the volume number
// programmatically by using the return value (a list) of the `Extrude'
// command. This list contains the "top" of the extruded surface (in `out[0]'),
// the newly created volume (in `out[1]') and the tags of the lateral surfaces
// (in `out[2]', `out[3]', ...).

// We can then define a new physical volume (with tag 101) to group all the
// elementary volumes:

Physical Volume(101) = {1, 2, out[1]};

// Let us now change some options... Since all interactive options are
// accessible in Gmsh's scripting language, we can for example make point tags
// visible or redefine some colors directly in the input file:

Geometry.PointNumbers = 1;
Geometry.Color.Points = Orange;
General.Color.Text = White;
Mesh.Color.Points = {255, 0, 0};

// Note that all colors can be defined literally or numerically, i.e.
// `Mesh.Color.Points = Red' is equivalent to `Mesh.Color.Points = {255,0,0}';
// and also note that, as with user-defined variables, the options can be used
// either as right or left hand sides, so that the following command will set
// the surface color to the same color as the points:

Geometry.Color.Surfaces = Geometry.Color.Points;

// You can use the `Help->Current Options and Workspace' menu to see the current
// values of all options. To save all the options in a file, use
// `File->Export->Gmsh Options'. To associate the current options with the
// current file use `File->Save Model Options'. To save the current options for
// all future Gmsh sessions use `File->Save Options As Default'.

2.4 ‘t4’: Built-in functions, holes in surfaces, annotations, entity colors
===========================================================================

See t4.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t4.geo).
Also available in C++ (t4.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp)),
Python (t4.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py)),
Julia (t4.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl))
and Fortran (t4.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t4]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 4
//
//  Built-in functions, holes in surfaces, annotations, entity colors
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// As usual, we start by defining some variables:

cm = 1e-02;
e1 = 4.5 * cm; e2 = 6 * cm / 2; e3 =  5 * cm / 2;
h1 = 5 * cm; h2 = 10 * cm; h3 = 5 * cm; h4 = 2 * cm; h5 = 4.5 * cm;
R1 = 1 * cm; R2 = 1.5 * cm; r = 1 * cm;
Lc1 = 0.01;
Lc2 = 0.003;

// We can use all the usual mathematical functions (note the capitalized first
// letters), plus some useful functions like Hypot(a, b) := Sqrt(a^2 + b^2):

ccos = (-h5*R1 + e2 * Hypot(h5, Hypot(e2, R1))) / (h5^2 + e2^2);
ssin = Sqrt(1 - ccos^2);

// Then we define some points and some lines using these variables:

Point(1) = {-e1-e2, 0    , 0, Lc1}; Point(2) = {-e1-e2, h1   , 0, Lc1};
Point(3) = {-e3-r , h1   , 0, Lc2}; Point(4) = {-e3-r , h1+r , 0, Lc2};
Point(5) = {-e3   , h1+r , 0, Lc2}; Point(6) = {-e3   , h1+h2, 0, Lc1};
Point(7) = { e3   , h1+h2, 0, Lc1}; Point(8) = { e3   , h1+r , 0, Lc2};
Point(9) = { e3+r , h1+r , 0, Lc2}; Point(10)= { e3+r , h1   , 0, Lc2};
Point(11)= { e1+e2, h1   , 0, Lc1}; Point(12)= { e1+e2, 0    , 0, Lc1};
Point(13)= { e2   , 0    , 0, Lc1};

Point(14)= { R1 / ssin, h5+R1*ccos, 0, Lc2};
Point(15)= { 0        , h5        , 0, Lc2};
Point(16)= {-R1 / ssin, h5+R1*ccos, 0, Lc2};
Point(17)= {-e2       , 0.0       , 0, Lc1};

Point(18)= {-R2 , h1+h3   , 0, Lc2}; Point(19)= {-R2 , h1+h3+h4, 0, Lc2};
Point(20)= { 0  , h1+h3+h4, 0, Lc2}; Point(21)= { R2 , h1+h3+h4, 0, Lc2};
Point(22)= { R2 , h1+h3   , 0, Lc2}; Point(23)= { 0  , h1+h3   , 0, Lc2};

Point(24)= { 0, h1+h3+h4+R2, 0, Lc2}; Point(25)= { 0, h1+h3-R2,    0, Lc2};

Line(1)  = {1 , 17};
Line(2)  = {17, 16};

// Gmsh provides other curve primitives than straight lines: splines, B-splines,
// circle arcs, ellipse arcs, etc. Here we define a new circle arc, starting at
// point 14 and ending at point 16, with the circle's center being the point 15:

Circle(3) = {14,15,16};

// Note that, in Gmsh, circle arcs should always be smaller than Pi. The
// OpenCASCADE geometry kernel does not have this limitation.

// We can then define additional lines and circles, as well as a new surface:

Line(4)  = {14, 13}; Line(5)   = {13, 12};   Line(6)    = {12, 11};
Line(7)  = {11, 10}; Circle(8) = {8, 9, 10}; Line(9)    = {8, 7};
Line(10) = {7, 6};   Line(11)  = {6, 5};     Circle(12) = {3, 4, 5};
Line(13) = {3, 2};   Line(14)  = {2, 1};     Line(15)   = {18, 19};
Circle(16) = {21, 20, 24}; Circle(17) = {24, 20, 19};
Circle(18) = {18, 23, 25}; Circle(19) = {25, 23, 22};
Line(20) = {21,22};

Curve Loop(21) = {17, -15, 18, 19, -20, 16};
Plane Surface(22) = {21};

// But we still need to define the exterior surface. Since this surface has a
// hole, its definition now requires two curves loops:

Curve Loop(23) = {11, -12, 13, 14, 1, 2, -3, 4, 5, 6, 7, -8, 9, 10};
Plane Surface(24) = {23, 21};

// As a general rule, if a surface has N holes, it is defined by N+1 curve loops:
// the first loop defines the exterior boundary; the other loops define the
// boundaries of the holes.

// Finally, we can add some comments by embedding a post-processing view
// containing some strings:

View "comments" {
  // Add a text string in window coordinates, 10 pixels from the left and 10
  // pixels from the bottom, using the `StrCat' function to concatenate strings:
  T2(10, -10, 0){ StrCat("Created on ", Today, " with Gmsh") };

  // Add a text string in model coordinates centered at (X,Y,Z) = (0, 0.11, 0):
  T3(0, 0.11, 0, TextAttributes("Align", "Center", "Font", "Helvetica")){
    "Hole"
  };

  // If a string starts with `file://', the rest is interpreted as an image
  // file. For 3D annotations, the size in model coordinates can be specified
  // after a `@' symbol in the form `widthxheight' (if one of `width' or
  // `height' is zero, natural scaling is used; if both are zero, original image
  // dimensions in pixels are used):
  T3(0, 0.09, 0, TextAttributes("Align", "Center")){
    "file://t4_image.png@0.01x0"
  };

  // The 3D orientation of the image can be specified by proving the direction
  // of the bottom and left edge of the image in model space:
  T3(-0.01, 0.09, 0, 0){ "file://t4_image.png@0.01x0,0,0,1,0,1,0" };

  // The image can also be drawn in "billboard" mode, i.e. always parallel to
  // the camera, by using the `#' symbol:
  T3(0, 0.12, 0, TextAttributes("Align", "Center")){
    "file://t4_image.png@0.01x0#"
  };

  // The size of 2D annotations is given directly in pixels:
  T2(350, -7, 0){ "file://t4_image.png@20x0" };
};

// This post-processing view is in the "parsed" format, i.e. it is interpreted
// using the same parser as the `.geo' file. For large post-processing datasets,
// that contain actual field values defined on a mesh, you should use the MSH
// file format instead, which allows to efficiently store continuous or
// discontinuous scalar, vector and tensor fields, or arbitrary polynomial
// order.

// Views and geometrical entities can be made to respond to double-click events,
// here to print some messages to the console:

View[0].DoubleClickedCommand = "Printf('View[0] has been double-clicked!');";
Geometry.DoubleClickedCurveCommand = "Printf('Curve %g has been double-clicked!',
  Geometry.DoubleClickedEntityTag);";

// We can also change the color of some entities:

Color Grey50{ Surface{ 22 }; }
Color Purple{ Surface{ 24 }; }
Color Red{ Curve{ 1:14 }; }
Color Yellow{ Curve{ 15:20 }; }

2.5 ‘t5’: Mesh sizes, macros, loops, holes in volumes
=====================================================

See t5.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t5.geo).
Also available in C++ (t5.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp)),
Python (t5.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py)),
Julia (t5.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl))
and Fortran (t5.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t5]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 5
//
//  Mesh sizes, macros, loops, holes in volumes
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// We start by defining some target mesh sizes:

lcar1 = .1;
lcar2 = .0005;
lcar3 = .055;

// If we wanted to change these mesh sizes globally (without changing the above
// definitions), we could give a global scaling factor for all mesh sizes on the
// command line with the `-clscale' option (or with `Mesh.MeshSizeFactor' in an
// option file). For example, with:
//
// > gmsh t5.geo -clscale 1
//
// this input file produces a mesh of approximately 3000 nodes and 14,000
// tetrahedra. With
//
// > gmsh t5.geo -clscale 0.2
//
// the mesh counts approximately 231,000 nodes and 1,360,000 tetrahedra. You can
// check mesh statistics in the graphical user interface with the
// `Tools->Statistics' menu.
//
// See `t10.geo' for more information about mesh sizes.

// We proceed by defining some elementary entities describing a truncated cube:

Point(1) = {0.5,0.5,0.5,lcar2}; Point(2) = {0.5,0.5,0,lcar1};
Point(3) = {0,0.5,0.5,lcar1};   Point(4) = {0,0,0.5,lcar1};
Point(5) = {0.5,0,0.5,lcar1};   Point(6) = {0.5,0,0,lcar1};
Point(7) = {0,0.5,0,lcar1};     Point(8) = {0,1,0,lcar1};
Point(9) = {1,1,0,lcar1};       Point(10) = {0,0,1,lcar1};
Point(11) = {0,1,1,lcar1};      Point(12) = {1,1,1,lcar1};
Point(13) = {1,0,1,lcar1};      Point(14) = {1,0,0,lcar1};

Line(1) = {8,9};    Line(2) = {9,12};  Line(3) = {12,11};
Line(4) = {11,8};   Line(5) = {9,14};  Line(6) = {14,13};
Line(7) = {13,12};  Line(8) = {11,10}; Line(9) = {10,13};
Line(10) = {10,4};  Line(11) = {4,5};  Line(12) = {5,6};
Line(13) = {6,2};   Line(14) = {2,1};  Line(15) = {1,3};
Line(16) = {3,7};   Line(17) = {7,2};  Line(18) = {3,4};
Line(19) = {5,1};   Line(20) = {7,8};  Line(21) = {6,14};

Curve Loop(22) = {-11,-19,-15,-18};   Plane Surface(23) = {22};
Curve Loop(24) = {16,17,14,15};       Plane Surface(25) = {24};
Curve Loop(26) = {-17,20,1,5,-21,13}; Plane Surface(27) = {26};
Curve Loop(28) = {-4,-1,-2,-3};       Plane Surface(29) = {28};
Curve Loop(30) = {-7,2,-5,-6};        Plane Surface(31) = {30};
Curve Loop(32) = {6,-9,10,11,12,21};  Plane Surface(33) = {32};
Curve Loop(34) = {7,3,8,9};           Plane Surface(35) = {34};
Curve Loop(36) = {-10,18,-16,-20,4,-8}; Plane Surface(37) = {36};
Curve Loop(38) = {-14,-13,-12,19};    Plane Surface(39) = {38};

// Instead of using included files, we now use a user-defined macro in order
// to carve some holes in the cube:

Macro CheeseHole

  // In the following commands we use the reserved variable name `newp', which
  // automatically selects a new point tag. Analogously to `newp', the special
  // variables `newc', `newcl, `news', `newsl' and `newv' select new curve,
  // curve loop, surface, surface loop and volume tags.
  //
  // If `Geometry.OldNewReg' is set to 0, the new tags are chosen as the highest
  // current tag for each category (points, curves, curve loops, ...), plus
  // one. By default, for backward compatibility, `Geometry.OldNewReg' is set
  // to 1, and only two categories are used: one for points and one for the
  // rest.

  p1 = newp; Point(p1) = {x,  y,  z,  lcar3};
  p2 = newp; Point(p2) = {x+r,y,  z,  lcar3};
  p3 = newp; Point(p3) = {x,  y+r,z,  lcar3};
  p4 = newp; Point(p4) = {x,  y,  z+r,lcar3};
  p5 = newp; Point(p5) = {x-r,y,  z,  lcar3};
  p6 = newp; Point(p6) = {x,  y-r,z,  lcar3};
  p7 = newp; Point(p7) = {x,  y,  z-r,lcar3};

  c1 = newc; Circle(c1) = {p2,p1,p7}; c2 = newc; Circle(c2) = {p7,p1,p5};
  c3 = newc; Circle(c3) = {p5,p1,p4}; c4 = newc; Circle(c4) = {p4,p1,p2};
  c5 = newc; Circle(c5) = {p2,p1,p3}; c6 = newc; Circle(c6) = {p3,p1,p5};
  c7 = newc; Circle(c7) = {p5,p1,p6}; c8 = newc; Circle(c8) = {p6,p1,p2};
  c9 = newc; Circle(c9) = {p7,p1,p3}; c10 = newc; Circle(c10) = {p3,p1,p4};
  c11 = newc; Circle(c11) = {p4,p1,p6}; c12 = newc; Circle(c12) = {p6,p1,p7};

  // We need non-plane surfaces to define the spherical holes. Here we use
  // `Surface', which can be used for surfaces with 3 or 4 curves on their
  // boundary. With the built-in kernel, if all the curves are circle arcs with
  // the same center, a spherical patch is created; otherwise transfinite
  // interpolation is used. With the OpenCASCADE kernel, `Surface' can be used
  // with an arbitrary number of boundary curves, and will fit a BSpline patch
  // through them.

  l1 = newcl; Curve Loop(l1) = {c5,c10,c4};
  l2 = newcl; Curve Loop(l2) = {c9,-c5,c1};
  l3 = newcl; Curve Loop(l3) = {c12,-c8,-c1};
  l4 = newcl; Curve Loop(l4) = {c8,-c4,c11};
  l5 = newcl; Curve Loop(l5) = {-c10,c6,c3};
  l6 = newcl; Curve Loop(l6) = {-c11,-c3,c7};
  l7 = newcl; Curve Loop(l7) = {-c2,-c7,-c12};
  l8 = newcl; Curve Loop(l8) = {-c6,-c9,c2};

  s1 = news; Surface(s1) = {l1};
  s2 = news; Surface(s2) = {l2};
  s3 = news; Surface(s3) = {l3};
  s4 = news; Surface(s4) = {l4};
  s5 = news; Surface(s5) = {l5};
  s6 = news; Surface(s6) = {l6};
  s7 = news; Surface(s7) = {l7};
  s8 = news; Surface(s8) = {l8};

  // We then store the surface loops tags in a list for later reference (we will
  // need these to define the final volume):

  theloops[t] = newsl;
  Surface Loop(theloops[t]) = {s1, s2, s3, s4, s5, s6, s7, s8};

  thehole = newv;
  Volume(thehole) = theloops[t];

Return

// We can use a `For' loop to generate five holes in the cube:

x = 0; y = 0.75; z = 0; r = 0.09;

For t In {1:5}

  x += 0.166;
  z += 0.166;

  // We call the `CheeseHole' macro:

  Call CheeseHole;

  // We define a physical volume for each hole:

  Physical Volume (t) = thehole;

  // We also print some variables on the terminal (note that, since all
  // variables in `.geo' files are treated internally as floating point numbers,
  // the format string should only contain valid floating point format
  // specifiers like `%g', `%f', '%e', etc.):

  Printf("Hole %g (center = {%g,%g,%g}, radius = %g) has number %g!",
	 t, x, y, z, r, thehole);

EndFor

// We can then define the surface loop for the exterior surface of the cube:

theloops[0] = newreg;
Surface Loop(theloops[0]) = {23:39:2};

// The volume of the cube, without the 5 holes, is now defined by 6 surface
// loops: the first surface loop defines the exterior surface; the surface loops
// other than the first one define holes.  (Again, to reference an array of
// variables, its identifier is followed by square brackets):

Volume(186) = {theloops[]};

// Note that using solid modelling with the OpenCASCADE geometry kernel, the
// same geometry could be built quite differently: see `t16.geo'.

// We finally define a physical volume for the elements discretizing the cube,
// without the holes (for which physical groups were already created in the
// `For' loop):

Physical Volume (10) = 186;

// We could make only part of the model visible to only mesh this subset:
//
// Hide {:}
// Recursive Show { Volume{129}; }
// Mesh.MeshOnlyVisible=1;

// Meshing algorithms can changed globally using options:

Mesh.Algorithm = 6; // Frontal-Delaunay for 2D meshes

// They can also be set for individual surfaces, e.g.

MeshAlgorithm Surface {31, 35} = 1; // MeshAdapt on surfaces 31 and 35

// To generate a curvilinear mesh and optimize it to produce provably valid
// curved elements (see A. Johnen, J.-F. Remacle and C. Geuzaine. Geometric
// validity of curvilinear finite elements. Journal of Computational Physics
// 233, pp. 359-372, 2013; and T. Toulorge, C. Geuzaine, J.-F. Remacle,
// J. Lambrechts. Robust untangling of curvilinear meshes. Journal of
// Computational Physics 254, pp. 8-26, 2013), you can uncomment the following
// lines:
//
// Mesh.ElementOrder = 2;
// Mesh.HighOrderOptimize = 2;

2.6 ‘t6’: Transfinite meshes, deleting entities
===============================================

See t6.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t6.geo).
Also available in C++ (t6.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp)),
C (t6.c
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c/t6.c)),
Python (t6.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py)),
Julia (t6.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl))
and Fortran (t6.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t6]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 6
//
//  Transfinite meshes, deleting entities
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Let's use the geometry from the first tutorial as a basis for this one:
lc = 1e-2;
Point(1) = {0, 0, 0, lc};
Point(2) = {.1, 0,  0, lc};
Point(3) = {.1, .3, 0, lc};
Point(4) = {0,  .3, 0, lc};
Line(1) = {1, 2};
Line(2) = {3, 2};
Line(3) = {3, 4};
Line(4) = {4, 1};
Curve Loop(1) = {4, 1, -2, 3};
Plane Surface(1) = {1};

// Delete the surface and the left line, and replace the line with 3 new ones:
Delete{ Surface{1}; Curve{4}; }

p1 = newp; Point(p1) = {-0.05, 0.05, 0, lc};
p2 = newp; Point(p2) = {-0.05, 0.1, 0, lc};

l1 = newc; Line(l1) = {1, p1};
l2 = newc; Line(l2) = {p1, p2};
l3 = newc; Line(l3) = {p2, 4};

// Create a surface:
Curve Loop(2) = {2, -1, l1, l2, l3, -3};
Plane Surface(1) = {-2};

// The `Transfinite Curve' meshing constraints explicitly specifies the location
// of the nodes on the curve. For example, the following command forces 20
// uniformly placed nodes on curve 2 (including the nodes on the two end
// points):
Transfinite Curve{2} = 20;

// Let's put 20 points total on combination of curves `l1', `l2' and `l3'
// (beware that the points `p1' and `p2' are shared by the curves, so we do not
// create 6 + 6 + 10 = 22 nodes, but 20!)
Transfinite Curve{l1} = 6;
Transfinite Curve{l2} = 6;
Transfinite Curve{l3} = 10;

// Finally, we put 30 nodes following a geometric progression on curve 1
// (reversed) and on curve 3:
Transfinite Curve{-1, 3} = 30 Using Progression 1.2;

// The `Transfinite Surface' meshing constraint uses a transfinite interpolation
// algorithm in the parametric plane of the surface to connect the nodes on the
// boundary using a structured grid. If the surface has more than 4 corner
// points, the corners of the transfinite interpolation have to be specified by
// hand:
Transfinite Surface{1} = {1, 2, 3, 4};

// To create quadrangles instead of triangles, one can use the `Recombine'
// command:
Recombine Surface{1};

// When the surface has only 3 or 4 points on its boundary the list of corners
// can be omitted in the `Transfinite Surface' constraint:
Point(7) = {0.2, 0.2, 0, 1.0};
Point(8) = {0.2, 0.1, 0, 1.0};
Point(9) = {0.25, 0.2, 0, 1.0};
Point(10) = {0.3, 0.1, 0, 1.0};
Line(10) = {8, 10};
Line(11) = {10, 9};
Line(12) = {9, 7};
Line(13) = {7, 8};
Curve Loop(14) = {10, 11, 12, 13};
Plane Surface(15) = {14};
Transfinite Curve {10, 11, 12, 13} = 10;
Transfinite Surface{15};

// The way triangles are generated can be controlled by appending "Left",
// "Right" or "Alternate" after the `Transfinite Surface' command. Try e.g.
//
// Transfinite Surface{15} Alternate;

// Finally we apply an elliptic smoother to the grid to have a more regular
// mesh:
Mesh.Smoothing = 100;

2.7 ‘t7’: Background meshes
===========================

See t7.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t7.geo).
Also available in C++ (t7.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t7.cpp)),
Python (t7.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t7.py)),
Julia (t7.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t7.jl))
and Fortran (t7.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t7.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t7]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 7
//
//  Background meshes
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Mesh sizes can be specified very accurately by providing a background mesh,
// i.e., a post-processing view that contains the target mesh sizes.

// Merge a list-based post-processing view containing the target mesh sizes:
Merge "t7_bgmesh.pos";

// If the post-processing view was model-based instead of list-based (i.e. if it
// was based on an actual mesh), we would need to create a new model to contain
// the geometry so that meshing it does not destroy the background mesh. It's
// not necessary here since the view is list-based, but it does no harm:
NewModel;

// Merge the first tutorial geometry:
Merge "t1.geo";

// Apply the view as the current background mesh size field:
Background Mesh View[0];

// In order to compute the mesh sizes from the background mesh only, and
// disregard any other size constraints, one can set:
Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary = 0;
Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints = 0;
Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature = 0;

// See `t10.geo' for additional information: background meshes are actually a
// particular case of general "mesh size fields".

2.8 ‘t8’: Post-processing, image export and animations
======================================================

See t8.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t8.geo).
Also available in C++ (t8.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp)),
Python (t8.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py)),
Julia (t8.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl))
and Fortran (t8.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t8]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 8
//
//  Post-processing, image export and animations
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// In addition to creating geometries and meshes, GEO scripts can also be used
// to manipulate post-processing datasets (called "views" in Gmsh).

// We first include `t1.geo' as well as some post-processing views:

Include "t1.geo";
Include "view1.pos";
Include "view1.pos";
Include "view4.pos";

// Gmsh can read post-processing views in various formats. Here the `view1.pos'
// and `view4.pos' files are in the Gmsh "parsed" format, which is interpreted
// directly by the GEO script parser. The parsed format should only be used for
// relatively small datasets of course: for larger datasets using e.g. MSH files
// is much more efficient.

// We then set some general options:

General.Trackball = 0;
General.RotationX = 0; General.RotationY = 0; General.RotationZ = 0;
General.Color.Background = White; General.Color.Foreground = Black;
General.Color.Text = Black;
General.Orthographic = 0;
General.Axes = 0; General.SmallAxes = 0;

// We also set some options for each post-processing view:

v0 = PostProcessing.NbViews-4;
v1 = v0+1; v2 = v0+2; v3 = v0+3;

View[v0].IntervalsType = 2;
View[v0].OffsetZ = 0.05;
View[v0].RaiseZ = 0;
View[v0].Light = 1;
View[v0].ShowScale = 0;
View[v0].SmoothNormals = 1;

View[v1].IntervalsType = 1;
View[v1].ColorTable = { Green, Blue };
View[v1].NbIso = 10;
View[v1].ShowScale = 0;

View[v2].Name = "Test...";
View[v2].Axes = 1;
View[v2].Color.Axes = Black;
View[v2].IntervalsType = 2;
View[v2].Type = 2;
View[v2].AutoPosition = 0;
View[v2].PositionX = 85;
View[v2].PositionY = 50;
View[v2].Width = 200;
View[v2].Height = 130;

View[v3].Visible = 0;

// You can save an MPEG movie directly by selecting `File->Export' in the
// GUI. Several predefined animations are setup, for looping on all the time
// steps in views, or for looping between views.

// But a script can be used to build much more complex animations, by changing
// options at run-time and re-rendering the graphics. Each frame can then be
// saved to disk as an image, and multiple frames can be encoded to form a
// movie. Below is an example of such a custom animation.

t = 0; // Initial step

// Loop on num from 1 to 3
For num In {1:3}

  View[v0].TimeStep = t; // Set time step
  View[v1].TimeStep = t;
  View[v2].TimeStep = t;
  View[v3].TimeStep = t;

  t = (View[v0].TimeStep < View[v0].NbTimeStep-1) ? t+1 : 0; // Increment

  View[v0].RaiseZ += 0.01/View[v0].Max * t; // Raise view v0

  If (num == 3)
    // Resize the graphics when num == 3, to create 640x480 frames
    General.GraphicsWidth = General.MenuWidth + 640;
    General.GraphicsHeight = 480;
  EndIf

  frames = 50;

  // Loop on num2 from 1 to frames
  For num2 In {1:frames}

    // Incrementally rotate the scene
    General.RotationX += 10;
    General.RotationY = General.RotationX / 3;
    General.RotationZ += 0.1;

    // Sleep for 0.01 second
    Sleep 0.01;

    // Draw the scene (one could use `DrawForceChanged' instead to force the
    // reconstruction of the vertex arrays, e.g. if changing element clipping)
    Draw;

    If (num == 3)
      // Uncomment the following lines to save each frame to an image file (the
      // `Print' command saves the graphical window; the `Sprintf' function
      // permits to create the file names on the fly):

      // Print Sprintf("t8-%g.gif", num2);
      // Print Sprintf("t8-%g.ppm", num2);
      // Print Sprintf("t8-%g.jpg", num2);
    EndIf

  EndFor

  If(num == 3)
    // Here we could make a system call to generate a movie. For example, with
    // ffmpeg:

    // System "ffmpeg -i t8-%d.jpg t8.mpg"
  EndIf

EndFor

2.9 ‘t9’: Plugins
=================

See t9.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t9.geo).
Also available in C++ (t9.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t9.cpp)),
Python (t9.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t9.py)),
Julia (t9.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t9.jl))
and Fortran (t9.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t9.f90)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial t9]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 9
//
//  Plugins
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Plugins can be added to Gmsh in order to extend its capabilities. For
// example, post-processing plugins can modify views, or create new views based
// on previously loaded views. Several default plugins are statically linked
// with Gmsh, e.g. Isosurface, CutPlane, CutSphere, Skin, Transform or Smooth.
//
// Plugins can be controlled in the same way as other options: either from the
// graphical interface (right click on the view button, then `Plugins'), or from
// the command file.

// Let us for example include a three-dimensional scalar view:

Include "view3.pos" ;

// We then set some options for the `Isosurface' plugin (which extracts an
// isosurface from a 3D scalar view), and run it:

Plugin(Isosurface).Value = 0.67 ; // Iso-value level
Plugin(Isosurface).View = 0 ; // Source view is View[0]
Plugin(Isosurface).Run ; // Run the plugin!

// We also set some options for the `CutPlane' plugin (which computes a section
// of a 3D view using the plane A*x+B*y+C*z+D=0), and then run it:

Plugin(CutPlane).A = 0 ;
Plugin(CutPlane).B = 0.2 ;
Plugin(CutPlane).C = 1 ;
Plugin(CutPlane).D = 0 ;
Plugin(CutPlane).View = 0 ;
Plugin(CutPlane).Run ;

// Add a title (By convention, for window coordinates a value greater than 99999
// represents the center. We could also use `General.GraphicsWidth / 2', but
// that would only center the string for the current window size.):

Plugin(Annotate).Text = "A nice title" ;
Plugin(Annotate).X = 1.e5;
Plugin(Annotate).Y = 50 ;
Plugin(Annotate).Font = "Times-BoldItalic" ;
Plugin(Annotate).FontSize = 28 ;
Plugin(Annotate).Align = "Center" ;
Plugin(Annotate).View = 0 ;
Plugin(Annotate).Run ;

Plugin(Annotate).Text = "(and a small subtitle)" ;
Plugin(Annotate).Y = 70 ;
Plugin(Annotate).Font = "Times-Roman" ;
Plugin(Annotate).FontSize = 12 ;
Plugin(Annotate).Run ;

// We finish by setting some options:

View[0].Light = 1;
View[0].IntervalsType = 1;
View[0].NbIso = 6;
View[0].SmoothNormals = 1;
View[1].IntervalsType = 2;
View[2].IntervalsType = 2;

2.10 ‘t10’: Mesh size fields
============================

See t10.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t10.geo).
Also available in C++ (t10.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t10.cpp)),
Python (t10.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t10.py)),
Julia (t10.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t10.jl))
and Fortran (t10.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t10.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t10]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 10
//
//  Mesh size fields
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// In addition to specifying target mesh sizes at the points of the geometry
// (see `t1.geo') or using a background mesh (see `t7.geo'), you can use general
// mesh size "Fields".

// Let's create a simple rectangular geometry
lc = .15;
Point(1) = {0.0,0.0,0,lc}; Point(2) = {1,0.0,0,lc};
Point(3) = {1,1,0,lc};     Point(4) = {0,1,0,lc};
Point(5) = {0.2,.5,0,lc};

Line(1) = {1,2}; Line(2) = {2,3}; Line(3) = {3,4}; Line(4) = {4,1};

Curve Loop(5) = {1,2,3,4}; Plane Surface(6) = {5};

// Say we would like to obtain mesh elements with size lc/30 near curve 2 and
// point 5, and size lc elsewhere. To achieve this, we can use two fields:
// "Distance", and "Threshold". We first define a Distance field (`Field[1]') on
// points 5 and on curve 2. This field returns the distance to point 5 and to
// (100 equidistant points on) curve 2.
Field[1] = Distance;
Field[1].PointsList = {5};
Field[1].CurvesList = {2};
Field[1].Sampling = 100;


// We then define a `Threshold' field, which uses the return value of the
// `Distance' field 1 in order to define a simple change in element size
// depending on the computed distances
//
// SizeMax -                     /------------------
//                              /
//                             /
//                            /
// SizeMin -o----------------/
//          |                |    |
//        Point         DistMin  DistMax
Field[2] = Threshold;
Field[2].InField = 1;
Field[2].SizeMin = lc / 30;
Field[2].SizeMax = lc;
Field[2].DistMin = 0.15;
Field[2].DistMax = 0.5;

// Say we want to modulate the mesh element sizes using a mathematical function
// of the spatial coordinates. We can do this with the MathEval field:
Field[3] = MathEval;
Field[3].F = "cos(4*3.14*x) * sin(4*3.14*y) / 10 + 0.101";

// We could also combine MathEval with values coming from other fields. For
// example, let's define a `Distance' field around point 1
Field[4] = Distance;
Field[4].PointsList = {1};

// We can then create a `MathEval' field with a function that depends on the
// return value of the `Distance' field 4, i.e., depending on the distance to
// point 1 (here using a cubic law, with minimum element size = lc / 100)
Field[5] = MathEval;
Field[5].F = Sprintf("F4^3 + %g", lc / 100);

// We could also use a `Box' field to impose a step change in element sizes
// inside a box
Field[6] = Box;
Field[6].VIn = lc / 15;
Field[6].VOut = lc;
Field[6].XMin = 0.3;
Field[6].XMax = 0.6;
Field[6].YMin = 0.3;
Field[6].YMax = 0.6;
Field[6].Thickness = 0.3;

// Many other types of fields are available: see the reference manual for a
// complete list. You can also create fields directly in the graphical user
// interface by selecting `Define->Size fields' in the `Mesh' module.

// Let's use the minimum of all the fields as the background mesh size field
Field[7] = Min;
Field[7].FieldsList = {2, 3, 5, 6};
Background Field = 7;

// To determine the size of mesh elements, Gmsh locally computes the minimum of
//
// 1) the size of the model bounding box;
// 2) if `Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints' is set, the mesh size specified at
//    geometrical points;
// 3) if `Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature' is positive, the mesh size based on
//    curvature (the value specifying the number of elements per 2 * pi rad);
// 4) the background mesh size field;
// 5) any per-entity mesh size constraint.
//
// This value is then constrained in the interval [`Mesh.MeshSizeMin',
// `Mesh.MeshSizeMax'] and multiplied by `Mesh.MeshSizeFactor'. In addition,
// boundary mesh sizes are interpolated inside surfaces and/or volumes depending
// on the value of `Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary' (which is set by default).
//
// When the element size is fully specified by a mesh size field (as it is in
// this example), it is thus often desirable to set

Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary = 0;
Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints = 0;
Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature = 0;

// This will prevent over-refinement due to small mesh sizes on the boundary.

// Finally, while the default "Frontal-Delaunay" 2D meshing algorithm
// (Mesh.Algorithm = 6) usually leads to the highest quality meshes, the
// "Delaunay" algorithm (Mesh.Algorithm = 5) will handle complex mesh size
// fields better - in particular size fields with large element size gradients:

Mesh.Algorithm = 5;

2.11 ‘t11’: Unstructured quadrangular meshes
============================================

See t11.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t11.geo).
Also available in C++ (t11.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t11.cpp)),
Python (t11.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t11.py)),
Julia (t11.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t11.jl))
and Fortran (t11.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t11.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t11]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 11
//
//  Unstructured quadrangular meshes
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// We have seen in tutorials `t3.geo' and `t6.geo' that extruded and transfinite
// meshes can be "recombined" into quads, prisms or hexahedra by using the
// "Recombine" keyword. Unstructured meshes can be recombined in the same
// way. Let's define a simple geometry with an analytical mesh size field:

Point(1) = {-1.25, -.5, 0}; Point(2) = {1.25, -.5, 0};
Point(3) = {1.25, 1.25, 0};  Point(4) = {-1.25, 1.25, 0};

Line(1) = {1, 2}; Line(2) = {2, 3};
Line(3) = {3, 4}; Line(4) = {4, 1};

Curve Loop(4) = {1, 2, 3, 4}; Plane Surface(100) = {4};

Field[1] = MathEval;
Field[1].F = "0.01*(1.0+30.*(y-x*x)*(y-x*x) + (1-x)*(1-x))";
Background Field = 1;

// To generate quadrangles instead of triangles, we can simply add

Recombine Surface{100};

// If we'd had several surfaces, we could have used `Recombine Surface {:};'.
// Yet another way would be to specify the global option "Mesh.RecombineAll =
// 1;".

// The default recombination algorithm is called "Blossom": it uses a minimum
// cost perfect matching algorithm to generate fully quadrilateral meshes from
// triangulations. More details about the algorithm can be found in the
// following paper: J.-F. Remacle, J. Lambrechts, B. Seny, E. Marchandise,
// A. Johnen and C. Geuzaine, "Blossom-Quad: a non-uniform quadrilateral mesh
// generator using a minimum cost perfect matching algorithm", International
// Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 89, pp. 1102-1119, 2012.

// For even better 2D (planar) quadrilateral meshes, you can try the
// experimental "Frontal-Delaunay for quads" meshing algorithm, which is a
// triangulation algorithm that enables to create right triangles almost
// everywhere: J.-F. Remacle, F. Henrotte, T. Carrier-Baudouin, E. Bechet,
// E. Marchandise, C. Geuzaine and T. Mouton. A frontal Delaunay quad mesh
// generator using the L^inf norm. International Journal for Numerical Methods
// in Engineering, 94, pp. 494-512, 2013. Uncomment the following line to try
// the Frontal-Delaunay algorithms for quads:
//
// Mesh.Algorithm = 8;

// The default recombination algorithm might leave some triangles in the mesh,
// if recombining all the triangles leads to badly shaped quads. In such cases,
// to generate full-quad meshes, you can either subdivide the resulting hybrid
// mesh (with Mesh.SubdivisionAlgorithm = 1), or use the full-quad recombination
// algorithm, which will automatically perform a coarser mesh followed by
// recombination, smoothing and subdivision. Uncomment the following line to try
// the full-quad algorithm:
//
// Mesh.RecombinationAlgorithm = 2; // or 3

// Note that you could also apply the recombination algorithm and/or the
// subdivision step explicitly after meshing, as follows:
//
// Mesh 2;
// RecombineMesh;
// Mesh.SubdivisionAlgorithm = 1;
// RefineMesh;

2.12 ‘t12’: Cross-patch meshing with compounds
==============================================

See t12.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t12.geo)/
Also available in C++ (t12.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t12.cpp)),
Python (t12.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t12.py)),
Julia (t12.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t12.jl))
and Fortran (t12.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t12.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t12]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 12
//
//  Cross-patch meshing with compounds
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// "Compound" meshing constraints allow to generate meshes across surface
// boundaries, which can be useful e.g. for imported CAD models (e.g. STEP) with
// undesired small features.

// When a `Compound Curve' or `Compound Surface' meshing constraint is given,
// at mesh generation time Gmsh
//  1. meshes the underlying elementary geometrical entities, individually
//  2. creates a discrete entity that combines all the individual meshes
//  3. computes a discrete parametrization (i.e. a piece-wise linear mapping)
//     on this discrete entity
//  4. meshes the discrete entity using this discrete parametrization instead
//     of the underlying geometrical description of the underlying elementary
//     entities making up the compound
//  5. optionally, reclassifies the mesh elements and nodes on the original
//     entities

// Step 3. above can only be performed if the mesh resulting from the
// combination of the individual meshes can be reparametrized, i.e. if the shape
// is "simple enough". If the shape is not amenable to reparametrization, you
// should create a full mesh of the geometry and first re-classify it to
// generate patches amenable to reparametrization (see `t13.geo').

// The mesh of the individual entities performed in Step 1. should usually be
// finer than the desired final mesh; this can be controlled with the
// `Mesh.CompoundMeshSizeFactor' option.

// The optional reclassification on the underlying elementary entities in Step
// 5. is governed by the `Mesh.CompoundClassify' option.

lc = 0.1;

Point(1) = {0, 0, 0, lc};       Point(2) = {1, 0, 0, lc};
Point(3) = {1, 1, 0.5, lc};     Point(4) = {0, 1, 0.4, lc};
Point(5) = {0.3, 0.2, 0, lc};   Point(6) = {0, 0.01, 0.01, lc};
Point(7) = {0, 0.02, 0.02, lc}; Point(8) = {1, 0.05, 0.02, lc};
Point(9) = {1, 0.32, 0.02, lc};

Line(1) = {1, 2}; Line(2) = {2, 8}; Line(3) = {8, 9};
Line(4) = {9, 3}; Line(5) = {3, 4}; Line(6) = {4, 7};
Line(7) = {7, 6}; Line(8) = {6, 1}; Spline(9) = {7, 5, 9};
Line(10) = {6, 8};

Curve Loop(11) = {5, 6, 9, 4};     Surface(1) = {11};
Curve Loop(13) = {-9, 3, 10, 7}; Surface(5) = {13};
Curve Loop(15) = {-10, 2, 1, 8}; Surface(10) = {15};

// Treat curves 2, 3 and 4 as a single curve when meshing (i.e. mesh across
// points 6 and 7)
Compound Curve{2, 3, 4};

// Idem with curves 6, 7 and 8
Compound Curve{6, 7, 8};

// Treat surfaces 1, 5 and 10 as a single surface when meshing (i.e. mesh across
// curves 9 and 10)
Compound Surface{1, 5, 10};

2.13 ‘t13’: Remeshing an STL file without an underlying CAD model
=================================================================

See t13.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t13.geo).
Also available in C++ (t13.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp)),
Python (t13.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py)),
Julia (t13.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl))
and Fortran (t13.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t13]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 13
//
//  Remeshing an STL file without an underlying CAD model
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Let's merge an STL mesh that we would like to remesh.
Merge "t13_data.stl";

// We first classify ("color") the surfaces by splitting the original surface
// along sharp geometrical features. This will create new discrete surfaces,
// curves and points.

DefineConstant[
  // Angle between two triangles above which an edge is considered as sharp
  angle = {40, Min 20, Max 120, Step 1,
    Name "Parameters/Angle for surface detection"},
  // For complex geometries, patches can be too complex, too elongated or too
  // large to be parametrized; setting the following option will force the
  // creation of patches that are amenable to reparametrization:
  forceParametrizablePatches = {0, Choices{0,1},
    Name "Parameters/Create surfaces guaranteed to be parametrizable"},
  // For open surfaces include the boundary edges in the classification process:
  includeBoundary = 1,
  // Force curves to be split on given angle:
  curveAngle = 180
];
ClassifySurfaces{angle * Pi/180, includeBoundary, forceParametrizablePatches,
                 curveAngle * Pi / 180};

// Create a geometry for all the discrete curves and surfaces in the mesh, by
// computing a parametrization for each one
CreateGeometry;

// In batch mode the two steps above can be performed with `gmsh t13.stl
// -reparam 40', which will save `t13.msh' containing the parametrizations, and
// which can thus subsequently be remeshed.

// Note that if a CAD model (e.g. as a STEP file, see `t20.geo') is available
// instead of an STL mesh, it is usually better to use that CAD model instead of
// the geometry created by reparametrizing the mesh. Indeed, CAD geometries will
// in general be more accurate, with smoother parametrizations, and will lead to
// more efficient and higher quality meshing. Discrete surface remeshing in Gmsh
// is optimized to handle dense STL meshes coming from e.g. imaging systems
// where no CAD is available; it is less well suited for the poor quality STL
// triangulations (optimized for size, with e.g. very elongated triangles) that
// are usually generated by CAD tools for e.g. 3D printing.

// Create a volume as usual
Surface Loop(1) = Surface{:};
Volume(1) = {1};

// We specify element sizes imposed by a size field, just because we can :-)
funny = DefineNumber[0, Choices{0,1},
  Name "Parameters/Apply funny mesh size field?" ];

Field[1] = MathEval;
If(funny)
  Field[1].F = "2*Sin((x+y)/5) + 3";
Else
  Field[1].F = "4";
EndIf
Background Field = 1;

2.14 ‘t14’: Homology and cohomology computation
===============================================

See t14.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t14.geo).
Also available in C++ (t14.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t14.cpp)),
Python (t14.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t14.py)),
Julia (t14.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t14.jl))
and Fortran (t14.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t14.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t14]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 14
//
//  Homology and cohomology computation
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Homology computation in Gmsh finds representative chains of (relative)
// (co)homology space bases using a mesh of a model.  The representative basis
// chains are stored in the mesh as physical groups of Gmsh, one for each chain.

// Create an example geometry

m = 0.5; // mesh size
h = 2; // height in the z-direction

Point(1) = {0, 0, 0, m};   Point(2) = {10, 0, 0, m};
Point(3) = {10, 10, 0, m}; Point(4) = {0, 10, 0, m};
Point(5) = {4, 4, 0, m};   Point(6) = {6, 4, 0, m};
Point(7) = {6, 6, 0, m};   Point(8) = {4, 6, 0, m};

Point(9) = {2, 0, 0, m};   Point(10) = {8, 0, 0, m};
Point(11) = {2, 10, 0, m}; Point(12) = {8, 10, 0, m};

Line(1) = {1, 9};  Line(2) = {9, 10}; Line(3) = {10, 2};
Line(4) = {2, 3};  Line(5) = {3, 12}; Line(6) = {12, 11};
Line(7) = {11, 4}; Line(8) = {4, 1};  Line(9) = {5, 6};
Line(10) = {6, 7}; Line(11) = {7, 8}; Line(12) = {8, 5};

Curve Loop(13) = {6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
Curve Loop(14) = {11, 12, 9, 10};
Plane Surface(15) = {13, 14};

e() = Extrude {0, 0, h}{ Surface{15}; };

// Create physical groups, which are used to define the domain of the
// (co)homology computation and the subdomain of the relative (co)homology
// computation.

// Whole domain
Physical Volume(1) = {e(1)};

// Four "terminals" of the model
Physical Surface(70) = {e(3)};
Physical Surface(71) = {e(5)};
Physical Surface(72) = {e(7)};
Physical Surface(73) = {e(9)};

// Whole domain surface
bnd() = Boundary{ Volume{e(1)}; };
Physical Surface(80) = bnd();

// Complement of the domain surface with respect to the four terminals
bnd() -= {e(3), e(5), e(7), e(9)};
Physical Surface(75) = bnd();

// Find bases for relative homology spaces of the domain modulo the four
// terminals.
Homology {{1}, {70, 71, 72, 73}};

// Find homology space bases isomorphic to the previous bases: homology spaces
// modulo the non-terminal domain surface, a.k.a the thin cuts.
Homology {{1}, {75}};

// Find cohomology space bases isomorphic to the previous bases: cohomology
// spaces of the domain modulo the four terminals, a.k.a the thick cuts.
Cohomology {{1}, {70, 71, 72, 73}};

// More examples:
//  Homology {1};
//  Homology;
//  Homology {{1}, {80}};
//  Homology {{}, {80}};

// For more information, see M. Pellikka, S. Suuriniemi, L. Kettunen and
// C. Geuzaine. Homology and cohomology computation in finite element
// modeling. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 35(5), pp. 1195-1214, 2013.

2.15 ‘t15’: Embedded points, lines and surfaces
===============================================

See t15.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t15.geo).
Also available in C++ (t15.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t15.cpp)),
Python (t15.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t15.py)),
Julia (t15.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t15.jl))
and Fortran (t15.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t15.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t15]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 15
//
//  Embedded points, lines and surfaces
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// By default, across geometrical dimensions meshes generated by Gmsh are only
// conformal if lower dimensional entities are on the boundary of higher
// dimensional ones (i.e. if points, curves or surfaces are part of the boundary
// of volumes).

// Embedding constraints allow to force a mesh to be conformal to other lower
// dimensional entities.

// We start one again by including the first tutorial:
Include "t1.geo";

// We change the mesh size to generate coarser mesh
lc = lc * 4;
MeshSize {1:4} = lc;

// We define a new point
Point(5) = {0.02, 0.02, 0, lc};

// One can force this point to be included ("embedded") in the 2D mesh, using
// the `Point In Surface' command:
Point{5} In Surface{1};

// In the same way, one can force a curve to be embedded in the 2D mesh using
// the `Curve in Surface' command:
Point(6) = {0.02, 0.12, 0, lc};
Point(7) = {0.04, 0.18, 0, lc};
Line(5) = {6, 7};
Curve{5} In Surface{1};

// One can also embed points and curves in a volume using the `Curve/Point In
// Volume' commands:
Extrude {0, 0, 0.1}{ Surface {1}; }

p = newp;
Point(p) = {0.07, 0.15, 0.025, lc};
Point{p} In Volume {1};

l = newc;
Point(p+1) = {0.025, 0.15, 0.025, lc};
Line(l) = {7, p+1};
Curve{l} In Volume {1};

// Finally, one can also embed a surface in a volume using the `Surface In
// Volume' command:
Point(p+2) = {0.02, 0.12, 0.05, lc};
Point(p+3) = {0.04, 0.12, 0.05, lc};
Point(p+4) = {0.04, 0.18, 0.05, lc};
Point(p+5) = {0.02, 0.18, 0.05, lc};
Line(l+1) = {p+2, p+3};
Line(l+2) = {p+3, p+4};
Line(l+3) = {p+4, p+5};
Line(l+4) = {p+5, p+2};
ll = newcl;
Curve Loop(ll) = {l+1:l+4};
s = news;
Plane Surface(s) = {ll};
Surface{s} In Volume {1};

// Note that with the OpenCASCADE kernel (see `t16.geo'), when the
// `BooleanFragments' command is applied to entities of different dimensions,
// the lower dimensional entities will be autmatically embedded in the higher
// dimensional entities if necessary.

Physical Point("Embedded point") = {p};
Physical Curve("Embdded curve") = {l};
Physical Surface("Embedded surface") = {s};
Physical Volume("Volume") = {1};

2.16 ‘t16’: Constructive Solid Geometry, OpenCASCADE geometry kernel
====================================================================

See t16.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t16.geo).
Also available in C++ (t16.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp)),
C (t16.c
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c/t16.c)),
Python (t16.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py)),
Julia (t16.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl))
and Fortran (t16.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t16]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 16
//
//  Constructive Solid Geometry, OpenCASCADE geometry kernel
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Instead of constructing a model in a bottom-up fashion with Gmsh's built-in
// geometry kernel, starting with version 3 Gmsh allows you to directly use
// alternative geometry kernels. Here we use the OpenCASCADE kernel:

SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");

// Let's build the same model as in `t5.geo', but using constructive solid
// geometry.

// We first create two cubes:
Box(1) = {0,0,0, 1,1,1};
Box(2) = {0,0,0, 0.5,0.5,0.5};

// We apply a boolean difference to create the "cube minus one eighth" shape:
BooleanDifference(3) = { Volume{1}; Delete; }{ Volume{2}; Delete; };

// Boolean operations with OpenCASCADE always create new entities. Adding
// `Delete' in the arguments allows to automatically delete the original
// entities.

// We then create the five spheres:
x = 0 ; y = 0.75 ; z = 0 ; r = 0.09 ;
For t In {1:5}
  x += 0.166 ;
  z += 0.166 ;
  Sphere(3 + t) = {x,y,z,r};
  Physical Volume(t) = {3 + t};
EndFor

// If we had wanted five empty holes we would have used `BooleanDifference'
// again. Here we want five spherical inclusions, whose mesh should be conformal
// with the mesh of the cube: we thus use `BooleanFragments', which intersects
// all volumes in a conformal manner (without creating duplicate interfaces):
v() = BooleanFragments{ Volume{3}; Delete; }{ Volume{3 + 1 : 3 + 5}; Delete; };

// When the boolean operation leads to simple modifications of entities, and if
// one deletes the original entities with `Delete', Gmsh tries to assign the
// same tag to the new entities. (This behavior is governed by the
// `Geometry.OCCBooleanPreserveNumbering' option.)

// Here the `Physical Volume' definitions made above will thus still work, as
// the five spheres (volumes 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), which will be deleted by the
// fragment operations, will be recreated identically (albeit with new surfaces)
// with the same tags.

// The tag of the cube will change though, so we need to access it
// programmatically:
Physical Volume(10) = v(0);

// Creating entities using constructive solid geometry is very powerful, but can
// lead to practical issues for e.g. setting mesh sizes at points, or
// identifying boundaries.

// To identify points or other bounding entities you can take advantage of the
// `CombinedBoundary`, `Closest', `PointsOf' and `In BoundingBox' commands.

// Define a physical surface for the top and right-most surfaces, by finding
// amongst the surfaces making up the boundary of the model, the two closest to
// point (1,1,0.5):
bnd() = CombinedBoundary{ Volume{:}; };
closest() = Closest {1,1,0.5} { Surface{bnd()}; };
Physical Surface("Top & right surfaces", 100) = {closest(0), closest(1)};

// Assign a mesh size to all the points of all the volumes:
lcar1 = .1;
lcar2 = .0005;
lcar3 = .055;
MeshSize{ PointsOf{ Volume{:}; } } = lcar1;

// Override this constraint on the points of the five spheres:
MeshSize{ PointsOf{ Volume{3 + 1 : 3 + 5}; } } = lcar3;

// Select the corner point by searching for it geometrically using a bounding
// box (`Closest' could have been used as well):
eps = 1e-3;
p() = Point In BoundingBox{0.5-eps, 0.5-eps, 0.5-eps,
                           0.5+eps, 0.5+eps, 0.5+eps};
MeshSize{ p() } = lcar2;

// Additional examples created with the OpenCASCADE geometry kernel are
// available in `t18.geo', `t19.geo' and `t20.geo', as well as in the
// `examples/boolean' directory.

2.17 ‘t17’: Anisotropic background mesh
=======================================

See t17.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t17.geo).
Also available in C++ (t17.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t17.cpp)),
Python (t17.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t17.py)),
Julia (t17.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t17.jl))
and Fortran (t17.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t17.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t17]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 17
//
//  Anisotropic background mesh
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// As seen in `t7.geo', mesh sizes can be specified very accurately by providing
// a background mesh, i.e., a post-processing view that contains the target mesh
// sizes.

// Here, the background mesh is represented as a metric tensor field defined on
// a square. One should use bamg as 2d mesh generator to enable anisotropic
// meshes in 2D.

SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");

// Create a square
Rectangle(1) = {-2, -2, 0, 4, 4};

// Merge a post-processing view containing the target anisotropic mesh sizes
Merge "t17_bgmesh.pos";

// Apply the view as the current background mesh
Background Mesh View[0];

// Use bamg
Mesh.SmoothRatio = 3;
Mesh.AnisoMax = 1000;
Mesh.Algorithm = 7;

2.18 ‘t18’: Periodic meshes
===========================

See t18.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t18.geo).
Also available in C++ (t18.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp)),
Python (t18.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py)),
Julia (t18.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl))
and Fortran (t18.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t18]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 18
//
//  Periodic meshes
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Periodic meshing constraints can be imposed on surfaces and curves.

// Let's use the OpenCASCADE geometry kernel to build two geometries.

SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");

// The first geometry is very simple: a unit cube with a non-uniform mesh size
// constraint (set on purpose to be able to verify visually that the periodicity
// constraint works!):

Box(1) = {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1};
MeshSize {:} = 0.1;
MeshSize {1} = 0.02;

// To impose that the mesh on surface 2 (the right side of the cube) should
// match the mesh from surface 1 (the left side), the following periodicity
// constraint is set:
Periodic Surface {2} = {1} Translate {1, 0, 0};

// During mesh generation, the mesh on surface 2 will be created by copying the
// mesh from surface 1.  Periodicity constraints can be specified with a
// `Translation', a `Rotation' or a general `Affine' transform.

// Multiple periodicities can be imposed in the same way:
Periodic Surface {6} = {5} Translate {0, 0, 1};
Periodic Surface {4} = {3} Translate {0, 1, 0};

// For more complicated cases, finding the corresponding surfaces by hand can be
// tedious, especially when geometries are created through solid
// modelling. Let's construct a slightly more complicated geometry.

// We start with a cube and some spheres:
Box(10) = {2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1};
x = 2-0.3; y = 0; z = 0;
Sphere(11) = {x, y, z, 0.35};
Sphere(12) = {x+1, y, z, 0.35};
Sphere(13) = {x, y+1, z, 0.35};
Sphere(14) = {x, y, z+1, 0.35};
Sphere(15) = {x+1, y+1, z, 0.35};
Sphere(16) = {x, y+1, z+1, 0.35};
Sphere(17) = {x+1, y, z+1, 0.35};
Sphere(18) = {x+1, y+1, z+1, 0.35};

// We first fragment all the volumes, which will leave parts of spheres
// protruding outside the cube:
v() = BooleanFragments { Volume{10}; Delete; }{ Volume{11:18}; Delete; };

// Ask OpenCASCADE to compute more accurate bounding boxes of entities using the
// STL mesh:
Geometry.OCCBoundsUseStl = 1;

// We then retrieve all the volumes in the bounding box of the original cube,
// and delete all the parts outside it:
eps = 1e-3;
vin() = Volume In BoundingBox {2-eps,-eps,-eps, 2+1+eps,1+eps,1+eps};
v() -= vin();
Recursive Delete{ Volume{v()}; }

// We now set a non-uniform mesh size constraint (again to check results
// visually):
MeshSize { PointsOf{ Volume{vin()}; }} = 0.1;
p() = Point In BoundingBox{2-eps, -eps, -eps, 2+eps, eps, eps};
MeshSize {p()} = 0.001;

// We now identify corresponding surfaces on the left and right sides of the
// geometry automatically.

// First we get all surfaces on the left:
Sxmin() = Surface In BoundingBox{2-eps, -eps, -eps, 2+eps, 1+eps, 1+eps};

For i In {0:#Sxmin()-1}
  // Then we get the bounding box of each left surface
  bb() = BoundingBox Surface { Sxmin(i) };
  // We translate the bounding box to the right and look for surfaces inside it:
  Sxmax() = Surface In BoundingBox { bb(0)-eps+1, bb(1)-eps, bb(2)-eps,
                                     bb(3)+eps+1, bb(4)+eps, bb(5)+eps };
  // For all the matches, we compare the corresponding bounding boxes...
  For j In {0:#Sxmax()-1}
    bb2() = BoundingBox Surface { Sxmax(j) };
    bb2(0) -= 1;
    bb2(3) -= 1;
    // ...and if they match, we apply the periodicity constraint
    If(Fabs(bb2(0)-bb(0)) < eps && Fabs(bb2(1)-bb(1)) < eps &&
       Fabs(bb2(2)-bb(2)) < eps && Fabs(bb2(3)-bb(3)) < eps &&
       Fabs(bb2(4)-bb(4)) < eps && Fabs(bb2(5)-bb(5)) < eps)
      Periodic Surface {Sxmax(j)} = {Sxmin(i)} Translate {1,0,0};
    EndIf
  EndFor
EndFor

2.19 ‘t19’: Thrusections, fillets, pipes, mesh size from curvature
==================================================================

See t19.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t19.geo).
Also available in C++ (t19.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp)),
Python (t19.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py)),
Julia (t19.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl))
and Fortran (t19.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t19]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 19
//
//  Thrusections, fillets, pipes, mesh size from curvature
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// The OpenCASCADE geometry kernel supports several useful features for solid
// modelling.

SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");

// Volumes can be constructed from (closed) curve loops thanks to the
// `ThruSections' command
Circle(1) = {0,0,0, 0.5};       Curve Loop(1) = 1;
Circle(2) = {0.1,0.05,1, 0.1};  Curve Loop(2) = 2;
Circle(3) = {-0.1,-0.1,2, 0.3}; Curve Loop(3) = 3;
ThruSections(1) = {1:3};

// With `Ruled ThruSections' you can force the use of ruled surfaces:
Circle(11) = {2+0,0,0, 0.5};      Curve Loop(11) = 11;
Circle(12) = {2+0.1,0.05,1, 0.1}; Curve Loop(12) = 12;
Circle(13) = {2-0.1,-0.1,2, 0.3}; Curve Loop(13) = 13;
Ruled ThruSections(11) = {11:13};

// We copy the first volume, and fillet all its edges:
v() = Translate{4, 0, 0} { Duplicata{ Volume{1}; } };
f() = Boundary{ Volume{v(0)}; };
e() = Unique(Boundary{ Surface{f()}; });
Fillet{v(0)}{e()}{0.1}

// OpenCASCADE also allows general extrusions along a smooth path. Let's first
// define a spline curve:
nturns = 1;
npts = 20;
r = 1;
h = 1 * nturns;
For i In {0 : npts - 1}
  theta = i * 2*Pi*nturns/npts;
  Point(1000 + i) = {r * Cos(theta), r * Sin(theta), i * h/npts};
EndFor
Spline(1000) = {1000 : 1000 + npts - 1};

// A wire is like a curve loop, but open:
Wire(1000) = {1000};

// We define the shape we would like to extrude along the spline (a disk):
Disk(1000) = {1,0,0, 0.2};
Rotate {{1, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0}, Pi/2} { Surface{1000}; }

// We extrude the disk along the spline to create a pipe:
Extrude { Surface{1000}; } Using Wire {1000}

// We delete the source surface, and increase the number of sub-edges for a
// nicer display of the geometry:
Delete{ Surface{1000}; }
Geometry.NumSubEdges = 1000;

// We can activate the calculation of mesh element sizes based on curvature
// (here with a target of 20 elements per 2*Pi radians):
Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature = 20;

// We can constraint the min and max element sizes to stay within reasonnable
// values (see `t10.geo' for more details):
Mesh.MeshSizeMin = 0.001;
Mesh.MeshSizeMax = 0.3;

2.20 ‘t20’: STEP import and manipulation, geometry partitioning
===============================================================

See t20.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t20.geo).
Also available in C++ (t20.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp)),
Python (t20.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py)),
Julia (t20.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl))
and Fortran (t20.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t20]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 20
//
//  STEP import and manipulation, geometry partitioning
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// The OpenCASCADE geometry kernel allows to import STEP files and to modify
// them. In this tutorial we will load a STEP geometry and partition it into
// slices.

SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");

// Load a STEP file (using `ShapeFromFile' instead of `Merge' allows to directly
// retrieve the tags of the highest dimensional imported entities):
v() = ShapeFromFile("t20_data.step");

// If we had specified
//
// Geometry.OCCTargetUnit = "M";
//
// before merging the STEP file, OpenCASCADE would have converted the units to
// meters (instead of the default, which is millimeters).

// Get the bounding box of the volume:
bbox() = BoundingBox Volume{v()};
xmin = bbox(0);
ymin = bbox(1);
zmin = bbox(2);
xmax = bbox(3);
ymax = bbox(4);
zmax = bbox(5);

// We want to slice the model into N slices, and either keep the volume slices
// or just the surfaces obtained by the cutting:
DefineConstant[
  N = {5, Min 2, Max 100, Step 1, Name "Parameters/0Number of slices"}
  dir = {0, Choices{0="X", 1="Y", 2="Z"}, Name "Parameters/1Direction"}
  surf = {0, Choices{0, 1}, Name "Parameters/2Keep only surfaces?"}
];

dx = (xmax - xmin);
dy = (ymax - ymin);
dz = (zmax - zmin);
L = (dir == 0) ? dz : dx;
H = (dir == 1) ? dz : dy;

// Create the first cutting plane:
s() = {news};
Rectangle(s(0)) = {xmin, ymin, zmin, L, H};
If(dir == 0)
  Rotate{ {0, 1, 0}, {xmin, ymin, zmin}, -Pi/2 } { Surface{s(0)}; }
ElseIf(dir == 1)
  Rotate{ {1, 0, 0}, {xmin, ymin, zmin}, Pi/2 } { Surface{s(0)}; }
EndIf
tx = (dir == 0) ? dx / N : 0;
ty = (dir == 1) ? dy / N : 0;
tz = (dir == 2) ? dz / N : 0;
Translate{tx, ty, tz} { Surface{s(0)}; }

// Create the other cutting planes:
For i In {1:N-2}
  s() += Translate{i * tx, i * ty, i * tz} { Duplicata{ Surface{s(0)}; } };
EndFor

// Fragment (i.e. intersect) the volume with all the cutting planes:
BooleanFragments{ Volume{v()}; Delete; }{ Surface{s()}; Delete; }

// Now remove all the surfaces (and their bounding entities) that are not on the
// boundary of a volume, i.e. the parts of the cutting planes that "stick out"
// of the volume:
Recursive Delete { Surface{:}; }

If(surf)
  // If we want to only keep the surfaces, retrieve the surfaces in bounding
  // boxes around the cutting planes...
  eps = 1e-4;
  s() = {};
  For i In {1:N-1}
    xx = (dir == 0) ? xmin : xmax;
    yy = (dir == 1) ? ymin : ymax;
    zz = (dir == 2) ? zmin : zmax;
    s() += Surface In BoundingBox
      {xmin - eps + i * tx, ymin - eps + i * ty, zmin - eps + i * tz,
       xx + eps + i * tx, yy + eps + i * ty, zz + eps + i * tz};
  EndFor
  // ...and remove all the other entities:
  dels = Surface{:};
  dels -= s();
  Delete { Volume{:}; Surface{dels()}; Curve{:}; Point{:}; }
EndIf

// Finally, let's specify a global mesh size:
Mesh.MeshSizeMin = 3;
Mesh.MeshSizeMax = 3;

// To partition the mesh instead of the geometry, see `t21.geo'.

2.21 ‘t21’: Mesh partitioning
=============================

See t21.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t21.geo).
Also available in C++ (t21.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp)),
Python (t21.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py)),
Julia (t21.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl))
and Fortran (t21.f90
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90)).

                     [Screenshot of tutorial t21]

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  Gmsh GEO tutorial 21
//
//  Mesh partitioning
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Gmsh can partition meshes using different algorithms, e.g. the graph
// partitioner Metis or the `SimplePartition' plugin. For all the partitioning
// algorithms, the relationship between mesh elements and mesh partitions is
// encoded through the creation of new (discrete) elementary entities, called
// "partition entities".
//
// Partition entities behave exactly like other discrete elementary entities;
// the only difference is that they keep track of both a mesh partition index
// and their parent elementary entity.
//
// The major advantage of this approach is that it allows to maintain a full
// boundary representation of the partition entities, which Gmsh creates
// automatically if `Mesh.PartitionCreateTopology' is set.

// Let us start by creating a simple geometry with two adjacent squares sharing
// an edge:
SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");
Rectangle(1) = {0, 0, 0, 1, 1};
Rectangle(2) = {1, 0, 0, 1, 1};
BooleanFragments{ Surface{1}; Delete; }{ Surface{2}; Delete; }
MeshSize {:} = 0.05;

// We create one physical group for each square, and we mesh the resulting
// geometry:
Physical Surface("Left", 100) = 1;
Physical Surface("Right", 200) = 2;
Mesh 2;

// We now define several constants to fine-tune how the mesh will be partitioned
DefineConstant[
  partitioner = {0, Choices{0="Metis", 1="SimplePartition"},
    Name "Parameters/0Mesh partitioner"}
  N = {3, Min 1, Max 256, Step 1,
    Name "Parameters/1Number of partitions"}
  topology = {1, Choices{0, 1},
    Name "Parameters/2Create partition topology (BRep)?"}
  ghosts = {0, Choices{0, 1},
    Name "Parameters/3Create ghost cells?"}
  physicals = {0, Choices{0, 1},
    Name "Parameters/3Create new physical groups?"}
  write = {1, Choices {0, 1},
    Name "Parameters/3Write file to disk?"}
  split = {0, Choices {0, 1},
    Name "Parameters/4Write one file per partition?"}
];

// Should we create the boundary representation of the partition entities?
Mesh.PartitionCreateTopology = topology;

// Should we create ghost cells?
Mesh.PartitionCreateGhostCells = ghosts;

// Should we automatically create new physical groups on the partition entities?
Mesh.PartitionCreatePhysicals = physicals;

// Should we keep backward compatibility with pre-Gmsh 4, e.g. to save the mesh
// in MSH2 format?
Mesh.PartitionOldStyleMsh2 = 0;

// Should we save one mesh file per partition?
Mesh.PartitionSplitMeshFiles = split;

If (partitioner == 0)
  // Use Metis to create N partitions
  PartitionMesh N;
  // Several options can be set to control Metis: `Mesh.MetisAlgorithm' (1:
  // Recursive, 2: K-way), `Mesh.MetisObjective' (1: min. edge-cut, 2:
  // min. communication volume), `Mesh.PartitionTriWeight' (weight of
  // triangles), `Mesh.PartitionQuadWeight' (weight of quads), ...
Else
  // Use the `SimplePartition' plugin to create chessboard-like partitions
  Plugin(SimplePartition).NumSlicesX = N;
  Plugin(SimplePartition).NumSlicesY = 1;
  Plugin(SimplePartition).NumSlicesZ = 1;
  Plugin(SimplePartition).Run;
EndIf

// Save mesh file (or files, if `Mesh.PartitionSplitMeshFiles' is set):
If(write)
  Save "t21.msh";
EndIf

2.22 ‘x1’: Geometry and mesh data
=================================

See x1.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py).
Also available in C++ (x1.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp))
and Julia (x1.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial x1]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  Gmsh Python extended tutorial 1
#
#  Geometry and mesh data
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# The Python API allows to do much more than what can be done in .geo
# files. These additional features are introduced gradually in the extended
# tutorials, starting with `x1.py'.

# In this first extended tutorial, we start by using the API to access basic
# geometrical and mesh data.

import gmsh
import sys

gmsh.initialize()

if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1][0] != '-':
    # If an argument is provided, handle it as a file that Gmsh can read, e.g. a
    # mesh file in the MSH format (`python x1.py file.msh')
    gmsh.open(sys.argv[1])
else:
    # Otherwise, create and mesh a simple geometry
    gmsh.model.occ.addCone(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0.5, 0.1)
    gmsh.model.occ.synchronize()
    gmsh.model.mesh.generate()

# Print the model name and dimension:
print('Model ' + gmsh.model.getCurrent() + ' (' +
      str(gmsh.model.getDimension()) + 'D)')

# Geometrical data is made of elementary model `entities', called `points'
# (entities of dimension 0), `curves' (entities of dimension 1), `surfaces'
# (entities of dimension 2) and `volumes' (entities of dimension 3). As we have
# seen in the other Python tutorials, elementary model entities are identified
# by their dimension and by a `tag': a strictly positive identification
# number. Model entities can be either CAD entities (from the built-in `geo'
# kernel or from the OpenCASCADE `occ' kernel) or `discrete' entities (defined
# by a mesh). `Physical groups' are collections of model entities and are also
# identified by their dimension and by a tag.

# Get all the elementary entities in the model, as a vector of (dimension, tag)
# pairs:
entities = gmsh.model.getEntities()

for e in entities:
    # Dimension and tag of the entity:
    dim = e[0]
    tag = e[1]

    # Mesh data is made of `elements' (points, lines, triangles, ...), defined
    # by an ordered list of their `nodes'. Elements and nodes are identified by
    # `tags' as well (strictly positive identification numbers), and are stored
    # ("classified") in the model entity they discretize. Tags for elements and
    # nodes are globally unique (and not only per dimension, like entities).

    # A model entity of dimension 0 (a geometrical point) will contain a mesh
    # element of type point, as well as a mesh node. A model curve will contain
    # line elements as well as its interior nodes, while its boundary nodes will
    # be stored in the bounding model points. A model surface will contain
    # triangular and/or quadrangular elements and all the nodes not classified
    # on its boundary or on its embedded entities. A model volume will contain
    # tetrahedra, hexahedra, etc. and all the nodes not classified on its
    # boundary or on its embedded entities.

    # Get the mesh nodes for the entity (dim, tag):
    nodeTags, nodeCoords, nodeParams = gmsh.model.mesh.getNodes(dim, tag)

    # Get the mesh elements for the entity (dim, tag):
    elemTypes, elemTags, elemNodeTags = gmsh.model.mesh.getElements(dim, tag)

    # Elements can also be obtained by type, by using `getElementTypes()'
    # followed by `getElementsByType()'.

    # Let's print a summary of the information available on the entity and its
    # mesh.

    # * Type and name of the entity:
    type = gmsh.model.getType(dim, tag)
    name = gmsh.model.getEntityName(dim, tag)
    if len(name): name += ' '
    print("Entity " + name + str(e) + " of type " + type)

    # * Number of mesh nodes and elements:
    numElem = sum(len(i) for i in elemTags)
    print(" - Mesh has " + str(len(nodeTags)) + " nodes and " + str(numElem) +
          " elements")

    # * Upward and downward adjacencies:
    up, down = gmsh.model.getAdjacencies(dim, tag)
    if len(up):
        print(" - Upward adjacencies: " + str(up))
    if len(down):
        print(" - Downward adjacencies: " + str(down))

    # * Does the entity belong to physical groups?
    physicalTags = gmsh.model.getPhysicalGroupsForEntity(dim, tag)
    if len(physicalTags):
        s = ''
        for p in physicalTags:
            n = gmsh.model.getPhysicalName(dim, p)
            if n: n += ' '
            s += n + '(' + str(dim) + ', ' + str(p) + ') '
        print(" - Physical groups: " + s)

    # * Is the entity a partition entity? If so, what is its parent entity?
    partitions = gmsh.model.getPartitions(dim, tag)
    if len(partitions):
        print(" - Partition tags: " + str(partitions) + " - parent entity " +
              str(gmsh.model.getParent(dim, tag)))

    # * List all types of elements making up the mesh of the entity:
    for t in elemTypes:
        name, dim, order, numv, parv, _ = gmsh.model.mesh.getElementProperties(
            t)
        print(" - Element type: " + name + ", order " + str(order) + " (" +
              str(numv) + " nodes in param coord: " + str(parv) + ")")

# Launch the GUI to see the model:
if '-nopopup' not in sys.argv:
    gmsh.fltk.run()

# We can use this to clear all the model data:
gmsh.clear()

gmsh.finalize()

2.23 ‘x2’: Mesh import, discrete entities, hybrid models, terrain meshing
=========================================================================

See x2.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py).
Also available in C++ (x2.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp))
and Julia (x2.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial x2]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  Gmsh Python extended tutorial 2
#
#  Mesh import, discrete entities, hybrid models, terrain meshing
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

import gmsh
import sys
import math

# The API can be used to import a mesh without reading it from a file, by
# creating nodes and elements on the fly and storing them in model
# entities. These model entities can be existing CAD entities, or can be
# discrete entities, entirely defined by the mesh.
#
# Discrete entities can be reparametrized (see `t13.py') so that they can be
# remeshed later on; and they can also be combined with built-in CAD entities to
# produce hybrid models.
#
# We combine all these features in this tutorial to perform terrain meshing,
# where the terrain is described by a discrete surface (that we then
# reparametrize) combined with a CAD representation of the underground.

gmsh.initialize()

gmsh.model.add("x2")

# We will create the terrain surface mesh from N x N input data points:
N = 100


# Helper function to return a node tag given two indices i and j:
def tag(i, j):
    return (N + 1) * i + j + 1


# The x, y, z coordinates of all the nodes:
coords = []

# The tags of the corresponding nodes:
nodes = []

# The connectivities of the triangle elements (3 node tags per triangle) on the
# terrain surface:
tris = []

# The connectivities of the line elements on the 4 boundaries (2 node tags
# for each line element):
lin = [[], [], [], []]

# The connectivities of the point elements on the 4 corners (1 node tag for each
# point element):
pnt = [tag(0, 0), tag(N, 0), tag(N, N), tag(0, N)]

for i in range(N + 1):
    for j in range(N + 1):
        nodes.append(tag(i, j))
        coords.extend([
            float(i) / N,
            float(j) / N, 0.05 * math.sin(10 * float(i + j) / N)
        ])
        if i > 0 and j > 0:
            tris.extend([tag(i - 1, j - 1), tag(i, j - 1), tag(i - 1, j)])
            tris.extend([tag(i, j - 1), tag(i, j), tag(i - 1, j)])
        if (i == 0 or i == N) and j > 0:
            lin[3 if i == 0 else 1].extend([tag(i, j - 1), tag(i, j)])
        if (j == 0 or j == N) and i > 0:
            lin[0 if j == 0 else 2].extend([tag(i - 1, j), tag(i, j)])

# Create 4 discrete points for the 4 corners of the terrain surface:
for i in range(4):
    gmsh.model.addDiscreteEntity(0, i + 1)
gmsh.model.setCoordinates(1, 0, 0, coords[3 * tag(0, 0) - 1])
gmsh.model.setCoordinates(2, 1, 0, coords[3 * tag(N, 0) - 1])
gmsh.model.setCoordinates(3, 1, 1, coords[3 * tag(N, N) - 1])
gmsh.model.setCoordinates(4, 0, 1, coords[3 * tag(0, N) - 1])

# Create 4 discrete bounding curves, with their boundary points:
for i in range(4):
    gmsh.model.addDiscreteEntity(1, i + 1, [i + 1, i + 2 if i < 3 else 1])

# Create one discrete surface, with its bounding curves:
gmsh.model.addDiscreteEntity(2, 1, [1, 2, -3, -4])

# Add all the nodes on the surface (for simplicity... see below):
gmsh.model.mesh.addNodes(2, 1, nodes, coords)

# Add point elements on the 4 points, line elements on the 4 curves, and
# triangle elements on the surface:
for i in range(4):
    # Type 15 for point elements:
    gmsh.model.mesh.addElementsByType(i + 1, 15, [], [pnt[i]])
    # Type 1 for 2-node line elements:
    gmsh.model.mesh.addElementsByType(i + 1, 1, [], lin[i])
# Type 2 for 3-node triangle elements:
gmsh.model.mesh.addElementsByType(1, 2, [], tris)

# Reclassify the nodes on the curves and the points (since we put them all on
# the surface before with `addNodes' for simplicity)
gmsh.model.mesh.reclassifyNodes()

# Create a geometry for the discrete curves and surfaces, so that we can remesh
# them later on:
gmsh.model.mesh.createGeometry()

# Note that for more complicated meshes, e.g. for on input unstructured STL
# mesh, we could use `classifySurfaces()' to automatically create the discrete
# entities and the topology; but we would then have to extract the boundaries
# afterwards.

# Create other build-in CAD entities to form one volume below the terrain
# surface. Beware that only built-in CAD entities can be hybrid, i.e. have
# discrete entities on their boundary: OpenCASCADE does not support this
# feature.
p1 = gmsh.model.geo.addPoint(0, 0, -0.5)
p2 = gmsh.model.geo.addPoint(1, 0, -0.5)
p3 = gmsh.model.geo.addPoint(1, 1, -0.5)
p4 = gmsh.model.geo.addPoint(0, 1, -0.5)
c1 = gmsh.model.geo.addLine(p1, p2)
c2 = gmsh.model.geo.addLine(p2, p3)
c3 = gmsh.model.geo.addLine(p3, p4)
c4 = gmsh.model.geo.addLine(p4, p1)
c10 = gmsh.model.geo.addLine(p1, 1)
c11 = gmsh.model.geo.addLine(p2, 2)
c12 = gmsh.model.geo.addLine(p3, 3)
c13 = gmsh.model.geo.addLine(p4, 4)
ll1 = gmsh.model.geo.addCurveLoop([c1, c2, c3, c4])
s1 = gmsh.model.geo.addPlaneSurface([ll1])
ll3 = gmsh.model.geo.addCurveLoop([c1, c11, -1, -c10])
s3 = gmsh.model.geo.addPlaneSurface([ll3])
ll4 = gmsh.model.geo.addCurveLoop([c2, c12, -2, -c11])
s4 = gmsh.model.geo.addPlaneSurface([ll4])
ll5 = gmsh.model.geo.addCurveLoop([c3, c13, 3, -c12])
s5 = gmsh.model.geo.addPlaneSurface([ll5])
ll6 = gmsh.model.geo.addCurveLoop([c4, c10, 4, -c13])
s6 = gmsh.model.geo.addPlaneSurface([ll6])
sl1 = gmsh.model.geo.addSurfaceLoop([s1, s3, s4, s5, s6, 1])
v1 = gmsh.model.geo.addVolume([sl1])
gmsh.model.geo.synchronize()

# Set this to True to build a fully hex mesh:
#transfinite = True
transfinite = False
transfiniteAuto = False

if transfinite:
    NN = 30
    for c in gmsh.model.getEntities(1):
        gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteCurve(c[1], NN)
    for s in gmsh.model.getEntities(2):
        gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteSurface(s[1])
        gmsh.model.mesh.setRecombine(s[0], s[1])
        gmsh.model.mesh.setSmoothing(s[0], s[1], 100)
    gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteVolume(v1)
elif transfiniteAuto:
    gmsh.option.setNumber('Mesh.MeshSizeMin', 0.5)
    gmsh.option.setNumber('Mesh.MeshSizeMax', 0.5)
    # setTransfiniteAutomatic() uses the sizing constraints to set the number
    # of points
    gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteAutomatic()
else:
    gmsh.option.setNumber('Mesh.MeshSizeMin', 0.05)
    gmsh.option.setNumber('Mesh.MeshSizeMax', 0.05)

gmsh.model.mesh.generate(3)
gmsh.write('x2.msh')

# Launch the GUI to see the results:
if '-nopopup' not in sys.argv:
    gmsh.fltk.run()

gmsh.finalize()

2.24 ‘x3’: Post-processing data import: list-based
==================================================

See x3.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py).
Also available in C++ (x3.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp))
and Julia (x3.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial x3]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  Gmsh Python extended tutorial 3
#
#  Post-processing data import: list-based
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

import gmsh
import sys

gmsh.initialize(sys.argv)

# Gmsh supports two types of post-processing data: "list-based" and
# "model-based". Both types of data are handled through the `view' interface.

# List-based views are completely independent from any model and any mesh: they
# are self-contained and simply contain lists of coordinates and values, element
# by element, for 3 types of fields (scalar "S", vector "V" and tensor "T") and
# several types of element shapes (point "P", line "L", triangle "T", quadrangle
# "Q", tetrahedron "S", hexahedron "H", prism "I" and pyramid "Y"). (See `x4.py'
# for a tutorial on model-based views.)

# To create a list-based view one should first create a view:
t1 = gmsh.view.add("A list-based view")

# List-based data is then added by specifying the type as a 2 character string
# that combines a field type and an element shape (e.g. "ST" for a scalar field
# on triangles), the number of elements to be added, and the concatenated list
# of coordinates (e.g. 3 "x" coordinates, 3 "y" coordinates, 3 "z" coordinates
# for first order triangles) and values for each element (e.g. 3 values for
# first order scalar triangles, repeated for each step if there are several time
# steps).

# Let's create two triangles...
triangle1 = [0., 1., 1., # x coordinates of the 3 triangle nodes
             0., 0., 1., # y coordinates of the 3 triangle nodes
             0., 0., 0.] # z coordinates of the 3 triangle nodes
triangle2 = [0., 1., 0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 0., 0.]

# ... and append values for 10 time steps
for step in range(0, 10):
    triangle1.extend([10., 11. - step, 12.])  # 3 node values for each step
    triangle2.extend([11., 12., 13. + step])

# List-based data is just added by concatenating the data for all the triangles:
gmsh.view.addListData(t1, "ST", 2, triangle1 + triangle2)

# Internally, post-processing views parsed by the .geo file parser create such
# list-based data (see e.g. `t7.py', `t8.py' and `t9.py'), independently of any
# mesh.

# Vector or tensor fields can be imported in the same way, the only difference
# beeing the type (starting with "V" for vector fields and "T" for tensor
# fields) and the number of components. For example a vector field on a line
# element can be added as follows:
line = [
    0., 1.,   # x coordinate of the 2 line nodes
    1.2, 1.2, # y coordinate of the 2 line nodes
    0., 0.    # z coordinate of the 2 line nodes
]
for step in range(0, 10):
    # 3 vector components for each node (2 nodes here), for each step
    line.extend([10. + step, 0., 0.,
                 10. + step, 0., 0.])
gmsh.view.addListData(t1, "VL", 1, line)

# List-based data can also hold 2D (in window coordinates) and 3D (in model
# coordinates) strings (see `t4.py'). Here we add a 2D string located on the
# bottom-left of the window (with a 20 pixels offset), as well as a 3D string
# located at model coordinates (0.5, 0.5. 0):
gmsh.view.addListDataString(t1, [20., -20.], ["Created with Gmsh"])
gmsh.view.addListDataString(t1, [0.5, 1.5, 0.],
                            ["A multi-step list-based view"],
                            ["Align", "Center", "Font", "Helvetica"])

# The various attributes of the view can be queried and changed using the option
# interface:
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(t1, "TimeStep", 5)
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(t1, "IntervalsType", 3)
ns = gmsh.view.option.getNumber(t1, "NbTimeStep")
print("View " + str(t1) + " has " + str(ns) + " time steps")

# Views can be queried and modified in various ways using plugins (see `t9.py'),
# or probed directly using `gmsh.view.probe()' - here at point (0.9, 0.1, 0):
print("Value at (0.9, 0.1, 0)", gmsh.view.probe(t1, 0.9, 0.1, 0))

# Views can be saved to disk using `gmsh.view.write()':
gmsh.view.write(t1, "x3.pos")

# High-order datasets can be provided by setting the interpolation matrices
# explicitly. Let's create a second view with second order interpolation on
# a 4-node quadrangle.

# Add a new view:
t2 = gmsh.view.add("Second order quad")

# Set the node coordinates:
quad = [0., 1., 1., 0., # x coordinates of the 4 quadrangle nodes
        -1.2, -1.2, -0.2, -0.2, # y coordinates of the 4 quadrangle nodes
        0., 0., 0., 0.] # z coordinates of the 4 quadrangle nodes

# Add nine values that will be interpolated by second order basis functions
quad.extend([1., 1., 1., 1., 3., 3., 3., 3., -3.])

# Set the two interpolation matrices c[i][j] and e[i][j] defining the d = 9
# basis functions: f[i](u, v, w) = sum_(j = 0, ..., d - 1) c[i][j] u^e[j][0]
# v^e[j][1] w^e[j][2], i = 0, ..., d-1, with u, v, w the coordinates in the
# reference element:
gmsh.view.setInterpolationMatrices(t2, "Quadrangle", 9,
                                   [0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, -0.25, -0.25, 0, 0.25,
                                    0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, -0.25, 0.25, 0, -0.25,
                                    0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0.25, 0, 0.25,
                                    0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, -0.25, 0, -0.25,
                                    0, 0, -0.5, 0.5, 0, 0.5, 0, -0.5, 0,
                                    0, 0.5, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 0, -0.5, 0, 0,
                                    0, 0, -0.5, 0.5, 0, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 0,
                                    0, 0.5, -0.5, 0, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 0, 0,
                                    1, -1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
                                   [0, 0, 0,
                                    2, 0, 0,
                                    2, 2, 0,
                                    0, 2, 0,
                                    1, 0, 0,
                                    2, 1, 0,
                                    1, 2, 0,
                                    0, 1, 0,
                                    1, 1, 0])

# Note that two additional interpolation matrices could also be provided to
# interpolate the geometry, i.e. to interpolate curved elements.

# Add the data to the view:
gmsh.view.addListData(t2, "SQ", 1, quad)

# In order to visualize the high-order field, one must activate adaptive
# visualization, set a visualization error threshold and a maximum subdivision
# level (Gmsh does automatic mesh refinement to visualize the high-order field
# with the requested accuracy):
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(t2, "AdaptVisualizationGrid", 1)
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(t2, "TargetError", 1e-2)
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(t2, "MaxRecursionLevel", 5)

# Note that the adapted visualization data can be retrived by setting the
# `returnAdaptive' argument to the `gmsh.view.getListData()' function.

# Launch the GUI to see the results:
if '-nopopup' not in sys.argv:
    gmsh.fltk.run()

gmsh.finalize()

2.25 ‘x4’: Post-processing data import: model-based
===================================================

See x4.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py).
Also available in C++ (x4.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp))
and Julia (x4.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial x4]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  Gmsh Python extended tutorial 4
#
#  Post-processing data import: model-based
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

import gmsh
import sys

gmsh.initialize(sys.argv)

# Contrary to list-based view (see `x3.py'), model-based views are based on one
# or more meshes. Compared to list-based views, they are thus linked to one
# model (per step). Post-processing data stored in MSH files create such
# model-based views.

# Let's create a first model-based view using a simple mesh constructed by
# hand. We create a model with a discrete surface
gmsh.model.add("simple model")
surf = gmsh.model.addDiscreteEntity(2)

# We add 4 nodes and 2 3-node triangles (element type "2")
gmsh.model.mesh.addNodes(2, surf, [1, 2, 3, 4],
                         [0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 0., 1., 0.])
gmsh.model.mesh.addElementsByType(surf, 2, [1, 2], [1, 2, 3, 1, 3, 4])

# We can now create a new model-based view, to which we add 10 steps of
# node-based data:
t1 = gmsh.view.add("Continuous")
for step in range(0, 10):
    gmsh.view.addHomogeneousModelData(
        t1, step, "simple model", "NodeData",
        [1, 2, 3, 4],  # tags of nodes
        [10., 10., 12. + step, 13. + step])  # data, per node

# Besided node-based data, which result in continuous fields, one can also add
# general discontinous fields defined at the nodes of each element, using
# "ElementNodeData":
t2 = gmsh.view.add("Discontinuous")
for step in range(0, 10):
    gmsh.view.addHomogeneousModelData(
        t2, step, "simple model", "ElementNodeData",
        [1, 2],  # tags of elements
        [10., 10., 12. + step, 14., 15., 13. + step])  # data per element nodes

# Constant per element datasets can also be created using "ElementData". Note
# that a more general function `addModelData' to add data for hybrid meshes
# (when data is not homogeneous, i.e. when the number of nodes changes between
# elements) is also available.

# Each step of a model-based view can be defined on a different model, i.e. on a
# different mesh. Let's define a second model and mesh it
gmsh.model.add("another model")
gmsh.model.occ.addBox(0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1)
gmsh.model.occ.synchronize()
gmsh.model.mesh.generate(3)

# We can add other steps to view "t" based on this new mesh:
nodes, coord, _ = gmsh.model.mesh.getNodes()
for step in range(11, 20):
    gmsh.view.addHomogeneousModelData(
        t1, step, "another model", "NodeData", nodes,
        [step * coord[i] for i in range(0, len(coord), 3)])

# This feature allows to create seamless animations for time-dependent datasets
# on deforming or remeshed models.

# High-order node-based datasets are supported without needing to supply the
# interpolation matrices (iso-parametric Lagrange elements). Arbitrary
# high-order datasets can be specified as "ElementNodeData", with the
# interpolation matrices specified in the same as as for list-based views (see
# `x3.py').

# Model-based views can be saved to disk using `gmsh.view.write()'; note that
# saving a view based on multiple meshes (like the view `t1') will automatically
# create several files. If the `PostProcessing.SaveMesh' option is not set,
# `gmsh.view.write()' will only save the view data, without the mesh (which
# could be saved independently with `gmsh.write()').
gmsh.view.write(t1, "x4_t1.msh")
gmsh.view.write(t2, "x4_t2.msh")

# Launch the GUI to see the results:
if '-nopopup' not in sys.argv:
    gmsh.fltk.run()

gmsh.finalize()

2.26 ‘x5’: Additional geometrical data: parametrizations, normals, curvatures
=============================================================================

See x5.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py).
Also available in C++ (x5.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp))
and Julia (x5.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial x5]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  Gmsh Python extended tutorial 5
#
#  Additional geometrical data: parametrizations, normals, curvatures
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

import gmsh
import sys
import math

gmsh.initialize(sys.argv)

# The API provides access to geometrical data in a CAD kernel agnostic manner.

# Let's create a simple CAD model by fusing a sphere and a cube, then mesh the
# surfaces:
gmsh.model.add("x5")
s = gmsh.model.occ.addSphere(0, 0, 0, 1)
b = gmsh.model.occ.addBox(0.5, 0, 0, 1.3, 2, 3)
gmsh.model.occ.fuse([(3, s)], [(3, b)])
gmsh.model.occ.synchronize()
gmsh.model.mesh.generate(2)

# We can for example retrieve the exact normals and the curvature at all the
# mesh nodes (i.e. not normals and curvatures computed from the mesh, but
# directly evaluated on the geometry), by querying the CAD kernels at the
# corresponding parametric coordinates.
normals = []
curvatures = []

# For each surface in the model:
for e in gmsh.model.getEntities(2):
    # Retrieve the surface tag
    s = e[1]

    # Get the mesh nodes on the surface, including those on the boundary
    # (contrary to internal nodes, which store their parametric coordinates,
    # boundary nodes will be reparametrized on the surface in order to compute
    # their parametric coordinates, the result being different when
    # reparametrized on another adjacent surface)
    tags, coord, param = gmsh.model.mesh.getNodes(2, s, True)

    # Get the surface normals on all the points on the surface corresponding to
    # the parametric coordinates of the nodes
    norm = gmsh.model.getNormal(s, param)

    # In the same way, get the curvature
    curv = gmsh.model.getCurvature(2, s, param)

    # Store the normals and the curvatures so that we can display them as
    # list-based post-processing views
    for i in range(0, len(coord), 3):
        normals.append(coord[i])
        normals.append(coord[i + 1])
        normals.append(coord[i + 2])
        normals.append(norm[i])
        normals.append(norm[i + 1])
        normals.append(norm[i + 2])
        curvatures.append(coord[i])
        curvatures.append(coord[i + 1])
        curvatures.append(coord[i + 2])
        curvatures.append(curv[i // 3])

# Create a list-based vector view on points to display the normals, and a scalar
# view on points to display the curvatures
vn = gmsh.view.add("normals")
gmsh.view.addListData(vn, "VP", len(normals) // 6, normals)
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(vn, 'ShowScale', 0)
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(vn, 'ArrowSizeMax', 30)
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(vn, 'ColormapNumber', 19)
vc = gmsh.view.add("curvatures")
gmsh.view.addListData(vc, "SP", len(curvatures) // 4, curvatures)
gmsh.view.option.setNumber(vc, 'ShowScale', 0)

# We can also retrieve the parametrization bounds of model entities, e.g. of
# curve 5, and evaluate the parametrization for several parameter values:
bounds = gmsh.model.getParametrizationBounds(1, 5)
N = 20
t = [bounds[0][0] + i * (bounds[1][0] - bounds[0][0]) / N for i in range(N)]
xyz1 = gmsh.model.getValue(1, 5, t)

# We can also reparametrize curve 5 on surface 1, and evaluate the points in the
# parametric plane of the surface:
uv = gmsh.model.reparametrizeOnSurface(1, 5, t, 1)
xyz2 = gmsh.model.getValue(2, 1, uv)

# Hopefully we get the same x, y, z coordinates!
if max([abs(a - b) for (a, b) in zip(xyz1, xyz2)]) < 1e-12:
    gmsh.logger.write('Evaluation on curve and surface match!')
else:
    gmsh.logger.write('Evaluation on curve and surface do not match!', 'error')

# Launch the GUI to see the results:
if '-nopopup' not in sys.argv:
    gmsh.fltk.run()

gmsh.finalize()

2.27 ‘x6’: Additional mesh data: integration points, Jacobians and basis functions
==================================================================================

See x6.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py).
Also available in C++ (x6.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x6.cpp))
and Julia (x6.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl)).

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  Gmsh Python extended tutorial 6
#
#  Additional mesh data: integration points, Jacobians and basis functions
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

import gmsh
import sys

gmsh.initialize(sys.argv)

gmsh.model.add("x6")

# The API provides access to all the elementary building blocks required to
# implement finite-element-type numerical methods. Let's create a simple 2D
# model and mesh it:
gmsh.model.occ.addRectangle(0, 0, 0, 1, 0.1)
gmsh.model.occ.synchronize()
gmsh.model.mesh.setTransfiniteAutomatic()
gmsh.model.mesh.generate(2)

# Set the element order and the desired interpolation order:
elementOrder = 1
interpolationOrder = 2
gmsh.model.mesh.setOrder(elementOrder)

def pp(label, v, mult):
    print(" * " + str(len(v) / mult) + " " + label + ": " + str(v))

# Iterate over all the element types present in the mesh:
elementTypes = gmsh.model.mesh.getElementTypes()

for t in elementTypes:
    # Retrieve properties for the given element type
    elementName, dim, order, numNodes, localNodeCoord, numPrimNodes =\
    gmsh.model.mesh.getElementProperties(t)
    print("\n** " + elementName + " **\n")

    # Retrieve integration points for that element type, enabling exact
    # integration of polynomials of order "interpolationOrder". The "Gauss"
    # integration family returns the "economical" Gauss points if available, and
    # defaults to the "CompositeGauss" (tensor product) rule if not.
    localCoords, weights =\
    gmsh.model.mesh.getIntegrationPoints(t, "Gauss" + str(interpolationOrder))
    pp("integration points to integrate order " +
       str(interpolationOrder) + " polynomials", localCoords, 3)

    # Return the basis functions evaluated at the integration points. Selecting
    # "Lagrange" and "GradLagrange" returns the isoparamtric basis functions and
    # their gradient (in the reference space of the given element type). A
    # specific interpolation order can be requested using "LagrangeN" and
    # "GradLagrangeN" with N = 1, 2, ... Other supported function spaces include
    # "H1LegendreN", "GradH1LegendreN", "HcurlLegendreN", "CurlHcurlLegendreN".
    numComponents, basisFunctions, numOrientations =\
    gmsh.model.mesh.getBasisFunctions(t, localCoords, "Lagrange")
    pp("basis functions at integration points", basisFunctions, 1)
    numComponents, basisFunctions, numOrientations =\
    gmsh.model.mesh.getBasisFunctions(t, localCoords, "GradLagrange")
    pp("basis function gradients at integration points", basisFunctions, 3)

    # Compute the Jacobians (and their determinants) at the integration points
    # for all the elements of the given type in the mesh. Beware that the
    # Jacobians are returned "by column": see the API documentation for details.
    jacobians, determinants, coords =\
    gmsh.model.mesh.getJacobians(t, localCoords)
    pp("Jacobian determinants at integration points", determinants, 1)

gmsh.finalize()

2.28 ‘x7’: Additional mesh data: internal edges and faces
=========================================================

See x7.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py).
Also available in C++ (x7.cpp
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp))
and Julia (x7.jl
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl)).

                      [Screenshot of tutorial x7]

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
#  Gmsh Python extended tutorial 7
#
#  Additional mesh data: internal edges and faces
#
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

import sys
import gmsh

gmsh.initialize(sys.argv)

gmsh.model.add("x7")

# Meshes are fully described in Gmsh by nodes and elements, both associated to
# model entities. The API can be used to generate and handle other mesh
# entities, i.e. mesh edges and faces, which are not stored by default.

# Let's create a simple model and mesh it:
gmsh.model.occ.addBox(0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1)
gmsh.model.occ.synchronize()
gmsh.option.setNumber("Mesh.MeshSizeMin", 2.)
gmsh.model.mesh.generate(3)

# Like elements, mesh edges and faces are described by (an ordered list of)
# their nodes. Let us retrieve the edges and the (triangular) faces of all the
# first order tetrahedra in the mesh:
elementType = gmsh.model.mesh.getElementType("tetrahedron", 1)
edgeNodes = gmsh.model.mesh.getElementEdgeNodes(elementType)
faceNodes = gmsh.model.mesh.getElementFaceNodes(elementType, 3)

# Edges and faces are returned for each element as a list of nodes corresponding
# to the canonical orientation of the edges and faces for a given element type.

# Gmsh can also identify unique edges and faces (a single edge or face whatever
# the ordering of their nodes) and assign them a unique tag. This identification
# can be done internally by Gmsh (e.g. when generating keys for basis
# functions), or requested explicitly as follows:
gmsh.model.mesh.createEdges()
gmsh.model.mesh.createFaces()

# Edge and face tags can then be retrieved by providing their nodes:
edgeTags, edgeOrientations = gmsh.model.mesh.getEdges(edgeNodes)
faceTags, faceOrientations = gmsh.model.mesh.getFaces(3, faceNodes)

# Since element edge and face nodes are returned in the same order as the
# elements, one can easily keep track of which element(s) each edge or face is
# connected to:
elementTags, elementNodeTags = gmsh.model.mesh.getElementsByType(elementType)
edges2Elements = {}
faces2Elements = {}
for i in range(len(edgeTags)): # 6 edges per tetrahedron
    if not edgeTags[i] in edges2Elements:
        edges2Elements[edgeTags[i]] = [elementTags[i // 6]]
    else:
        edges2Elements[edgeTags[i]].append(elementTags[i // 6])
for i in range(len(faceTags)): # 4 faces per tetrahedron
    if not faceTags[i] in faces2Elements:
        faces2Elements[faceTags[i]] = [elementTags[i // 4]]
    else:
        faces2Elements[faceTags[i]].append(elementTags[i // 4])

# New unique lower dimensional elements can also be easily created given the
# edge or face nodes. This is especially useful for numerical methods that
# require integrating or interpolating on internal edges or faces (like
# e.g. Discontinuous Galerkin techniques), since creating elements for the
# internal entities will make this additional mesh data readily available (see
# `x6.py'). For example, we can create a new discrete surface...
s = gmsh.model.addDiscreteEntity(2)

# ... and fill it with unique triangles corresponding to the faces of the
# tetrahedra:
maxElementTag = gmsh.model.mesh.getMaxElementTag()
uniqueFaceTags = set()
tagsForTriangles = []
faceNodesForTriangles = []
for i in range(len(faceTags)):
    if faceTags[i] not in uniqueFaceTags:
        uniqueFaceTags.add(faceTags[i])
        tagsForTriangles.append(faceTags[i] + maxElementTag)
        faceNodesForTriangles.append(faceNodes[3 * i])
        faceNodesForTriangles.append(faceNodes[3 * i + 1])
        faceNodesForTriangles.append(faceNodes[3 * i + 2])
elementType2D = gmsh.model.mesh.getElementType("triangle", 1)
gmsh.model.mesh.addElementsByType(s, elementType2D, tagsForTriangles,
                                  faceNodesForTriangles)

# Since the tags for the triangles have been created based on the face tags,
# the information about neighboring elements can also be readily created,
# useful e.g. in Finite Volume or Discontinuous Galerkin techniques:
for t in tagsForTriangles:
    print("triangle " + str(int(t)) + " is connected to tetrahedra " +
          str(faces2Elements[t - maxElementTag]))

# If all you need is the list of all edges or faces in terms of their nodes, you
# can also directly call:
edgeTags, edgeNodes = gmsh.model.mesh.getAllEdges()
faceTags, faceNodes = gmsh.model.mesh.getAllFaces(3)

# Launch the GUI to see the results:
if '-nopopup' not in sys.argv:
    gmsh.fltk.run()

gmsh.finalize()

3 Gmsh graphical user interface
*******************************

Once you have the Gmsh application installed (see Installing and running
Gmsh on your computer), to launch the graphical interface just
double-click on the Gmsh icon, or type
     > gmsh
at the shell prompt in a terminal.  This will open the main window of
the Gmsh GUI, with a menu bar on top (except on macOS, where by default
the menu bar is on the top of the screen - this can be changed with the
‘General.SystemMenuBar’ option, see General options), a tree menu on the
left (which by default contains a 'Modules' entry with three children:
'Geometry', 'Mesh' and 'Solver'), a graphic area on the right, and a
status bar with some shortcut buttons at the bottom.  (You can detach
the tree menu using 'Window->Attach/Detach Menu'.)

                [Gmsh's graphical user interface (GUI)]

To create a new geometrical model, use the 'File->New' menu to create a
new model file, and choose for example ‘mymodel.geo’ as file name.  Then
in the tree menu, successively open the 'Geometry', 'Elementary
entities' and 'Add' submenus, and click for example on 'Rectangle'.  A
context window with parameters will pop up: you can enter some
parameters in this window (e.g.  the width and height of the rectangle)
and move the mouse to place it on the canvas.  If you don't want to
place the rectangle with the mouse, select 'X', 'Y' and 'Z freeze' in
the window and enter the coordinates manually in the context window.
Once you are done, either press ‘e’ (see the status message on the top
of the graphic window) or click on the 'Add' button in the context
window.

                    [Adding a rectangle in the GUI]

There is no need to save your geometrical model: when the rectangle was
added, scripting commands were automatically appended to your model file
‘mymodel.geo’:
     //+
     SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");
     Rectangle(1) = {0, 0, 0, 1, 0.5, 0};
You can edit this script with any text editor; clicking on 'Edit script'
in the tree menu will launch the default text editor specified by the
‘General.Editor’ option (see General options).  If you edit the script,
you should click on 'Reload script' in the tree menu to reload the
modifications in the GUI. The ‘//+’ line in the script is a comment that
is used as a placemark between commands added by the GUI; see Gmsh
scripting language for the scripting language reference.

Combining GUI actions and script file editing is a classical way of
working with the Gmsh app.  For example, it is often faster to define
variables and points directly in the script file, and then use the GUI
to define the curves, the surfaces and the volumes interactively.

To load an existing model instead of creating a model from scratch, use
the 'File->Open' menu.  For example, to open the first tutorial (see
Gmsh tutorial), choose t1.geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/t1.geo).  On
the terminal, you can also specify the file name directly on the command
line, i.e.:
     > gmsh t1.geo

To generate a mesh, open 'Mesh' in the tree menu and choose the desired
dimension: '1D' will mesh all the curves; '2D' will mesh all the
surfaces--as well as all the curves if '1D' was not called before; '3D'
will mesh all the volumes--and all the surfaces if '2D' was not called
before.  To save the resulting mesh in the current mesh format click on
'Save' in the tree menu, or select the appropriate format and file name
with the 'File->Export' menu.  The default mesh file name is based on
the name of the current active model, with an appended extension
depending on the mesh format.  Note that most interactive commands have
keyboard shortcuts: see Keyboard shortcuts, or select 'Help->Keyboard
and Mouse Usage' in the menu.  For example, to quickly generate the 2D
mesh and save a mesh, you can first press ‘2’, then ‘Ctrl+Shift+s’.

A double-click in the graphic window will pop up a quick shortcut menu,
which can be used e.g.  to quickly toggle the visibility of mesh
entities (like surface faces), reset the viewport, select the rotation
center, display axes, or access the full module options (from the
'Tools->Options' menu).  The shortcut buttons on the bottom left of the
status bar can be used to quickly adjust the viewport: 'X', 'Y', 'Z' set
viewports with the corresponding axis perpendicular to graphic plane;
the rotation button rotates the view by 90 degrees; and '1:1' resets the
scale.

                         [Meshing in the GUI]

Several files can be loaded simultaneously.  When specified on the
command line, the first one defines the active model (in the same way as
using the 'File->Open' menu) and the others are 'merged' into this model
(in the same way as using the the 'File->Merge' menu).  For example, to
merge the post-processing views contained in the files view1.pos
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/view1.pos)
and view5.msh
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/view5.msh)
together with the geometry of the first tutorial t1, you can type the
following command:
     > gmsh t1.geo view1.pos view5.msh

When one or more more post-processing views are loaded, a
'Post-Processing' entry in the tree menu appears.  With the previous
command, three views will appear in the tree menu under
'Post-processing', respectively labeled 'A scalar map', 'Nodal scalar
map' and 'Element 1 vector'.  In this example the views contain several
time steps: you can loop through them with the shortcuts icons on the
left of the status bar.  A mouse click on the view name will toggle the
visibility of the selected view, while a click on the arrow button on
the right will provide access to the view's options.

Note that all the options specified interactively can also be directly
specified in the script files.  You can save the current options of the
current active model with the 'File->Save Model Options'.  This will
create a new option file with the same filename as the active model, but
with an extra ‘.opt’ extension added.  The next time you open this
model, the associated options will be automatically loaded, too.  To
save the current options as your default preferences for all future Gmsh
sessions, use the 'File->Save Options As Default' menu instead.  You can
also save the current options in an arbitrary file by choosing the 'Gmsh
options' format in 'File->Export'.  For more information about available
options (and how to reset them to their default values), see Gmsh
options.  A full list of options with their current values is also
available using the 'Help->Current Options' menu.

Finally, note that the GUI can also be run (and modified) using the API:
see Namespace gmsh/fltk for details.

The two next sections describe the mouse actions in the GUI, as well as
all the predefined keyboard shortcuts.  Screencasts explaining how to
use the Gmsh GUI are available online at the following address:
<https://gmsh.info/screencasts/>.

3.1 Mouse actions
=================

‘Move’
     Highlight the entity under the mouse pointer and display its
     properties / Resize a lasso zoom or a lasso (un)selection
‘Left button’
     Rotate / Select an entity / Accept a lasso zoom or a lasso
     selection
‘Ctrl+Left button’
     Start a lasso zoom or a lasso (un)selection
‘Middle button’
     Zoom / Unselect an entity / Accept a lasso zoom or a lasso
     unselection
‘Ctrl+Middle button’
     Orthogonalize display
‘Right button’
     Pan / Cancel a lasso zoom or a lasso (un)selection / Pop-up menu on
     post-processing view button
‘Ctrl+Right button’
     Reset to default viewpoint

For a 2 button mouse, Middle button = Shift+Left button.

For a 1 button mouse, Middle button = Shift+Left button, Right button =
Alt+Left button.

3.2 Keyboard shortcuts
======================

(On macOS, ‘Ctrl’ is replaced by ‘Cmd’ in the shortcuts below.)

‘Left arrow’
     Go to previous time step
‘Right arrow’
     Go to next time step
‘Up arrow’
     Make previous view visible
‘Down arrow’
     Make next view visible
‘0’
     Reload geometry
‘Ctrl+0 or 9’
     Reload full project
‘1 or F1’
     Mesh lines
‘2 or F2’
     Mesh surfaces
‘3 or F3’
     Mesh volumes
‘Escape’
     Cancel lasso zoom/selection, toggle mouse selection ON/OFF
‘e’
     End/accept selection in geometry creation mode
‘g’
     Go to geometry module
‘m’
     Go to mesh module
‘p’
     Go to post-processing module
‘q’
     Abort selection in geometry creation mode
‘s’
     Go to solver module
‘x’
     Toggle x coordinate freeze in geometry creation mode
‘y’
     Toggle y coordinate freeze in geometry creation mode
‘z’
     Toggle z coordinate freeze in geometry creation mode
‘Shift+a’
     Bring all windows to front
‘Shift+g’
     Show geometry options
‘Shift+m’
     Show mesh options
‘Shift+o’
     Show general options
‘Shift+p’
     Show post-processing options
‘Shift+s’
     Show solver options
‘Shift+u’
     Show post-processing view plugins
‘Shift+w’
     Show post-processing view options
‘Shift+x’
     Move only along x coordinate in geometry creation mode
‘Shift+y’
     Move only along y coordinate in geometry creation mode
‘Shift+z’
     Move only along z coordinate in geometry creation mode
‘Shift+Escape’
     Enable full mouse selection
‘Ctrl+d’
     Attach/detach menu
‘Ctrl+e’
     Export project
‘Ctrl+f’
     Enter full screen
‘Ctrl+i’
     Show statistics window
‘Ctrl+j’
     Save model options
‘Ctrl+l’
     Show message console
‘Ctrl+m’
     Minimize window
‘Ctrl+n’
     Create new project file
‘Ctrl+o’
     Open project file
‘Ctrl+q’
     Quit
‘Ctrl+r’
     Rename project file
‘Ctrl+s’
     Save mesh in default format
‘Shift+Ctrl+c’
     Show clipping plane window
‘Shift+Ctrl+h’
     Show current options and workspace window
‘Shift+Ctrl+j’
     Save options as default
‘Shift+Ctrl+m’
     Show manipulator window
‘Shift+Ctrl+n’
     Show option window
‘Shift+Ctrl+o’
     Merge file(s)
‘Shift+Ctrl+r’
     Open next-to-last opened file
‘Shift+Ctrl+u’
     Show plugin window
‘Shift+Ctrl+v’
     Show visibility window
‘Alt+a’
     Loop through axes modes
‘Alt+b’
     Hide/show bounding boxes
‘Alt+c’
     Loop through predefined color schemes
‘Alt+e’
     Hide/Show element outlines for visible post-pro views
‘Alt+f’
     Change redraw mode (fast/full)
‘Alt+h’
     Hide/show all post-processing views
‘Alt+i’
     Hide/show all post-processing view scales
‘Alt+l’
     Hide/show geometry lines
‘Alt+m’
     Toggle visibility of all mesh entities
‘Alt+n’
     Hide/show all post-processing view annotations
‘Alt+o’
     Change projection mode (orthographic/perspective)
‘Alt+p’
     Hide/show geometry points
‘Alt+r’
     Loop through range modes for visible post-pro views
‘Alt+s’
     Hide/show geometry surfaces
‘Alt+t’
     Loop through interval modes for visible post-pro views
‘Alt+v’
     Hide/show geometry volumes
‘Alt+w’
     Enable/disable all lighting
‘Alt+x’
     Set X view
‘Alt+y’
     Set Y view
‘Alt+z’
     Set Z view
‘Alt+1’
     Set 1:1 view
‘Alt+Shift+a’
     Hide/show small axes
‘Alt+Shift+b’
     Hide/show mesh volume faces
‘Alt+Shift+c’
     Loop through predefined colormaps
‘Alt+Shift+d’
     Hide/show mesh surface faces
‘Alt+Shift+l’
     Hide/show mesh lines
‘Alt+Shift+p’
     Hide/show mesh nodes
‘Alt+Shift+s’
     Hide/show mesh surface edges
‘Alt+Shift+t’
     Same as Alt+t, but with numeric mode included
‘Alt+Shift+v’
     Hide/show mesh volume edges
‘Alt+Shift+x’
     Set -X view
‘Alt+Shift+y’
     Set -Y view
‘Alt+Shift+z’
     Set -Z view
‘Alt+Shift+1’
     Reset bounding box around visible entities
‘Alt+Ctrl++1’
     Sync scale between viewports

4 Gmsh command-line interface
*****************************

Gmsh defines a number of commands-line switches that can be used to
control Gmsh in "batch" mode from the command line, and pass options
without resorting to a script (see Gmsh scripting language) or the API
(see Gmsh application programming interface).

For example, meshing the first tutorial in batch mode can be done in a
terminal by passing the ‘-2’ command-line switch:
     > gmsh t1.geo -2

The same effect could be achieved by adding the ‘Mesh 2;’ command at the
end of ‘t1.geo’ and running
     > gmsh t1.geo -parse_and_exit
or further adding the ‘Exit;’ command at the end of the script and
simply opening this new file:
     > gmsh t1.geo

Note that all numeric and string options (see Gmsh options) can be set
from the command line with the ‘-setnumber’ and ‘-setstring’ switches
     > gmsh t1.geo -setnumber Mesh.Nodes 1 -setnumber Geometry.SurfaceLabels 1

The list of all command-line switches is given hereafter.

(Related option names, if any, are given between parentheses)
Geometry:
‘-0’
     Output model, then exit
‘-tol value’
     Set geometrical tolerance (Geometry.Tolerance)
‘-match’
     Match geometries and meshes
Mesh:
‘-1, -2, -3’
     Perform 1D, 2D or 3D mesh generation, then exit
‘-format string’
     Select output mesh format: auto, msh1, msh2, msh22, msh3, msh4,
     msh40, msh41, msh, unv, vtk, wrl, mail, stl, p3d, mesh, bdf, cgns,
     med, diff, ir3, inp, ply2, celum, su2, x3d, dat, neu, m, key, off,
     rad, obj (Mesh.Format)
‘-bin’
     Create binary files when possible (Mesh.Binary)
‘-refine’
     Perform uniform mesh refinement, then exit
‘-barycentric_refine’
     Perform barycentric mesh refinement, then exit
‘-reclassify angle’
     Reclassify surface mesh, then exit
‘-reparam angle’
     Reparametrize surface mesh, then exit
‘-hybrid’
     generate a hybrid hex-tet mesh with trihedron for transitions
‘-part int’
     Partition after batch mesh generation (Mesh.NbPartitions)
‘-part_weight [tri,quad,tet,hex,pri,pyr,trih] int’
     Weight of a triangle/quad/etc.  during partitioning
     (Mesh.Partition[Tri,Quad,...]Weight)
‘-part_split’
     Save mesh partitions in separate files
     (Mesh.PartitionSplitMeshFiles)
‘-part_[no_]topo’
     Create the partition topology (Mesh.PartitionCreateTopology)
‘-part_[no_]ghosts’
     Create ghost cells (Mesh.PartitionCreateGhostCells)
‘-part_[no_]physicals’
     Create physical groups for partitions
     (Mesh.PartitionCreatePhysicals)
‘-part_topo_pro’
     Save the partition topology .pro file (Mesh.PartitionTopologyFile)
‘-preserve_numbering_msh2’
     Preserve element numbering in MSH2 format
     (Mesh.PreserveNumberingMsh2)
‘-save_all’
     Save all elements (Mesh.SaveAll)
‘-save_parametric’
     Save nodes with their parametric coordinates (Mesh.SaveParametric)
‘-save_topology’
     Save model topology (Mesh.SaveTopology)
‘-algo string’
     Select mesh algorithm: auto, meshadapt, del2d, front2d, delquad,
     quadqs, initial2d, del3d, front3d, mmg3d, hxt, initial3d
     (Mesh.Algorithm and Mesh.Algorithm3D)
‘-smooth int’
     Set number of mesh smoothing steps (Mesh.Smoothing)
‘-order int’
     Set mesh order (Mesh.ElementOrder)
‘-optimize[_netgen]’
     Optimize quality of tetrahedral elements (Mesh.Optimize[Netgen])
‘-optimize_threshold’
     Optimize tetrahedral elements that have a quality less than a
     threshold (Mesh.OptimizeThreshold)
‘-optimize_ho’
     Optimize high order meshes (Mesh.HighOrderOptimize)
‘-ho_[min,max,nlayers]’
     High-order optimization parameters
     (Mesh.HighOrderThreshold[Min,Max], Mesh.HighOrderNumLayers)
‘-clscale value’
     Set mesh element size factor (Mesh.MeshSizeFactor)
‘-clmin value’
     Set minimum mesh element size (Mesh.MeshSizeMin)
‘-clmax value’
     Set maximum mesh element size (Mesh.MeshSizeMax)
‘-clextend value’
     Extend mesh element sizes from boundaries
     (Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary)
‘-clcurv value’
     Compute mesh element size from curvature, with value the target
     number of elements per 2*pi radians (Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature)
‘-aniso_max value’
     Set maximum anisotropy for bamg (Mesh.AnisoMax)
‘-smooth_ratio value’
     Set smoothing ration between mesh sizes at nodes of a same edge for
     bamg (Mesh.SmoothRatio)
‘-epslc1d value’
     Set accuracy of evaluation of mesh size field for 1D mesh
     (Mesh.LcIntegrationPrecision)
‘-swapangle value’
     Set the threshold angle (in degrees) between two adjacent faces
     below which a swap is allowed (Mesh.AllowSwapAngle)
‘-rand value’
     Set random perturbation factor (Mesh.RandomFactor)
‘-bgm file’
     Load background mesh from file
‘-check’
     Perform various consistency checks on mesh
‘-ignore_periocity’
     Ignore periodic boundaries (Mesh.IgnorePeriodicity)
Post-processing:
‘-link int’
     Select link mode between views (PostProcessing.Link)
‘-combine’
     Combine views having identical names into multi-time-step views
Solver:
‘-listen string’
     Always listen to incoming connection requests (Solver.AlwaysListen)
     on the given socket (uses Solver.SocketName if not specified)
‘-minterpreter string’
     Name of Octave interpreter (Solver.OctaveInterpreter)
‘-pyinterpreter string’
     Name of Python interpreter (Solver.OctaveInterpreter)
‘-run’
     Run ONELAB solver(s)
Display:
‘-n’
     Hide all meshes and post-processing views on startup (View.Visible,
     Mesh.[Points,Lines,SurfaceEdges,...])
‘-nodb’
     Disable double buffering (General.DoubleBuffer)
‘-numsubedges’
     Set num of subdivisions for high order element display
     (Mesh.NumSubEdges)
‘-fontsize int’
     Specify the font size for the GUI (General.FontSize)
‘-theme string’
     Specify FLTK GUI theme (General.FltkTheme)
‘-display string’
     Specify display (General.Display)
‘-camera’
     Use camera mode view (General.CameraMode)
‘-stereo’
     OpenGL quad-buffered stereo rendering (General.Stereo)
‘-gamepad’
     Use gamepad controller if available
Other:
‘-, -parse_and_exit’
     Parse input files, then exit
‘-save’
     Save output file, then exit
‘-o file’
     Specify output file name
‘-new’
     Create new model before merge next file
‘-merge’
     Merge next files
‘-open’
     Open next files
‘-log filename’
     Log all messages to filename
‘-a, -g, -m, -s, -p’
     Start in automatic, geometry, mesh, solver or post-processing mode
     (General.InitialModule)
‘-pid’
     Print process id on stdout
‘-watch pattern’
     Pattern of files to merge as they become available
     (General.WatchFilePattern)
‘-bg file’
     Load background (image or PDF) file
     (General.BackgroundImageFileName)
‘-v int’
     Set verbosity level (General.Verbosity)
‘-string "string"’
     Parse command string at startup
‘-setnumber name value’
     Set constant, ONELAB or option number name=value
‘-setstring name value’
     Set constant, ONELAB or option string name=value
‘-nopopup’
     Don't popup dialog windows in scripts (General.NoPopup)
‘-noenv’
     Don't modify the environment at startup
‘-nolocale’
     Don't modify the locale at startup
‘-option file’
     Parse option file at startup
‘-convert files’
     Convert files into latest binary formats, then exit
‘-nt int’
     Set number of threads (General.NumThreads)
‘-cpu’
     Report CPU times for all operations
‘-version’
     Show version number
‘-info’
     Show detailed version information
‘-help’
     Show command line usage
‘-help_options’
     Show all options

5 Gmsh scripting language
*************************

The Gmsh scripting language is interpreted at runtime by Gmsh's parser.
Scripts are written in ASCII files and are usually given the ‘.geo’
extension, but any extension (or no extension at all) can also be used.
For example Gmsh often uses the ‘.pos’ extension for scripts that
contain post-processing commands, in particular parsed post-processing
views (see Post-processing scripting commands).

Historically, ‘.geo’ scripts have been the primary way to perform
complex tasks with Gmsh, and they are indeed quite powerful: they can
handle (lists of) floating point (see Floating point expressions) and
string (see String expressions) variables, loops and tests (see Loops
and conditionals), macros (see User-defined macros), etc.  However
Gmsh's scripting language is still quite limited compared to actual
programming languages: for example there are no private variables,
macros don't take arguments, and the runtime interpretation by the
parser can penalize performance on large models.  Depending on the
workflow and the application, using the Gmsh API (see Gmsh application
programming interface) can thus sometimes be preferable.  The downside
of the API is that, while the scripting language is baked into Gmsh and
is thus available directly in the standalone Gmsh app, the API requires
external dependencies (a C++, C or Fortran compiler; or a Python or
Julia interpreter).

This chapter describes the scripting language by detailing general
commands first (see General scripting commands), before detailing the
scripting commands specific to the geometry (see Geometry scripting
commands), mesh (see Mesh scripting commands) and post-processing (see
Post-processing scripting commands) modules.

The following rules are used when describing the scripting language in
the rest of this chapter (note that metasyntactic variable definitions
stay valid throughout the chapter, not only in the section where the
definitions appear):
  1. Keywords and literal symbols are printed like ‘this’.
  2. Metasyntactic variables (i.e., text bits that are not part of the
     syntax, but stand for other text bits) are printed like THIS.
  3. A colon (‘:’) after a metasyntactic variable separates the variable
     from its definition.
  4. Optional rules are enclosed in ‘<’ ‘>’ pairs.
  5. Multiple choices are separated by ‘|’.
  6. Three dots (...) indicate a possible (multiple) repetition of the
     preceding rule.

In most commands that apply to geometrical entities of several
dimensions with the same syntax (e.g.  the creation of ‘Physical Point |
Curve | Surface | Volume’), the ‘Point’, ‘Curve’, ‘Surface’ and ‘Volume’
keywords can be replaced by ‘GeoEntity { EXPRESSION }’, with EXPRESSION
respectively equal to 0, 1, 2, or 3.  This makes it easier to script
parametric geometries that are valid in several dimensions, without code
duplication.

5.1 General scripting commands
==============================

5.1.1 Comments
--------------

Gmsh script files support both C and C++ style comments:

  1. any text comprised between ‘/*’ and ‘*/’ pairs is ignored;
  2. the rest of a line after a double slash ‘//’ is ignored.

These commands won't have the described effects inside double quotes or
inside keywords.  Also note that 'white space' (spaces, tabs, new line
characters) is ignored inside all expressions.

5.1.2 Floating point expressions
--------------------------------

The two constant types used in Gmsh scripts are REAL and STRING (there
is no integer type).  These types have the same meaning and syntax as in
the C or C++ programming languages.

Floating point expressions (or, more simply, "expressions") are denoted
by the metasyntactic variable EXPRESSION, and are evaluated during the
parsing of the script file:
     EXPRESSION:
       REAL |
       STRING |
       STRING ~ { EXPRESSION }
       STRING [ EXPRESSION ] |
       # STRING [ ] |
       ( EXPRESSION ) |
       OPERATOR-UNARY-LEFT EXPRESSION |
       EXPRESSION OPERATOR-UNARY-RIGHT |
       EXPRESSION OPERATOR-BINARY EXPRESSION |
       EXPRESSION OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT EXPRESSION
         OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT EXPRESSION |
       BUILT-IN-FUNCTION |
       NUMBER-OPTION |
       Find(EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEM, EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEM) |
       StrFind(STRING-EXPRESSION, STRING-EXPRESSION) |
       StrCmp(STRING-EXPRESSION, STRING-EXPRESSION) |
       StrLen(STRING-EXPRESSION) |
       TextAttributes(STRING-EXPRESSION<,STRING-EXPRESSION...>) |
       Exists(STRING) | Exists(STRING~{ EXPRESSION }) |
       FileExists(STRING-EXPRESSION) |
       StringToName(STRING-EXPRESSION) | S2N(STRING-EXPRESSION) |
       GetNumber(STRING-EXPRESSION <,EXPRESSION>) |
       GetValue("STRING", EXPRESSION) |
       DefineNumber(EXPRESSION, ONELAB-OPTIONS)

Such EXPRESSIONs are used in most of Gmsh's scripting commands.  When
‘~{EXPRESSION}’ is appended to a string STRING, the result is a new
string formed by the concatenation of STRING, ‘_’ (an underscore) and
the value of the EXPRESSION.  This is most useful in loops (see Loops
and conditionals), where it permits to define unique strings
automatically.  For example,
     For i In {1:3}
       x~{i} = i;
     EndFor
is the same as
     x_1 = 1;
     x_2 = 2;
     x_3 = 3;

The brackets ‘[]’ permit to extract one item from a list (parentheses
can also be used instead of brackets).  The ‘#’ permits to get the size
of a list.  The operators OPERATOR-UNARY-LEFT, OPERATOR-UNARY-RIGHT,
OPERATOR-BINARY, OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT and OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT are
defined in Operators.  For the definition of BUILT-IN-FUNCTIONs, see
Built-in functions.  The various NUMBER-OPTIONs are listed in Gmsh
options.  ‘Find’ searches for occurrences of the first expression in the
second (both of which can be lists).  ‘StrFind’ searches the first
STRING-EXPRESSION for any occurrence of the second STRING-EXPRESSION.
‘StrCmp’ compares the two strings (returns an integer greater than,
equal to, or less than 0, according as the first string is greater than,
equal to, or less than the second string).  ‘StrLen’ returns the length
of the string.  ‘TextAttributes’ creates attributes for text strings.
‘Exists’ checks if a variable with the given name exists (i.e., has been
defined previously), and ‘FileExists’ checks if the file with the given
name exists.  ‘StringToName’ creates a name from the provided string.
‘GetNumber’ allows to get the value of a ONELAB variable (the optional
second argument is the default value returned if the variable does not
exist).  ‘GetValue’ allows to ask the user for a value interactively
(the second argument is the value returned in non-interactive mode).
For example, inserting ‘GetValue("Value of parameter alpha?", 5.76)’ in
an input file will query the user for the value of a certain parameter
alpha, assuming the default value is 5.76.  If the option
‘General.NoPopup’ is set (see General options), no question is asked and
the default value is automatically used.

‘DefineNumber’ allows to define a ONELAB variable in-line.  The
EXPRESSION given as the first argument is the default value; this is
followed by the various ONELAB options.  See the ONELAB tutorial wiki
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/doc/tutorials/wikis/ONELAB-syntax-for-Gmsh-and-GetDP)
for more information.

List of expressions are also widely used, and are defined as:
     EXPRESSION-LIST:
       EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEM <, EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEM> ...
with
     EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEM:
       EXPRESSION |
       EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION |
       EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION |
       STRING [ ] |  STRING ( ) |
       List [ STRING ] |
       List [ EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEM ] |
       List [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] |
       Unique [ EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEM ] |
       Abs [ EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEM ] |
       ListFromFile [ EXPRESSION-CHAR ] |
       LinSpace[ EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ] |
       LogSpace[ EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ] |
       STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] |
       Point { EXPRESSION } |
       TRANSFORM |
       EXTRUDE |
       BOOLEAN |
       Point|Curve|Surface|Volume In BoundingBox { EXPRESSION-LIST } |
       BoundingBox Point|Curve|Surface|Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST } |
       Parametric BoundingBox Curve|Surface { EXPRESSION } |
       Parametric Point { EXPRESSION } In Surface { EXPRESSION } |
       Normal Surface { EXPRESSION } Parametric { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION } |
       Mass Curve|Surface|Volume { EXPRESSION } |
       CenterOfMass Curve|Surface|Volume { EXPRESSION } |
       MatrixOfInertia Curve|Surface|Volume { EXPRESSION } |
       Point { EXPRESSION } |
       Physical Point|Curve|Surface|Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST } |
       <Physical> Point|Curve|Surface|Volume { : } |

The second case in this last definition permits to create a list
containing the range of numbers comprised between two EXPRESSIONs, with
a unit incrementation step.  The third case also permits to create a
list containing the range of numbers comprised between two EXPRESSIONs,
but with a positive or negative incrementation step equal to the third
EXPRESSION.  The fourth, fifth and sixth cases permit to reference an
expression list (parentheses can also be used instead of brackets).
‘Unique’ sorts the entries in the list and removes all duplicates.
‘Abs’ takes the absolute value of all entries in the list.
‘ListFromFile’ reads a list of numbers from a file.  ‘LinSpace’ and
‘LogSpace’ construct lists using linear or logarithmic spacing.  The
next two cases permit to reference an expression sublist (whose elements
are those corresponding to the indices provided by the EXPRESSION-LIST).
The next cases permit to retrieve the indices of entities created
through geometrical transformations, extrusions and boolean operations
(see Transformations, Extrusions and Boolean operations).

The next two cases allow to retrieve entities in a given bounding box,
or get the bounding box of a given entity, with the bounding box
specified as (X min, Y min, Z min, X max, Y max, Z max).  Beware that
the order of coordinates is different than in the ‘BoundingBox’ command
for the scene: see Other general commands.  ‘Parametric BoundingBox’
retrieves the parametric bounds (U min, U max) and (U min, V min, U max,
V max) or a curve or a surface, respectively.  ‘Parametric Point’
retrieves the parametric coordinates U, V of a point on a surface.
‘Normal Surface’ returns the normal to a surface evaluated at the
specified parametric coordinates.

The last cases permit to retrieve the mass, the center of mass or the
matrix of inertia of an entity, the coordinates of a given geometry
point (see Points), the elementary entities making up physical groups,
and the tags of all (physical or elementary) points, curves, surfaces or
volumes in the model.  These operations all trigger a synchronization of
the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

To see the practical use of such expressions, have a look at the first
couple of examples in Gmsh tutorial.  Note that, in order to lighten the
syntax, you can omit the braces ‘{}’ enclosing an EXPRESSION-LIST if
this EXPRESSION-LIST only contains a single item.  Also note that a
braced EXPRESSION-LIST can be preceded by a minus sign in order to
change the sign of all the EXPRESSION-LIST-ITEMs.

For some commands it makes sense to specify all the possible expressions
in a list.  This is achieved with EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL, defined as:
     EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL:
       EXPRESSION-LIST | :

The meaning of "all" (‘:’) depends on context.  For example, ‘Curve { :
}’ will get the ids of all the existing curves in the model, while
‘Surface { : }’ will get the ids of all existing surfaces.

5.1.3 String expressions
------------------------

String expressions are defined as:
     STRING-EXPRESSION:
       "STRING" |
       STRING | STRING[ EXPRESSION ] |
       Today | OnelabAction | GmshExecutableName |
       CurrentDirectory | CurrentDir | CurrentFileName
       StrPrefix ( STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       StrRelative ( STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       StrCat ( STRING-EXPRESSION <,...> ) |
       Str ( STRING-EXPRESSION <,...> ) |
       StrChoice ( EXPRESSION, STRING-EXPRESSION, STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       StrSub( STRING-EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ) |
       StrSub( STRING-EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ) |
       UpperCase ( STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       AbsolutePath ( STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       DirName ( STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       Sprintf ( STRING-EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION-LIST ) |
       Sprintf ( STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       Sprintf ( STRING-OPTION ) |
       GetEnv ( STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       GetString ( STRING-EXPRESSION <,STRING-EXPRESSION>) |
       GetStringValue ( STRING-EXPRESSION , STRING-EXPRESSION ) |
       StrReplace ( STRING-EXPRESSION , STRING-EXPRESSION , STRING-EXPRESSION )
       NameToString ( STRING ) | N2S ( STRING ) |
       <Physical> Point|Curve|Surface|Volume { EXPRESSION } |
       DefineString(STRING-EXPRESSION, ONELAB-OPTIONS)

‘Today’ returns the current date.  ‘OnelabAction’ returns the current
ONELAB action (e.g.  ‘check’ or ‘compute’).  ‘GmshExecutableName’
returns the full path of the Gmsh executable.  ‘CurrentDirectory’ (or
‘CurrentDir’) and ‘CurrentFileName’ return the directory and file name
of the script being parsed.  ‘StrPrefix’ and ‘StrRelative’ take the
prefix (e.g.  to remove the extension) or the relative path of a given
file name.  ‘StrCat’ and ‘Str’ concatenate string expressions (‘Str’
adds a newline character after each string except the last).
‘StrChoice’ returns the first or second STRING-EXPRESSION depending on
the value of EXPRESSION.  ‘StrSub’ returns the portion of the string
that starts at the character position given by the first EXPRESSION and
spans the number of characters given by the second EXPRESSION or until
the end of the string (whichever comes first; or always if the second
EXPRESSION is not provided).  ‘UpperCase’ converts the STRING-EXPRESSION
to upper case.  ‘AbsolutePath’ returns the absolute path of a file.
‘DirName’ returns the directory of a file.  ‘Sprintf’ is equivalent to
the ‘sprintf’ C function (where STRING-EXPRESSION is a format string
that can contain floating point formatting characters: ‘%e’, ‘%g’, etc.)
The various STRING-OPTIONs are listed in Gmsh options.  ‘GetEnvThe’ gets
the value of an environment variable from the operating system.
‘GetString’ allows to get a ONELAB string value (the second optional
argument is the default value returned if the variable does not exist).
‘GetStringValue’ asks the user for a value interactively (the second
argument is the value used in non-interactive mode).  ‘StrReplace’'s
arguments are: input string, old substring, new substring (brackets can
be used instead of parentheses in ‘Str’ and ‘Sprintf’).  ‘Physical
Point’, etc., or ‘Point’, etc., retrieve the name of the physical or
elementary entity, if any.  ‘NameToString’ converts a variable name into
a string.

‘DefineString’ allows to define a ONELAB variable in-line.  The
STRING-EXPRESSION given as the first argument is the default value; this
is followed by the various ONELAB options.  See the ONELAB tutorial wiki
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/doc/tutorials/wikis/ONELAB-syntax-for-Gmsh-and-GetDP)
for more information.

String expressions are mostly used to specify non-numeric options and
input/output file names.  See t8, for an interesting usage of
STRING-EXPRESSIONs in an animation script.

List of string expressions are defined as:
     STRING-EXPRESSION-LIST:
       STRING-EXPRESSION <,...>

5.1.4 Color expressions
-----------------------

Colors expressions are hybrids between fixed-length braced
EXPRESSION-LISTs and STRINGs:
     COLOR-EXPRESSION:
       STRING-EXPRESSION |
       { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION } |
       { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION } |
       COLOR-OPTION
The first case permits to use the X Windows names to refer to colors,
e.g., ‘Red’, ‘SpringGreen’, ‘LavenderBlush3’, ... (see
src/common/Colors.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/common/Colors.h)
in the source code for a complete list).  The second case permits to
define colors by using three expressions to specify their red, green and
blue components (with values comprised between 0 and 255).  The third
case permits to define colors by using their red, green and blue color
components as well as their alpha channel.  The last case permits to use
the value of a COLOR-OPTION as a COLOR-EXPRESSION.  The various
COLOR-OPTIONs are listed in Gmsh options.

See t3, for an example of the use of color expressions.

5.1.5 Operators
---------------

Gmsh's operators are similar to the corresponding operators in C and
C++.  Here is the list of available unary, binary and ternary operators.

OPERATOR-UNARY-LEFT:
‘-’
     Unary minus.
‘!’
     Logical not.

OPERATOR-UNARY-RIGHT:
‘++’
     Post-incrementation.
‘--’
     Post-decrementation.

OPERATOR-BINARY:
‘^’
     Exponentiation.
‘*’
     Multiplication.
‘/’
     Division.
‘%’
     Modulo.
‘+’
     Addition.
‘-’
     Subtraction.
‘==’
     Equality.
‘!=’
     Inequality.
‘>’
     Greater.
‘>=’
     Greater or equality.
‘<’
     Less.
‘<=’
     Less or equality.
‘&&’
     Logical 'and'.
‘||’
     Logical 'or'.  (Warning: the logical 'or' always implies the
     evaluation of both arguments.  That is, unlike in C or C++, the
     second operand of ‘||’ is evaluated even if the first one is true).

OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT:
‘?’
OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT:
‘:’
     The only ternary operator, formed by OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT and
     OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT, returns the value of its second argument if
     the first argument is non-zero; otherwise it returns the value of
     its third argument.

The evaluation priorities are summarized below(1) (see
Operators-Footnote-1) (from stronger to weaker, i.e., ‘*’ has a highest
evaluation priority than ‘+’).  Parentheses ‘()’ may be used anywhere to
change the order of evaluation:

  1. ‘()’, ‘[]’, ‘.’, ‘#’
  2. ‘^’
  3. ‘!’, ‘++’, ‘--’, ‘-’ (unary)
  4. ‘*’, ‘/’, ‘%’
  5. ‘+’, ‘-’
  6. ‘<’, ‘>’, ‘<=’, ‘>=’
  7. ‘==’, ‘!=’
  8. ‘&&’
  9. ‘||’
  10. ‘?:’
  11. ‘=’, ‘+=’, ‘-=’, ‘*=’, ‘/=’

   (1) The affectation operators are introduced in Other general
commands.

5.1.6 Built-in functions
------------------------

A built-in function is composed of an identifier followed by a pair of
parentheses containing an EXPRESSION-LIST, the list of its arguments.
This list of arguments can also be provided in between brackets, instead
of parentheses.  Here is the list of the built-in functions currently
implemented:

BUILD-IN-FUNCTION:

‘Acos ( EXPRESSION )’
     Arc cosine (inverse cosine) of an EXPRESSION in [-1,1].  Returns a
     value in [0,Pi].

‘Asin ( EXPRESSION )’
     Arc sine (inverse sine) of an EXPRESSION in [-1,1].  Returns a
     value in [-Pi/2,Pi/2].

‘Atan ( EXPRESSION )’
     Arc tangent (inverse tangent) of EXPRESSION.  Returns a value in
     [-Pi/2,Pi/2].

‘Atan2 ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION )’
     Arc tangent (inverse tangent) of the first EXPRESSION divided by
     the second.  Returns a value in [-Pi,Pi].

‘Ceil ( EXPRESSION )’
     Rounds EXPRESSION up to the nearest integer.

‘Cos ( EXPRESSION )’
     Cosine of EXPRESSION.

‘Cosh ( EXPRESSION )’
     Hyperbolic cosine of EXPRESSION.

‘Exp ( EXPRESSION )’
     Returns the value of e (the base of natural logarithms) raised to
     the power of EXPRESSION.

‘Fabs ( EXPRESSION )’
     Absolute value of EXPRESSION.

‘Fmod ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION )’
     Remainder of the division of the first EXPRESSION by the second,
     with the sign of the first.

‘Floor ( EXPRESSION )’
     Rounds EXPRESSION down to the nearest integer.

‘Hypot ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION )’
     Returns the square root of the sum of the square of its two
     arguments.

‘Log ( EXPRESSION )’
     Natural logarithm of EXPRESSION (EXPRESSION > 0).

‘Log10 ( EXPRESSION )’
     Base 10 logarithm of EXPRESSION (EXPRESSION > 0).

‘Max ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION )’
     Maximum of the two arguments.

‘Min ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION )’
     Minimum of the two arguments.

‘Modulo ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION )’
     see ‘Fmod( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION )’.

‘Rand ( EXPRESSION )’
     Random number between zero and EXPRESSION.

‘Round ( EXPRESSION )’
     Rounds EXPRESSION to the nearest integer.

‘Sqrt ( EXPRESSION )’
     Square root of EXPRESSION (EXPRESSION >= 0).

‘Sin ( EXPRESSION )’
     Sine of EXPRESSION.

‘Sinh ( EXPRESSION )’
     Hyperbolic sine of EXPRESSION.

‘Step ( EXPRESSION )’
     Returns 0 if EXPRESSION is negative, 1 if not.

‘Tan ( EXPRESSION )’
     Tangent of EXPRESSION.

‘Tanh ( EXPRESSION )’
     Hyperbolic tangent of EXPRESSION.

5.1.7 User-defined macros
-------------------------

User-defined macros take no arguments, and are evaluated as if a file
containing the macro body was included at the location of the ‘Call’
statement.

‘Macro STRING | STRING-EXPRESSION’
     Begin the declaration of a user-defined macro named STRING.  The
     body of the macro starts on the line after '‘Macro STRING’', and
     can contain any Gmsh command.  A synonym for ‘Macro’ is ‘Function’.

‘Return’
     End the body of the current user-defined macro.  Macro declarations
     cannot be imbricated.

‘Call STRING | STRING-EXPRESSION ;’
     Execute the body of a (previously defined) macro named STRING.

See t5, for an example of a user-defined macro.  A shortcoming of Gmsh's
scripting language is that all variables are "public".  Variables
defined inside the body of a macro will thus be available outside, too!

5.1.8 Loops and conditionals
----------------------------

Loops and conditionals are defined as follows, and can be imbricated:

‘For ( EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION )’
     Iterate from the value of the first EXPRESSION to the value of the
     second EXPRESSION, with a unit incrementation step.  At each
     iteration, the commands comprised between '‘For ( EXPRESSION :
     EXPRESSION )’' and the matching ‘EndFor’ are executed.

‘For ( EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION )’
     Iterate from the value of the first EXPRESSION to the value of the
     second EXPRESSION, with a positive or negative incrementation step
     equal to the third EXPRESSION.  At each iteration, the commands
     comprised between '‘For ( EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION )’'
     and the matching ‘EndFor’ are executed.

‘For STRING In { EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION }’
     Iterate from the value of the first EXPRESSION to the value of the
     second EXPRESSION, with a unit incrementation step.  At each
     iteration, the value of the iterate is affected to an expression
     named STRING, and the commands comprised between '‘For STRING In {
     EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION }’' and the matching ‘EndFor’ are executed.

‘For STRING In { EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION }’
     Iterate from the value of the first EXPRESSION to the value of the
     second EXPRESSION, with a positive or negative incrementation step
     equal to the third EXPRESSION.  At each iteration, the value of the
     iterate is affected to an expression named STRING, and the commands
     comprised between '‘For STRING In { EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION :
     EXPRESSION }’' and the matching ‘EndFor’ are executed.

‘EndFor’
     End a matching ‘For’ command.

‘If ( EXPRESSION )’
     The body enclosed between '‘If ( EXPRESSION )’' and the matching
     ‘ElseIf’, ‘Else’ or ‘EndIf’, is evaluated if EXPRESSION is
     non-zero.

‘ElseIf ( EXPRESSION )’
     The body enclosed between '‘ElseIf ( EXPRESSION )’' and the next
     matching ‘ElseIf’, ‘Else’ or ‘EndIf’, is evaluated if EXPRESSION is
     non-zero and none of the EXPRESSION of the previous matching codes
     ‘If’ and ‘ElseIf’ were non-zero.

‘Else’
     The body enclosed between ‘Else’ and the matching ‘EndIf’ is
     evaluated if none of the EXPRESSION of the previous matching codes
     ‘If’ and ‘ElseIf’ were non-zero.

‘EndIf’
     End a matching ‘If’ command.

5.1.9 Other general commands
----------------------------

The following commands can be used anywhere in a Gmsh script:

‘STRING = EXPRESSION;’
     Create a new expression identifier STRING, or affects EXPRESSION to
     an existing expression identifier.  The following expression
     identifiers are predefined (hardcoded in Gmsh's parser):

     ‘Pi’
          Return 3.1415926535897932.

     ‘GMSH_MAJOR_VERSION’
          Return Gmsh's major version number.

     ‘GMSH_MINOR_VERSION’
          Return Gmsh's minor version number.

     ‘GMSH_PATCH_VERSION’
          Return Gmsh's patch version number.

     ‘MPI_Size’
          Return the number of processors on which Gmsh is running.  It
          is always 1, except if you compiled Gmsh with ‘ENABLE_MPI’
          (see Compiling the source code).

     ‘MPI_Rank’
          Return the rank of the current processor.

     ‘Cpu’
          Return the current CPU time (in seconds).

     ‘Memory’
          Return the current memory usage (in Mb).

     ‘TotalMemory’
          Return the total memory available (in Mb).

     ‘newp’
          Return the next available point tag.  As explained in Geometry
          module, a unique tag must be associated with every geometrical
          point: ‘newp’ permits to know the highest tag already
          attributed (plus one).  This is mostly useful when writing
          user-defined macros (see User-defined macros) or general
          geometric primitives, when one does not know _a priori_ which
          tags are already attributed, and which ones are still
          available.

     ‘newc’
          Return the next available curve tag.

     ‘news’
          Return the next available surface tag.

     ‘newv’
          Return the next available volume tag.

     ‘newcl’
          Return the next available curve loop tag.

     ‘newsl’
          Return the next available surface loop tag.

     ‘newreg’
          Return the next available region tag.  That is, ‘newreg’
          returns the maximum of ‘newp’, ‘newl’, ‘news’, ‘newv’,
          ‘newll’, ‘newsl’ and all physical group tags(1) (see Other
          general commands-Footnote-1).

‘STRING = { };’
     Create a new expression list identifier ‘STRING’ with an empty
     list.

‘STRING[] = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a new expression list identifier ‘STRING’ with the list
     EXPRESSION-LIST, or affects EXPRESSION-LIST to an existing
     expression list identifier.  Parentheses are also allowed instead
     of square brackets; although not recommended, brackets and
     parentheses can also be completely ommitted.

‘STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Affect each item in the right hand side EXPRESSION-LIST to the
     elements (indexed by the left hand side EXPRESSION-LIST) of an
     existing expression list identifier.  The two EXPRESSION-LISTs must
     contain the same number of items.  Parentheses can also be used
     instead of brackets.

‘STRING += EXPRESSION;’
     Add and affect EXPRESSION to an existing expression identifier.

‘STRING -= EXPRESSION;’
     Subtract and affect EXPRESSION to an existing expression
     identifier.

‘STRING *= EXPRESSION;’
     Multiply and affect EXPRESSION to an existing expression
     identifier.

‘STRING /= EXPRESSION;’
     Divide and affect EXPRESSION to an existing expression identifier.

‘STRING += { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Append EXPRESSION-LIST to an existing expression list or creates a
     new expression list with EXPRESSION-LIST.

‘STRING -= { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Remove the items in EXPRESSION-LIST from the existing expression
     list.

‘STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] += { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Add and affect, item per item, the right hand side EXPRESSION-LIST
     to an existing expression list identifier.  Parentheses can also be
     used instead of brackets.

‘STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] -= { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Subtract and affect, item per item, the right hand side
     EXPRESSION-LIST to an existing expression list identifier.
     Parentheses can also be used instead of brackets.

‘STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] *= { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Multiply and affect, item per item, the right hand side
     EXPRESSION-LIST to an existing expression list identifier.
     Parentheses can also be used instead of brackets.

‘STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] /= { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Divide and affect, item per item, the right hand side
     EXPRESSION-LIST to an existing expression list identifier.
     Parentheses can also be used instead of brackets.

‘STRING = STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Create a new string expression identifier ‘STRING’ with a given
     STRING-EXPRESSION.

‘STRING[] = Str( STRING-EXPRESSION-LIST ) ;’
     Create a new string expression list identifier ‘STRING’ with a
     given STRING-EXPRESSION-LIST.  Parentheses can also be used instead
     of brackets.

‘STRING[] += Str( STRING-EXPRESSION-LIST ) ;’
     Append a string expression list to an existing list.  Parentheses
     can also be used instead of brackets.

‘DefineConstant[ STRING = EXPRESSION|STRING-EXPRESSION <, ...>];’
     Create a new expression identifier STRING, with value EXPRESSION,
     only if has not been defined before.

‘DefineConstant[ STRING = { EXPRESSION|STRING-EXPRESSION, ONELAB-OPTIONS } <, ...>];’
     Same as the previous case, except that the variable is also
     exchanged with the ONELAB database if it has not been defined
     before.  See the ONELAB tutorial wiki
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/doc/tutorials/wikis/ONELAB-syntax-for-Gmsh-and-GetDP)
     for more information.

‘SetNumber( STRING-EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION );’
     Set the value a numeric ONELAB variable STRING-EXPRESSION.

‘SetString( STRING-EXPRESSION , STRING-EXPRESSION );’
     Set the value a string ONELAB variable STRING-EXPRESSION.

‘NUMBER-OPTION = EXPRESSION;’
     Affect EXPRESSION to a real option.

‘STRING-OPTION = STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Affect STRING-EXPRESSION to a string option.

‘COLOR-OPTION = COLOR-EXPRESSION;’
     Affect COLOR-EXPRESSION to a color option.

‘NUMBER-OPTION += EXPRESSION;’
     Add and affect EXPRESSION to a real option.

‘NUMBER-OPTION -= EXPRESSION;’
     Subtract and affect EXPRESSION to a real option.

‘NUMBER-OPTION *= EXPRESSION;’
     Multiply and affect EXPRESSION to a real option.

‘NUMBER-OPTION /= EXPRESSION;’
     Divide and affect EXPRESSION to a real option.

‘Abort;’
     Abort the current script.

‘Exit < EXPRESSION >;’
     Exit Gmsh (optionally with level EXPRESSION instead of 0).

‘CreateDir STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Create the directory STRING-EXPRESSION.

‘Printf ( STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION-LIST> );’
     Print a string expression in the information window and/or on the
     terminal.  ‘Printf’ is equivalent to the ‘printf’ C function:
     STRING-EXPRESSION is a format string that can contain formatting
     characters (‘%f’, ‘%e’, etc.).  Note that all EXPRESSIONs are
     evaluated as floating point values in Gmsh (see Floating point
     expressions), so that only valid floating point formatting
     characters make sense in STRING-EXPRESSION.  See t5, for an example
     of the use of ‘Printf’.

‘Printf ( STRING-EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION-LIST ) > STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Same as ‘Printf’ above, but output the expression in a file.

‘Printf ( STRING-EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION-LIST ) >> STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Same as ‘Printf’ above, but appends the expression at the end of
     the file.

‘Warning|Error ( STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION-LIST> );’
     Same as ‘Printf’, but raises a warning or an error.

‘Merge STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Merge a file named STRING-EXPRESSION.  This command is equivalent
     to the 'File->Merge' menu in the GUI. If the path in
     STRING-EXPRESSION is not absolute, STRING-EXPRESSION is appended to
     the path of the current file.  This operation triggers a
     synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘ShapeFromFile( STRING-EXPRESSION );’
     Merge a BREP, STEP or IGES file and returns the tags of the
     highest-dimensional entities.  Only available with the OpenCASCADE
     geometry kernel.

‘Draw;’
     Redraw the scene.

‘SplitCurrentWindowHorizontal EXPRESSION;’
     Split the current window horizontally, with the ratio given by
     EXPRESSION.

‘SplitCurrentWindowVertical EXPRESSION;’
     Split the current window vertically, with the ratio given by
     EXPRESSION.

‘SetCurrentWindow EXPRESSION;’
     Set the current window by speficying its index (starting at 0) in
     the list of all windows.  When new windows are created by splits,
     new windows are appended at the end of the list.

‘UnsplitWindow;’
     Restore a single window.

‘SetChanged;’
     Force the mesh and post-processing vertex arrays to be regenerated.
     Useful e.g.  for creating animations with changing clipping planes,
     etc.

‘BoundingBox;’
     Recompute the bounding box of the scene (which is normally computed
     only after new model entities are added or after files are included
     or merged).  The bounding box is computed as follows:
       1. If there is a mesh (i.e., at least one mesh node), the
          bounding box is taken as the box enclosing all the mesh nodes;
       2. If there is no mesh but there is a geometry (i.e., at least
          one geometrical point), the bounding box is taken as the box
          enclosing all the geometrical points;
       3. If there is no mesh and no geometry, but there are some
          post-processing views, the bounding box is taken as the box
          enclosing all the primitives in the views.
     This operation triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the
     internal Gmsh model.

‘BoundingBox { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION };’
     Force the bounding box of the scene to the given EXPRESSIONs (X
     min, X max, Y min, Y max, Z min, Z max).  Beware that order of the
     coordinates is different than in the ‘BoundingBox’ commands for
     model entities: see Floating point expressions.

‘Delete Model;’
     Delete the current model (all model entities and their associated
     meshes).

‘Delete Meshes;’
     Delete all the meshes in the current model.

‘Delete Physicals;’
     Delete all physical groups.

‘Delete Variables;’
     Delete all the expressions.

‘Delete Options;’
     Delete the current options and revert to the default values.

‘Delete STRING;’
     Delete the expression STRING.

‘Print STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Print the graphic window in a file named STRING-EXPRESSION, using
     the current ‘Print.Format’ (see General options).  If the path in
     STRING-EXPRESSION is not absolute, STRING-EXPRESSION is appended to
     the path of the current file.  This operation triggers a
     synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Sleep EXPRESSION;’
     Suspend the execution of Gmsh during EXPRESSION seconds.

‘SystemCall STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Executes a (blocking) system call.

‘NonBlockingSystemCall STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Execute a (non-blocking) system call.

‘OnelabRun ( STRING-EXPRESSION <, STRING-EXPRESSION > )’
     Run a ONELAB client (first argument is the client name, second
     optional argument is the command line).

‘SetName STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Change the name of the current model.

‘SetFactory(STRING-EXPRESSION);’
     Change the current geometry kernel (i.e.  determines the CAD kernel
     that is used for all subsequent geometrical commands).  Currently
     available kernels: ‘"Built-in"’ and ‘"OpenCASCADE"’.

‘SyncModel;’
     Force an immediate transfer from the old geometrical database into
     the new one (this transfer normally occurs right after a file is
     read).

‘NewModel;’
     Create a new current model.

‘Include STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Include the file named STRING-EXPRESSION at the current position in
     the input file.  The include command should be given on a line of
     its own.  If the path in STRING-EXPRESSION is not absolute,
     STRING-EXPRESSION is appended to the path of the current file.

   (1) For compatibility purposes, the behavior of ‘newl’, ‘news’,
‘newv’ and ‘newreg’ can be modified with the ‘Geometry.OldNewReg’ option
(see Geometry options).

5.2 Geometry scripting commands
===============================

Both the built-in and the OpenCASCADE CAD kernels can be used in the
scripting language, by specifying ‘SetFactory("Built-in")’ or
‘SetFactory("OpenCASCADE")’, respectively, before geometrical scripting
commands.  If ‘SetFactory’ is not specified, the built-in kernel is
used.

A bottom-up boundary representation approach can be used by first
defining points (using the ‘Point’ command), then curves (using ‘Line’,
‘Circle’, ‘Spline’, ..., commands or by extruding points), then surfaces
(using for example the ‘Plane Surface’ or ‘Surface’ commands, or by
extruding curves), and finally volumes (using the ‘Volume’ command or by
extruding surfaces).  Entities can then be manipulated in various ways,
for example using the ‘Translate’, ‘Rotate’, ‘Scale’ or ‘Symmetry’
commands.  They can be deleted with the ‘Delete’ command, provided that
no higher-dimension entity references them.  With the OpenCASCADE
kernel, additional boolean operations are available:
‘BooleanIntersection’, ‘BooleanUnion’, ‘BooleanDifference’ and
‘BooleanFragments’.

The next subsections describe all the available geometry commands in the
scripting language.  Note that the following general rule is followed
for the definition of model entities: if an EXPRESSION defines a new
entity, it is enclosed between parentheses.  If an EXPRESSION refers to
a previously defined entity, it is enclosed between braces.

5.2.1 Points
------------

‘Point ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION > };’
     Create a point.  The EXPRESSION inside the parentheses is the
     point's tag; the three first EXPRESSIONs inside the braces on the
     right hand side give the three X, Y and Z coordinates of the point
     in the three-dimensional Euclidean space; the optional last
     EXPRESSION sets the prescribed mesh element size at that point.
     See Specifying mesh element sizes, for more information about how
     this value is used in the meshing process.

‘Physical Point ( EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION> ) <+|->= { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a physical point.  The EXPRESSION inside the parentheses is
     the physical point's tag; the EXPRESSION-LIST on the right hand
     side should contain the tags of all the elementary points that need
     to be grouped inside the physical point.  If a STRING-EXPRESSION is
     given instead instead of EXPRESSION inside the parentheses, a
     string label is associated with the physical tag, which can be
     either provided explicitly (after the comma) or not (in which case
     a unique tag is automatically created).

5.2.2 Curves
------------

‘Line ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION };’
     Create a straight line segment.  The EXPRESSION inside the
     parentheses is the line segment's tag; the two EXPRESSIONs inside
     the braces on the right hand side give tags of the start and end
     points of the segment.

‘Bezier ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a Bezier curve.  The EXPRESSION-LIST contains the tags of
     the control points.

‘BSpline ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a cubic BSpline.  The EXPRESSION-LIST contains the tags of
     the control points.  Creates a periodic curve if the first and last
     points are identical.

‘Spline ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a spline going through the points in EXPRESSION-LIST.  With
     the built-in geometry kernel this constructs a Catmull-Rom spline.
     With the OpenCASCADE kernel, this constructs a C2 BSpline.  Creates
     a periodic curve if the first and last points are identical.

‘Circle ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION <, ...> };’
     Create a circle arc.  If three EXPRESSIONs are provided on the
     right-hand-side they define the start point, the center and the end
     point of the arc; the three points should not be colinear.  With
     the built-in geometry kernel the arc should be strictly smaller
     than Pi.  With the OpenCASCADE kernel, if between 4 and 6
     expressions are provided the arc is created in the X-Y plane: the
     first three define the coordinates of the center, the next one
     defines the radius, and the optional next two the start and end
     angle.

‘Ellipse ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION <, ...> };’
     Create an ellipse arc.  If four EXPRESSIONs are provided on the
     right-hand-side they define the start point, the center point, a
     point anywhere on the major axis and the end point.  If the first
     point is a major axis point, the third expression can be ommitted.
     With the OpenCASCADE kernel, if between 5 and 7 expressions are
     provided, the first three define the coordinates of the center, the
     next two define the major (along the x-axis) and minor radii (along
     the y-axis), and the next two the start and end angle.  Note that
     OpenCASCADE does not allow creating ellipse arcs with the major
     radius smaller than the minor radius.

‘Compound Spline | BSpline ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST } Using EXPRESSION;’
     Create a spline or a BSpline from control points sampled on the
     curves in EXPRESSION-LIST.  ‘Using’ EXPRESSION specifies the number
     of intervals on each curve to compute the sampling points.
     Compound splines and BSplines are only available with the built-in
     geometry kernel.

‘Curve Loop ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create an oriented loop of curves, i.e.  a closed wire.  The
     EXPRESSION inside the parentheses is the curve loop's tag; the
     EXPRESSION-LIST on the right hand side should contain the tags of
     all the curves that constitute the curve loop.  A curve loop must
     be a closed loop.  With the built-in geometry kernel, the curves
     should be ordered and oriented, using negative tags to specify
     reverse orientation.  (If the orientation is correct, but the
     ordering is wrong, Gmsh will actually reorder the list internally
     to create a consistent loop; the built-in kernel also supports
     multiple curve loops (or subloops) in a single ‘Curve Loop’
     command, but this is not recommended).  With the OpenCASCADE kernel
     the curve loop is always oriented according to the orientation of
     its first curve; negative tags can be specified for compatibility
     with the built-in kernel, but are simply ignored.  Curve loops are
     used to create surfaces: see Surfaces.

‘Wire ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a path made of curves.  Wires are only available with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel.  They are used to create ‘ThruSections’ and
     extrusions along paths.

‘Physical Curve ( EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION> ) <+|->= { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a physical curve.  The EXPRESSION inside the parentheses is
     the physical curve's tag; the EXPRESSION-LIST on the right hand
     side should contain the tags of all the elementary curves that need
     to be grouped inside the physical curve.  If a STRING-EXPRESSION is
     given instead instead of EXPRESSION inside the parentheses, a
     string label is associated with the physical tag, which can be
     either provided explicitly (after the comma) or not (in which case
     a unique tag is automatically created).  In some mesh file formats
     (e.g.  MSH2), specifying negative tags in the EXPRESSION-LIST will
     reverse the orientation of the mesh elements belonging to the
     corresponding elementary curves in the saved mesh file.

5.2.3 Surfaces
--------------

‘Plane Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a plane surface.  The EXPRESSION inside the parentheses is
     the plane surface's tag; the EXPRESSION-LIST on the right hand side
     should contain the tags of all the curve loops defining the
     surface.  The first curve loop defines the exterior boundary of the
     surface; all other curve loops define holes in the surface.  A
     curve loop defining a hole should not have any curves in common
     with the exterior curve loop (in which case it is not a hole, and
     the two surfaces should be defined separately).  Likewise, a curve
     loop defining a hole should not have any curves in common with
     another curve loop defining a hole in the same surface (in which
     case the two curve loops should be combined).

‘Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST } < In Sphere { EXPRESSION }, Using Point { EXPRESSION-LIST } >;’
     Create a surface filling.  With the built-in kernel, the first
     curve loop should be composed of either three or four curves, the
     surface is constructed using transfinite interpolation, and the
     optional ‘In Sphere’ argument forces the surface to be a spherical
     patch (the extra parameter gives the tag of the center of the
     sphere).  With the OpenCASCADE kernel, a BSpline surface is
     constructucted by optimization to match the bounding curves, as
     well as the (optional) points provided after ‘Using Point’.

‘BSpline Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a BSpline surface filling.  Only a single curve loop made of
     2, 3 or 4 BSpline curves can be provided.  ‘BSpline Surface’ is
     only available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Bezier Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a Bezier surface filling.  Only a single curve loop made of
     2, 3 or 4 Bezier curves can be provided.  ‘Bezier Surface’ is only
     available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Disk ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Creates a disk.  When four expressions are provided on the right
     hand side (3 coordinates of the center and the radius), the disk is
     circular.  A fifth expression defines the radius along Y, leading
     to an ellipse.  ‘Disk’ is only available with the OpenCASCADE
     kernel.

‘Rectangle ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a rectangle.  The 3 first expressions define the lower-left
     corner; the next 2 define the width and height.  If a 6th
     expression is provided, it defines a radius to round the rectangle
     corners.  ‘Rectangle’ is only available with the OpenCASCADE
     kernel.

‘Surface Loop ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST } < Using Sewing >;’
     Create a surface loop (a shell).  The EXPRESSION inside the
     parentheses is the surface loop's tag; the EXPRESSION-LIST on the
     right hand side should contain the tags of all the surfaces that
     constitute the surface loop.  A surface loop must always represent
     a closed shell, and the surfaces should be oriented consistently
     (using negative tags to specify reverse orientation).  (Surface
     loops are used to create volumes: see Volumes.)  With the
     OpenCASCADE kernel, the optional ‘Using Sewing’ argument allows to
     build a shell made of surfaces that share geometrically identical
     (but topologically different) curves.

‘Physical Surface ( EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION> ) <+|->= { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a physical surface.  The EXPRESSION inside the parentheses
     is the physical surface's tag; the EXPRESSION-LIST on the right
     hand side should contain the tags of all the elementary surfaces
     that need to be grouped inside the physical surface.  If a
     STRING-EXPRESSION is given instead instead of EXPRESSION inside the
     parentheses, a string label is associated with the physical tag,
     which can be either provided explicitly (after the comma) or not
     (in which case a unique tag is automatically created).  In some
     mesh file formats (e.g.  MSH2), specifying negative tags in the
     EXPRESSION-LIST will reverse the orientation of the mesh elements
     belonging to the corresponding elementary surfaces in the saved
     mesh file.

5.2.4 Volumes
-------------

‘Volume ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a volume.  The EXPRESSION inside the parentheses is the
     volume's tag; the EXPRESSION-LIST on the right hand side should
     contain the tags of all the surface loops defining the volume.  The
     first surface loop defines the exterior boundary of the volume; all
     other surface loops define holes in the volume.  A surface loop
     defining a hole should not have any surfaces in common with the
     exterior surface loop (in which case it is not a hole, and the two
     volumes should be defined separately).  Likewise, a surface loop
     defining a hole should not have any surfaces in common with another
     surface loop defining a hole in the same volume (in which case the
     two surface loops should be combined).

‘Sphere ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a sphere, defined by the 3 coordinates of its center and a
     radius.  Additional expressions define 3 angle limits.  The first
     two optional arguments define the polar angle opening (from -Pi/2
     to Pi/2).  The optional 'angle3' argument defines the azimuthal
     opening (from 0 to 2*Pi).  ‘Sphere’ is only available with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Box ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a box, defined by the 3 coordinates of a point and the 3
     extents.  ‘Box’ is only available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Cylinder ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a cylinder, defined by the 3 coordinates of the center of
     the first circular face, the 3 components of the vector defining
     its axis and its radius.  An additional expression defines the
     angular opening.  ‘Cylinder’ is only available with the OpenCASCADE
     kernel.

‘Torus ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a torus, defined by the 3 coordinates of its center and 2
     radii.  An additional expression defines the angular opening.
     ‘Torus’ is only available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Cone ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a cone, defined by the 3 coordinates of the center of the
     first circular face, the 3 components of the vector defining its
     axis and the two radii of the faces (these radii can be zero).  An
     additional expression defines the angular opening.  ‘Cone’ is only
     available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Wedge ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a right angular wedge, defined by the 3 coordinates of the
     right-angle point and the 3 extends.  An additional parameter
     defines the top X extent (zero by default).  ‘Wedge’ is only
     available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘ThruSections ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a volume defined through curve loops.  ‘ThruSections’ is
     only available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Ruled ThruSections ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Same as ‘ThruSections’, but the surfaces created on the boundary
     are forced to be ruled.  ‘Ruled ThruSections’ is only available
     with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Physical Volume ( EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION> ) <+|->= { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Create a physical volume.  The EXPRESSION inside the parentheses is
     the physical volume's tag; the EXPRESSION-LIST on the right hand
     side should contain the tags of all the elementary volumes that
     need to be grouped inside the physical volume.  If a
     STRING-EXPRESSION is given instead instead of EXPRESSION inside the
     parentheses, a string label is associated with the physical tag,
     which can be either provided explicitly (after the comma) or not
     (in which case a unique tag is automatically created).

5.2.5 Extrusions
----------------

Curves, surfaces and volumes can also be created through extrusion of
points, curves and surfaces, respectively.  Here is the syntax of the
geometrical extrusion commands (go to Structured grids, to see how these
commands can be extended in order to also extrude the mesh):

EXTRUDE:
‘Extrude { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXTRUDE-LIST }’
     Extrude all elementary entities (points, curves or surfaces) in
     EXTRUDE-LIST using a translation.  The EXPRESSION-LIST should
     contain three EXPRESSIONs giving the X, Y and Z components of the
     translation vector.

‘Extrude { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { EXTRUDE-LIST }’
     Extrude all elementary entities (points, curves or surfaces) in
     EXTRUDE-LIST using a rotation.  The first EXPRESSION-LIST should
     contain three EXPRESSIONs giving the X, Y and Z direction of the
     rotation axis; the second EXPRESSION-LIST should contain three
     EXPRESSIONs giving the X, Y and Z components of any point on this
     axis; the last EXPRESSION should contain the rotation angle (in
     radians).  With the built-in geometry kernel the angle should be
     strictly smaller than Pi.

‘Extrude { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { EXTRUDE-LIST }’
     Extrude all elementary entities (points, curves or surfaces) in
     EXTRUDE-LIST using a translation combined with a rotation (to
     produce a "twist").  The first EXPRESSION-LIST should contain three
     EXPRESSIONs giving the X, Y and Z components of the translation
     vector; the second EXPRESSION-LIST should contain three EXPRESSIONs
     giving the X, Y and Z direction of the rotation axis, which should
     match the direction of the translation; the third EXPRESSION-LIST
     should contain three EXPRESSIONs giving the X, Y and Z components
     of any point on this axis; the last EXPRESSION should contain the
     rotation angle (in radians), which should be strictly smaller than
     Pi.  Only available with the built-in geometry kernel.

‘Extrude { EXTRUDE-LIST }’
     Extrude entities in EXTRUDE-LIST using a translation along their
     normal.  Only available with the built-in geometry kernel.

‘Extrude { EXTRUDE-LIST } Using Wire { EXPRESSION-LIST }’
     Extrude entities in EXTRUDE-LIST along the give wire.  Only
     available with the OpenCASCADE geometry kernel.

‘ThruSections { EXPRESSION-LIST }’
     Create surfaces through the given curve loops or wires.
     ‘ThruSections’ is only available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Ruled ThruSections { EXPRESSION-LIST }’
     Create ruled surfaces through the given curve loops or wires.
     ‘Ruled ThruSections’ is only available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Fillet { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST }’
     Fillet volumes (first list) on some curves (second list), using the
     provided radii (third list).  The radius list can either contain a
     single radius, as many radii as curves, or twice as many as curves
     (in which case different radii are provided for the begin and end
     points of the curves).  ‘Fillet’ is only available with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Chamfer { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST }’
     Chamfer volumes (first list) on some curves (second list), using
     the provided distance (fourth list) measured on the given surfaces
     (third list).  The distance list can either contain a single
     distance, as many distances as curves, or twice as many as curves
     (in which case the first in each pair is measured on the given
     corresponding surface).  ‘Chamfer’ is only available with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel.

with

     EXTRUDE-LIST:
       <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ...

As explained in Floating point expressions, EXTRUDE can be used in an
expression, in which case it returns a list of tags.  By default, the
list contains the "top" of the extruded entity at index 0 and the
extruded entity at index 1, followed by the "sides" of the extruded
entity at indices 2, 3, etc.  For example:

       Point(1) = {0,0,0};
       Point(2) = {1,0,0};
       Line(1) = {1, 2};
       out[] = Extrude{0,1,0}{ Curve{1}; };
       Printf("top curve = %g", out[0]);
       Printf("surface = %g", out[1]);
       Printf("side curves = %g and %g", out[2], out[3]);

This behaviour can be changed with the
‘Geometry.ExtrudeReturnLateralEntities’ option (see Geometry options).

5.2.6 Boolean operations
------------------------

Boolean operations can be applied on curves, surfaces and volumes.  All
boolean operation act on two lists of elementary entities.  The first
list represents the object; the second represents the tool.  The general
syntax for boolean operations is as follows:

BOOLEAN:
‘BooleanIntersection { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST }’
     Compute the intersection of the object and the tool.
‘BooleanUnion { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST }’
     Compute the union of the object and the tool.
‘BooleanDifference { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST }’
     Subtract the tool from the object.
‘BooleanFragments { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST }’
     Compute all the fragments resulting from the intersection of the
     entities in the object and in the tool, making all interfaces
     conformal.  When applied to entities of different dimensions, the
     lower dimensional entities will be automatically embedded in the
     higher dimensional entities if they are not on their boundary.
with
     BOOLEAN-LIST:
       <Physical> Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... |
       Delete ;

If ‘Delete’ is specified in the BOOLEAN-LIST, the tool and/or the object
is deleted.

As explained in Floating point expressions, BOOLEAN can be used in an
expression, in which case it returns the list of tags of the highest
dimensional entities created by the boolean operation.  See
examples/boolean
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/boolean/) for
examples.

An alternative syntax exists for boolean operations, which can be used
when it is known beforehand that the operation will result in a single
(highest-dimensional) entity:

BOOLEAN-EXPLICIT:
‘BooleanIntersection ( EXPRESSION ) = { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST };’
     Compute the intersection of the object and the tool and assign the
     result the tag EXPRESSION.
‘BooleanUnion ( EXPRESSION ) = { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST };’
     Compute the union of the object and the tool and assign the result
     the tag EXPRESSION.
‘BooleanDifference ( EXPRESSION ) = { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST };’
     Subtract the tool from the object and assign the result the tag
     EXPRESSION.

Again, see examples/boolean
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/boolean/) for
examples.

Boolean operations are only available with the OpenCASCADE geometry
kernel.

5.2.7 Transformations
---------------------

Geometrical transformations can be applied to elementary entities, or to
copies of elementary entities (using the ‘Duplicata’ command: see
below).  The syntax of the transformation commands is:

TRANSFORM:
‘Dilate { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     Scale all elementary entities in TRANSFORM-LIST by a factor
     EXPRESSION.  The EXPRESSION-LIST should contain three EXPRESSIONs
     giving the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the center of the homothetic
     transformation.

‘Dilate { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION } } { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     Scale all elementary entities in TRANSFORM-LIST using different
     factors along X, Y and Z (the three EXPRESSIONs).  The
     EXPRESSION-LIST should contain three EXPRESSIONs giving the X, Y,
     and Z coordinates of the center of the homothetic transformation.

‘Rotate { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     Rotate all elementary entities in TRANSFORM-LIST by an angle of
     EXPRESSION radians.  The first EXPRESSION-LIST should contain three
     EXPRESSIONs giving the X, Y and Z direction of the rotation axis;
     the second EXPRESSION-LIST should contain three EXPRESSIONs giving
     the X, Y and Z components of any point on this axis.

‘Symmetry { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     Transform all elementary entities symmetrically to a plane.  The
     EXPRESSION-LIST should contain four EXPRESSIONs giving the
     coefficients of the plane's equation.

‘Affine { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     Apply a 4 x 4 affine transformation matrix (16 entries given by
     row; only 12 can be provided for convenience) to all elementary
     entities.  Currently only available with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Translate { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     Translate all elementary entities in TRANSFORM-LIST.  The
     EXPRESSION-LIST should contain three EXPRESSIONs giving the X, Y
     and Z components of the translation vector.

‘Boundary { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     (Not a transformation per-se.)  Return the entities on the boundary
     of the elementary entities in TRANSFORM-LIST.  This operation
     triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh
     model.

‘OrientedBoundary { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     (Not a transformation per-se.)  Same as ‘Boundary’, but returns
     entity tags with signs indicating their orientation in the
     boundary.

‘CombinedBoundary { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     (Not a transformation per-se.)  Return the boundary of the
     elementary entities, combined as if a single entity, in
     TRANSFORM-LIST.  Useful to compute the boundary of a complex part.
     This operation triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the
     internal Gmsh model.

‘OrientedCombinedBoundary { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     (Not a transformation per-se.)  Same as ‘CombinedBoundary’, but
     returns entity tags with signs indicating their orientation in the
     boundary.

‘PointsOf { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     (Not a transformation per-se.)  Return all the geometrical points
     on the boundary of the elementary entities.  Useful to compute the
     boundary of a complex part.  This operation triggers a
     synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Closest { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST }’
     (Not a transformation per-se.)  Return the entities from
     TRANSFORM-LIST ordered by their distance to the point with
     coordinates EXPRESSION-LIST.  Currently only available with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel.

‘Intersect Curve { EXPRESSION-LIST } Surface { EXPRESSION }’
     (Not a transformation per-se.)  Return the intersections of the
     curves given in EXPRESSION-LIST with the specified surface.
     Currently only available with the built-in kernel.

‘Split Curve { EXPRESSION } Point { EXPRESSION-LIST }’
     (Not a transformation per-se.)  Split the curve EXPRESSION on the
     specified control points.  Only available with the built-in kernel,
     for splines and BSplines.

with

     TRANSFORM-LIST:
       <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume
         { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... |
       Duplicata { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume
         { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... } |
       TRANSFORM

5.2.8 Other geometry commands
-----------------------------

Here is a list of all other geometry commands currently available:

‘Coherence;’
     Remove all duplicate elementary entities (e.g., points having
     identical coordinates).  Note that with the built-in geometry
     kernel Gmsh executes the ‘Coherence’ command automatically after
     each geometrical transformation, unless ‘Geometry.AutoCoherence’ is
     set to zero (see Geometry options).  With the OpenCASCADE geometry
     kernel, ‘Coherence’ is simply a shortcut for a ‘BooleanFragments’
     operation on all entities, with the ‘Delete’ operator applied to
     all operands.

‘HealShapes;’
     Apply the shape healing procedure(s), according to
     ‘Geometry.OCCFixDegenerated’, ‘Geometry.OCCFixSmallEdges’,
     ‘Geometry.OCCFixSmallFaces’, ‘Geometry.OCCSewFaces’,
     ‘Geometry.OCCMakeSolids’.  Only available with the OpenCASCADE
     geometry kernel.

‘< Recursive > Delete { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }’
     Delete all elementary entities whose tags are given in
     EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL.  If an entity is linked to another entity
     (for example, if a point is used as a control point of a curve),
     ‘Delete’ has no effect (the curve will have to be deleted before
     the point can).  The ‘Recursive’ variant deletes the entities as
     well as all its sub-entities of lower dimension.  This operation
     triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh
     model.

‘Delete Embedded { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }’
     Delete all the embedded entities in the elementary entities whose
     tags are given in EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL.  This operation triggers
     a synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘SetMaxTag Point | Curve | Surface | Volume ( EXPRESSION )’
     Force the maximum tag for a category of entities to a given value,
     so that subsequently created entities in the same category will not
     have tags smaller than the given value.

‘< Recursive > Hide { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }’
     Hide the entities listed in EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL.

‘Hide { : }’
     Hide all entities.

‘< Recursive > Show { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }’
     Show the entities listed in EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL.

‘Show { : }’
     Show all entities.

‘Sphere | PolarSphere ( EXPRESSION ) = {EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION};’
     Change the current (surface) geometry used by the built-in geometry
     kernel to a (polar) sphere, defined by the two point tags specified
     on the right hand side.  The EXPRESSION between parentheses on the
     left hand side specifies a new unique tag for this geometry.

‘Parametric Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = "STRING" "STRING" "STRING";’
     Change the current (surface) geometry used by the built-in geometry
     kernel to a parametric surface defined by the three strings
     expression evaluating to the x, y and z coordinates.  The
     EXPRESSION between parentheses on the left hand side specifies a
     new unique tag for this geometry.

‘Coordinates Surface EXPRESSION;’
     Change the current (surface) geometry used by the built-in geometry
     kernel to the geometry identified by the given EXPRESSION.

‘Euclidian Coordinates ;’
     Restore the default planar geometry for the built-in geometry
     kernel.

5.3 Mesh scripting commands
===========================

The mesh module scripting commands allow to modify the mesh element
sizes and specify structured grid parameters.  Certain meshing actions
(e.g.  "mesh all the surfaces") can also be specified in the script
files, but are usually performed either in the GUI or on the command
line (see Gmsh graphical user interface, and Gmsh command-line
interface).

5.3.1 Mesh element sizes
------------------------

Here are the mesh commands that are related to the specification of mesh
element sizes:

‘MeshSize { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION;’
     Modify the prescribed mesh element size of the points whose tags
     are listed in EXPRESSION-LIST.  The new value is given by
     EXPRESSION.
‘Field[EXPRESSION] = STRING;’
     Create a new field (with tag EXPRESSION), of type STRING.
‘Field[EXPRESSION].STRING = STRING-EXPRESSION | EXPRESSION | EXPRESSION-LIST;’
     Set the option STRING of the EXPRESSION-th field.
‘Background Field = EXPRESSION;’
     Select the EXPRESSION-th field as the one used to compute element
     sizes.  Only one background field can be given; if you want to
     combine several field, use the ‘Min’ or ‘Max’ field (see below).

5.3.2 Structured grids
----------------------

‘Extrude { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXTRUDE-LIST LAYERS }’
     Extrude both the geometry and the mesh using a translation (see
     Extrusions).  The LAYERS option determines how the mesh is extruded
     and has the following syntax:

          LAYERS:
            Layers { EXPRESSION } |
            Layers { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST } } |
            Recombine < EXPRESSION >; ...
            QuadTriNoNewVerts <RecombLaterals>; |
            QuadTriAddVerts <RecombLaterals>; ...

     In the first ‘Layers’ form, EXPRESSION gives the number of elements
     to be created in the (single) layer.  In the second form, the first
     EXPRESSION-LIST defines how many elements should be created in each
     extruded layer, and the second EXPRESSION-LIST gives the normalized
     height of each layer (the list should contain a sequence of N
     numbers 0 < H1 < H2 < ... < HN <= 1).  See t3, for an example.

     For curve extrusions, the ‘Recombine’ option will recombine
     triangles into quadrangles when possible.  For surface extrusions,
     the ‘Recombine’ option will recombine tetrahedra into prisms,
     hexahedra or pyramids.

     Please note that, starting with Gmsh 2.0, region tags cannot be
     specified explicitly anymore in ‘Layers’ commands.  Instead, as
     with all other geometry commands, you must use the automatically
     created entity identifier created by the extrusion command.  For
     example, the following extrusion command will return the tag of the
     new "top" surface in ‘num[0]’ and the tag of the new volume in
     ‘num[1]’:
          num[] = Extrude {0,0,1} { Surface{1}; Layers{10}; };

     ‘QuadTriNoNewVerts’ and ‘QuadTriAddVerts’ allow to connect
     structured, extruded volumes containing quadrangle-faced elements
     to structured or unstructured tetrahedral volumes, by subdividing
     into triangles any quadrangles on boundary surfaces shared with
     tetrahedral volumes.  (They have no effect for 1D or 2D
     extrusions.)  ‘QuadTriNoNewVerts’ subdivides any of the region's
     quad-faced 3D elements that touch these boundary triangles into
     pyramids, prisms, or tetrahedra as necessary, all without adding
     new nodes.  ‘QuadTriAddVerts’ works in a similar way, but
     subdivides 3D elements touching the boundary triangles by adding a
     new node inside each element at the node-based centroid.  Either
     method results in a structured extrusion with an outer layer of
     subdivided elements that interface the inner, unmodified elements
     to the triangle-meshed region boundaries.

     In some rare cases, due to certain lateral boundary conditions, it
     may not be possible make a valid element subdivision with
     ‘QuadTriNoNewVerts’ without adding additional nodes.  In this case,
     an internal node is created at the node-based centroid of the
     element.  The element is then divided using that node.  When an
     internal node is created with ‘QuadTriNoNewVerts’, the user is
     alerted by a warning message sent for each instance; however, the
     mesh will still be valid and conformal.

     Both ‘QuadTriNoNewVerts’ and ‘QuadTriAddVerts’ can be used with the
     optional ‘RecombLaterals’ keyword.  By default, the QuadTri
     algorithms will mesh any free laterals as triangles, if possible.
     ‘RecombLaterals’ forces any free laterals to remain as quadrangles,
     if possible.  Lateral surfaces between two QuadTri regions will
     always be meshed as quadrangles.

     Note that the QuadTri algorithms will handle all potential meshing
     conflicts along the lateral surfaces of the extrusion.  In other
     words, QuadTri will not subdivide a lateral that must remain as
     quadrangles, nor will it leave a lateral as quadrangles if it
     _must_ be divided.  The user should therefore feel free to mix
     different types of neighboring regions with a QuadTri meshed
     region; the mesh should work.  However, be aware that the top
     surface of the QuadTri extrusion will always be meshed as
     triangles, unless it is extruded back onto the original source in a
     toroidal loop (a case which also works with QuadTri).

     ‘QuadTriNoNewVerts’ and ‘QuadTriAddVerts’ may be used
     interchangeably, but ‘QuadTriAddVerts’ often gives better element
     quality.

     If the user wishes to interface a structured extrusion to a
     tetrahedral volume without modifying the original structured mesh,
     the user may create dedicated interface volumes around the
     structured geometry and apply a QuadTri algorithm to those volumes
     only.

‘Extrude { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { EXTRUDE-LIST LAYERS }’
     Extrude both the geometry and the mesh using a rotation (see
     Extrusions).  The LAYERS option is defined as above.  With the
     built-in geometry kernel the angle should be strictly smaller than
     Pi.  With the OpenCASCADE kernel the angle should be strictly
     smaller than 2 Pi.

‘Extrude { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { EXTRUDE-LIST LAYERS }’
     Extrude both the geometry and the mesh using a combined translation
     and rotation (see Extrusions).  The LAYERS option is defined as
     above.  With the built-in geometry kernel the angle should be
     strictly smaller than Pi.  With the OpenCASCADE kernel the angle
     should be strictly smaller than 2 Pi.

‘Extrude { Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST }; LAYERS < Using Index[EXPR]; > < Using View[EXPR]; > < ScaleLastLayer; > }’
     Extrude a "topological" boundary layer from the specified surfaces.
     If no view is specified, the mesh of the boundary layer entities is
     created using a gouraud-shaded (smoothed) normal field.  If a
     scalar view is specified, it locally prescribes the thickness of
     the layer.  If a vector-valued view is specified it locally
     prescribes both the extrusion direction and the thickness.
     Specifying a boundary layer index allows to extrude several
     independent boundary layers (with independent normal smoothing).
     ‘ScaleLastLayer’ scales the height of the last (top) layer of each
     normal's extrusion by the average length of the edges in all the
     source elements that contain the source node (actually, the average
     of the averages for each element-edges actually touching the source
     node are counted twice).  This allows the height of the last layer
     to vary along with the size of the source elements in order to
     achieve better element quality.  For example, in a boundary layer
     extruded with the Layers definition 'Layers{ {1,4,2}, {0.5, 0.6,
     1.6} },' a source node adjacent to elements with an overall average
     edge length of 5.0 will extrude to have a last layer height =
     (1.6-0.6) * 5.0 = 5.0.  Topological boundary layers are only
     available with the built-in kernel.  See sphere_boundary_layer.geo
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/benchmarks/extrude/sphere_boundary_layer.geo)
     or sphere_boundary_layer_from_view.geo
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/benchmarks/extrude/sphere_boundary_layer_from_view.geo)
     for ‘.geo’ file examples, and aneurysm.py
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/aneurysm.py)
     for an API example.

     The advantage of this approach is that it provides a topological
     description of the boundary layer, which means that it can be
     connected to other geometrical entities.  The disadvantage is that
     the mesh is just a "simple" extrusion: no fans, no special
     treatments of reentrant corners, etc.  Another boundary layer
     algorithm is currently available through the ‘BoundaryLayer’ field
     (see Specifying mesh element sizes).  It only works in 2D however,
     and is a meshing constraint: it works directly at the mesh level,
     without creating geometrical entities.  See e.g.  BL0.geo
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/benchmarks/2d/BL0.geo)
     or naca12_2d.geo
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/benchmarks/2d/naca12_2d.geo).

‘Transfinite Curve { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } = EXPRESSION < Using Progression | Bump EXPRESSION >;’
     Select the curves in EXPRESSION-LIST to be meshed with the 1D
     transfinite algorithm.  The EXPRESSION on the right hand side gives
     the number of nodes that will be created on the curve (this
     overrides any other mesh element size prescription--see Specifying
     mesh element sizes).  The optional argument '‘Using Progression
     EXPRESSION’' instructs the transfinite algorithm to distribute the
     nodes following a geometric progression (‘Progression 2’ meaning
     for example that each line element in the series will be twice as
     long as the preceding one).  The optional argument '‘Using Bump
     EXPRESSION’' instructs the transfinite algorithm to distribute the
     nodes with a refinement at both ends of the curve.  This operation
     triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh
     model.

‘Transfinite Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } < = { EXPRESSION-LIST } > < Left | Right | Alternate | AlternateRight | AlternateLeft > ;’
     Select surfaces to be meshed with the 2D transfinite algorithm.
     The EXPRESSION-LIST on the right-hand-side should contain the tags
     of three or four points on the boundary of the surface that define
     the corners of the transfinite interpolation.  If no tags are
     given, the transfinite algorithm will try to find the corners
     automatically.  The optional argument specifies the way the
     triangles are oriented when the mesh is not recombined.
     ‘Alternate’ is a synonym for ‘AlternateRight’.  For 3-sided
     surfaces a specific algorithm can be used to generate structured
     triangular by setting ‘Mesh.TransfiniteTri’ to 1.  Examples can be
     found in benchmarks/transfinite
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/benchmarks/transfinite).
     This operation triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the
     internal Gmsh model.

‘Transfinite Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST } < = { EXPRESSION-LIST } > ;’
     Select five- or six-face volumes to be meshed with the 3D
     transfinite algorithm.  The EXPRESSION-LIST on the right-hand-side
     should contain the tags of the six or eight points on the boundary
     of the volume that define the corners of the transfinite
     interpolation.  If no tags are given, the transfinite algorithm
     will try to find the corners automatically.  This operation
     triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh
     model.

‘TransfQuadTri { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;’
     Apply the transfinite QuadTri algorithm on the EXPRESSION-LIST list
     of volumes.  A transfinite volume with any combination of
     recombined and un-recombined transfinite boundary surfaces is valid
     when meshed with ‘TransfQuadTri’.  When applied to non-Transfinite
     volumes, TransfQuadTri has no effect on those volumes.  This
     operation triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the
     internal Gmsh model.

5.3.3 Other mesh commands
-------------------------

Here is a list of all other mesh commands currently available:

‘Mesh EXPRESSION;’
     Generate EXPRESSION-D mesh.  This operation triggers a
     synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘TransformMesh { EXPRESSION-LIST };’
     Transform all the node coordinates in the current mesh using the
     4x4 affine transformation matrix given by row (only 12 entries can
     be provided for convenience).

‘TransformMesh { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST };’
     Transform the node coordinates in the current mesh of all the
     elementary entities in TRANSFORM-LIST using the 4x4 affine
     transformation matrix given by row (only 12 entries can be provided
     for convenience).

‘RefineMesh;’
     Refine the current mesh by splitting all elements.  If
     ‘Mesh.SecondOrderLinear’ is set, the new nodes are inserted by
     linear interpolation.  Otherwise they are snapped on the actual
     geometry.  This operation triggers a synchronization of the CAD
     model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘OptimizeMesh STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Optimize the current mesh with the given algorithm (currently
     ‘"Gmsh"’ for default tetrahedral mesh optimizer, ‘"Netgen"’ for
     Netgen optimizer, ‘"HighOrder"’ for direct high-order mesh
     optimizer, ‘"HighOrderElastic"’ for high-order elastic smoother,
     ‘"HighOrderFastCurving"’ for fast curving algorithm,
     ‘"UntangleTets''’ for untangling tetrahedral meshes,
     ‘"UntangleTris''’ for untangling xy-planar triangular meshes,
     ‘"Laplace2D"’ for Laplace smoothing, ‘"Relocate2D"’ and
     ‘"Relocate3D"’ for node relocation).

‘AdaptMesh { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST } { { EXPRESSION-LIST < , ... > } };’
     Perform adaptive mesh generation.  Documentation not yet available.

‘RelocateMesh Point | Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL };’
     Relocate the mesh nodes on the given entities using the parametric
     coordinates stored in the nodes.  Useful for creating perturbation
     of meshes e.g.  for sensitivity analyzes.  This operation triggers
     a synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘RecombineMesh;’
     Recombine the current mesh into quadrangles.  This operation
     triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh
     model.

‘SetOrder EXPRESSION;’
     Change the order of the elements in the current mesh.

‘PartitionMesh EXPRESSION;’
     Partition the mesh into EXPRESSION, using current partitioning
     options.

‘Point | Curve { EXPRESSION-LIST } In Surface { EXPRESSION };’
     Add a meshing constraint to embed the point(s) or curve(s) in the
     given surface.  The surface mesh will conform to the mesh of the
     point(s) or curves(s).  This operation triggers a synchronization
     of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Point | Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } In Volume { EXPRESSION };’
     Add a meshing constraint to embed the point(s), curve(s) or
     surface(s) in the given volume.  The volume mesh will conform to
     the mesh of the corresponding point(s), curve(s) or surface(s).
     This is only supported with the 3D Delaunay algorithms.  This
     operation triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the
     internal Gmsh model.

‘Periodic Curve { EXPRESSION-LIST } = { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;’
     Add a meshing constraint to force the mesh of the curves on the
     left-hand side to match the mesh of the curves on the right-hand
     side (masters).  If used after meshing, generate the periodic node
     correspondence information assuming the mesh of the curves on the
     left-hand side effectively matches the mesh of the curves on the
     right-hand side.  This operation triggers a synchronization of the
     CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Periodic Surface EXPRESSION { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;’
     Add a meshing constraint to force the mesh of the surface on the
     left-hand side (with boundary edges specified between braces) to
     match the mesh of the master surface on the right-hand side (with
     boundary edges specified between braces).  If used after meshing,
     generate the periodic node correspondence information assuming the
     mesh of the surface on the left-hand side effectively matches the
     mesh of the master surface on the right-hand side (useful for
     structured and extruded meshes).  This operation triggers a
     synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Periodic Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = { EXPRESSION-LIST } Affine | Translate { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;’
     Add a meshing constraint to force mesh of curves or surfaces on the
     left-hand side to match the mesh of the curves or surfaces on the
     right-hand side (masters), using prescribed geometrical
     transformations.  If used after meshing, generate the periodic node
     correspondence information assuming the mesh of the curves or
     surfaces on the left-hand side effectively matches the mesh of the
     curves or surfaces on the right-hand side (useful for structured
     and extruded meshes).  ‘Affine’ takes a 4 x 4 affine transformation
     matrix given by row (only 12 entries can be provided for
     convenience); ‘Translate’ takes the 3 components of the translation
     as in Transformations.  This operation triggers a synchronization
     of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Periodic Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = { EXPRESSION-LIST } Rotate { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } ;’
     Add a meshing constraint to force the mesh of curves or surfaces on
     the left-hand side to match the mesh of the curves on the
     right-hand side (masters), using a rotation specified as in
     Transformations.  If used after meshing, generate the periodic node
     correspondence information assuming the mesh of the curves or
     surfaces on the left-hand side effectively matches the mesh of the
     curves or surfaces on the right-hand side (useful for structured
     and extruded meshes).  This operation triggers a synchronization of
     the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Coherence Mesh;’
     Remove all duplicate mesh nodes in the current mesh.

‘CreateTopology < { EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION } > ;’
     Create a boundary representation from the mesh of the current model
     if the model does not have one (e.g.  when imported from mesh file
     formats with no BRep representation of the underlying model).  If
     the first optional argument is set (or not given), make all volumes
     and surfaces simply connected first; if the second optional
     argument is set (or not given), clear any built-in CAD kernel
     entities and export the discrete entities in the built-in CAD
     kernel.

‘CreateGeometry < { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... } > ;’
     Create a geometry for discrete entities (represented solely by a
     mesh, without an underlying CAD description) in the current model,
     i.e.  create a parametrization for discrete curves and surfaces,
     assuming that each can be parametrized with a single map.  If no
     entities are given, create a geometry for all discrete entities.

‘ClassifySurfaces { EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION < , EXPRESSION > };’
     Classify ("color") the current surface mesh based on an angle
     threshold (the first argument, in radians), and create new discrete
     surfaces, curves and points accordingly.  If the second argument is
     set, also create discrete curves on the boundary if the surface is
     open.  If the third argument is set, create edges and surfaces that
     can be reparametrized with ‘CreateGeometry’.  The last optional
     argument sets an angle threshold to force splitting of the
     generated curves.

‘RenumberMeshNodes;’
     Renumber the node tags in the current mesh in a continuous
     sequence.

‘RenumberMeshElements;’
     Renumber the elements tags in the current mesh in a continuous
     sequence.

‘< Recursive > Color COLOR-EXPRESSION { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }’
     Set the mesh color of the entities in EXPRESSION-LIST to
     COLOR-EXPRESSION.  This operation triggers a synchronization of the
     CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Recombine Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } < = EXPRESSION >;’
     Recombine the triangular meshes of the surfaces listed in
     EXPRESSION-LIST into mixed triangular/quadrangular meshes.  The
     optional EXPRESSION on the right hand side specifies the maximum
     difference (in degrees) allowed between the largest angle of a
     quadrangle and a right angle (a value of 0 would only accept
     quadrangles with right angles; a value of 90 would allow degenerate
     quadrangles; default value is 45).  This operation triggers a
     synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘MeshAlgorithm Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION;’
     Specify the meshing algorithm for the surfaces EXPRESSION-LIST.

‘MeshSizeFromBoundary Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION;’
     Force the mesh size to be extended from the boundary (or not,
     depending on the value of EXPRESSION) for the surfaces
     EXPRESSION-LIST.

‘Compound Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } ;’
     Treat the given entities as a single entity when meshing, i.e.
     perform cross-patch meshing of the entities.

‘ReverseMesh Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } ;’
     Add a constraint to reverse the orientation of the mesh of the
     given curve(s) or surface(s) during meshing.  This operation
     triggers a synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh
     model.

‘ReorientMesh Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;’
     Add a constraint to reorient the meshes (during mesh generation) of
     the bounding surfaces of the given volumes so that the normals
     point outward to the volumes; and if a mesh already exists,
     reorient it.  Currently only available with the OpenCASCADE kernel,
     as it relies on the STL triangulation.  This operation triggers a
     synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Save STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Save the current mesh in a file named STRING-EXPRESSION, using the
     current ‘Mesh.Format’ (see Mesh options).  If the path in
     STRING-EXPRESSION is not absolute, STRING-EXPRESSION is appended to
     the path of the current file.  This operation triggers a
     synchronization of the CAD model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Smoother Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION;’
     Set the number of elliptic smoothing steps for the surfaces listed
     in EXPRESSION-LIST (smoothing only applies to transfinite meshes at
     the moment).  This operation triggers a synchronization of the CAD
     model with the internal Gmsh model.

‘Homology ( { EXPRESSION-LIST } ) { { EXPRESSION-LIST } , { EXPRESSION-LIST } };’
     Compute a basis representation for homology spaces after a mesh has
     been generated.  The first EXPRESSION-LIST is a list of dimensions
     whose homology bases are computed; if empty, all bases are
     computed.  The second EXPRESSION-LIST is a list physical groups
     that constitute the computation domain; if empty, the whole mesh is
     the domain.  The third EXPRESSION-LIST is a list of physical groups
     that constitute the relative subdomain of relative homology
     computation; if empty, absolute homology is computed.  Resulting
     basis representation chains are stored as physical groups in the
     mesh.

‘Cohomology ( { EXPRESSION-LIST } ) { { EXPRESSION-LIST } , { EXPRESSION-LIST } };’
     Similar to command ‘Homology’, but computes a basis representation
     for cohomology spaces instead.

5.4 Post-processing scripting commands
======================================

Here is the list of available post-processing scripting commands.

‘Alias View[EXPRESSION];’
     Create an alias of the EXPRESSION-th post-processing view.

     Note that ‘Alias’ creates a logical duplicate of the view without
     actually duplicating the data in memory.  This is very useful when
     you want multiple simultaneous renderings of the same large dataset
     (usually with different display options), but you cannot afford to
     store all copies in memory.  If what you really want is multiple
     physical copies of the data, just merge the file containing the
     post-processing view multiple times.

‘AliasWithOptions View[EXPRESSION];’
     Create an alias of the EXPRESSION-th post-processing view and
     copies all the options of the EXPRESSION-th view to the new aliased
     view.

‘CopyOptions View[EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION];’
     Copy all the options from the first EXPRESSION-th post-processing
     view to the second one.

‘Combine ElementsByViewName;’
     Combine all the post-processing views having the same name into new
     views.  The combination is done "spatially", i.e., simply by
     appending the elements at the end of the new views.

‘Combine ElementsFromAllViews | Combine Views;’
     Combine all the post-processing views into a single new view.  The
     combination is done "spatially", i.e., simply by appending the
     elements at the end of the new view.

‘Combine ElementsFromVisibleViews;’
     Combine all the visible post-processing views into a single new
     view.  The combination is done "spatially", i.e., simply by
     appending the elements at the end of the new view.

‘Combine TimeStepsByViewName | Combine TimeSteps;’
     Combine the data from all the post-processing views having the same
     name into new multi-time-step views.  The combination is done
     "temporally", i.e., as if the data in each view corresponds to a
     different time instant.  The combination will fail if the meshes in
     all the views are not identical.

‘Combine TimeStepsFromAllViews;’
     Combine the data from all the post-processing views into a new
     multi-time-step view.  The combination is done "temporally", i.e.,
     as if the data in each view corresponds to a different time
     instant.  The combination will fail if the meshes in all the views
     are not identical.

‘Combine TimeStepsFromVisibleViews;’
     Combine the data from all the visible post-processing views into a
     new multi-time-step view.  The combination is done "temporally",
     i.e., as if the data in each view corresponds to a different time
     instant.  The combination will fail if the meshes in all the views
     are not identical.

‘Delete View[EXPRESSION];’
     Delete (remove) the EXPRESSION-th post-processing view.  Note that
     post-processing view indices start at 0.

‘Delete Empty Views;’
     Delete (remove) all the empty post-processing views.

‘Background Mesh View[EXPRESSION];’
     Apply the EXPRESSION-th post-processing view as the current
     background mesh.  Note that post-processing view indices start at
     0.

‘Plugin (STRING) . Run;’
     Execute the plugin STRING.  The list of default plugins is given in
     Gmsh plugins.

‘Plugin (STRING) . STRING = EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Set an option for a given plugin.  See Gmsh plugins, for a list of
     default plugins and t9, for some examples.

‘Save View[EXPRESSION] STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Save the EXPRESSION-th post-processing view in a file named
     STRING-EXPRESSION.  If the path in STRING-EXPRESSION is not
     absolute, STRING-EXPRESSION is appended to the path of the current
     file.

‘SendToServer View[EXPRESSION] STRING-EXPRESSION;’
     Send the EXPRESSION-th post-processing view to the ONELAB server,
     with parameter name STRING-EXPRESSION.

‘View "STRING" { STRING < ( EXPRESSION-LIST ) > { EXPRESSION-LIST }; ... };’
     Create a new post-processing view, named ‘"STRING"’.  This is an
     easy and quite powerful way to import post-processing data: all the
     values are EXPRESSIONS, you can embed datasets directly into your
     geometrical descriptions (see, e.g., t4), the data can be easily
     generated "on-the-fly" (there is no header containing _a priori_
     information on the size of the dataset).  The syntax is also very
     permissive, which makes it ideal for testing purposes.

     However this "parsed format" is read by Gmsh's script parser, which
     makes it inefficient if there are many elements in the dataset.
     Also, there is no connectivity information in parsed views and all
     the elements are independent (all fields can be discontinuous), so
     a lot of information can be duplicated.  For large datasets, you
     should thus use the mesh-based post-processing file format
     described in Gmsh file formats, or use one of the standard formats
     like MED.

     More explicitly, the syntax for a parsed ‘View’ is the following

          View "STRING" {
            TYPE ( COORDINATES ) { VALUES }; ...
            < TIME { EXPRESSION-LIST }; >
            < INTERPOLATION_SCHEME { VAL-COEF-MATRIX }
                { VAL-EXP-MATRIX }
                < { GEO-COEF-MATRIX } { GEO-EXP-MATRIX } > ; >
          };

     where the 47 object TYPEs that can be displayed are:

                                TYPE  #COORDINATES  #VALUES
          -------------------------------------------------------------
          Scalar point          SP    3              1  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Vector point          VP    3              3  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Tensor point          TP    3              9  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Scalar line           SL    6              2  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Vector line           VL    6              6  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Tensor line           TL    6              18 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Scalar triangle       ST    9              3  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Vector triangle       VT    9              9  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Tensor triangle       TT    9              27 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Scalar quadrangle     SQ    12             4  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Vector quadrangle     VQ    12             12 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Tensor quadrangle     TQ    12             36 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Scalar tetrahedron    SS    12             4  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Vector tetrahedron    VS    12             12 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Tensor tetrahedron    TS    12             36 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Scalar hexahedron     SH    24             8  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Vector hexahedron     VH    24             24 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Tensor hexahedron     TH    24             72 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Scalar prism          SI    18             6  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Vector prism          VI    18             18 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Tensor prism          TI    18             54 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Scalar pyramid        SY    15             5  * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Vector pyramid        VY    15             15 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          Tensor pyramid        TY    15             45 * NB-TIME-STEPS
          2D text               T2    3              arbitrary
          3D text               T3    4              arbitrary

     The coordinates are given 'by node', i.e.,

        • ‘(COORD1, COORD2, COORD3)’ for a point,
        • ‘(COORD1-NODE1, COORD2-NODE1, COORD3-NODE1,’
          ‘ COORD1-NODE2, COORD2-NODE2, COORD3-NODE2)’ for a line,
        • ‘(COORD1-NODE1, COORD2-NODE1, COORD3-NODE1,’
          ‘ COORD1-NODE2, COORD2-NODE2, COORD3-NODE2,’
          ‘ COORD1-NODE3, COORD2-NODE3, COORD3-NODE3)’ for a triangle,
        • etc.

     The ordering of the nodes is given in Node ordering.

     The values are given by time step, by node and by component, i.e.:
          COMP1-NODE1-TIME1, COMP2-NODE1-TIME1, COMP3-NODE1-TIME1,
          COMP1-NODE2-TIME1, COMP2-NODE2-TIME1, COMP3-NODE2-TIME1,
          COMP1-NODE3-TIME1, COMP2-NODE3-TIME1, COMP3-NODE3-TIME1,
          COMP1-NODE1-TIME2, COMP2-NODE1-TIME2, COMP3-NODE1-TIME2,
          COMP1-NODE2-TIME2, COMP2-NODE2-TIME2, COMP3-NODE2-TIME2,
          COMP1-NODE3-TIME2, COMP2-NODE3-TIME2, COMP3-NODE3-TIME2,
          ...

     For the 2D text objects, the two first EXPRESSIONs in COORDINATES
     give the X-Y position of the string in screen coordinates, measured
     from the top-left corner of the window.  If the first (respectively
     second) EXPRESSION is negative, the position is measured from the
     right (respectively bottom) edge of the window.  If the value of
     the first (respectively second) EXPRESSION is larger than 99999,
     the string is centered horizontally (respectively vertically).  If
     the third EXPRESSION is equal to zero, the text is aligned
     bottom-left and displayed using the default font and size.
     Otherwise, the third EXPRESSION is converted into an integer whose
     eight lower bits give the font size, whose eight next bits select
     the font (the index corresponds to the position in the font menu in
     the GUI), and whose eight next bits define the text alignment
     (0=bottom-left, 1=bottom-center, 2=bottom-right, 3=top-left,
     4=top-center, 5=top-right, 6=center-left, 7=center-center,
     8=center-right).

     For the 3D text objects, the three first EXPRESSIONs in COORDINATES
     give the XYZ position of the string in model (real world)
     coordinates.  The fourth EXPRESSION has the same meaning as the
     third EXPRESSION in 2D text objects.

     For both 2D and 3D text objects, the VALUES can contain an
     arbitrary number of STRING-EXPRESSIONs.  If the STRING-EXPRESSION
     starts with ‘file://’, the remainder of the string is interpreted
     as the name of an image file, and the image is displayed instead of
     the string.  A format string in the form ‘@wxh’ or
     ‘@wxh,wx,wy,wz,hx,hy,hz’, where ‘w’ and ‘h’ are the width and
     height (in model coordinates for ‘T3’ or in pixels for ‘T2’) of the
     image, ‘wx,wy,wz’ is the direction of the bottom edge of the image
     and ‘hx,hy,hz’ is the direction of the left edge of the image.

     The optional ‘TIME’ list can contain a list of expressions giving
     the value of the time (or any other variable) for which an
     evolution was saved.

     The optional ‘INTERPOLATION_SCHEME’ lists can contain the
     interpolation matrices used for high-order adaptive visualization.

     Let us assume that the approximation of the view's value over an
     element is written as a linear combination of D basis functions
     F[I], I=0, ..., D-1 (the coefficients being stored in VALUES).
     Defining F[I] = Sum(J=0, ..., D-1) F[I][J] P[J], with P[J] =
     U^P[J][0] V^P[J][1] W^P[J][2] (U, V and W being the coordinates in
     the element's parameter space), then VAL-COEF-MATRIX denotes the D
     x D matrix F and VAL-EXP-MATRIX denotes the D x 3 matrix P.

     In the same way, let us also assume that the coordinates X, Y and Z
     of the element are obtained through a geometrical mapping from
     parameter space as a linear combination of M basis functions G[I],
     I=0, ..., M-1 (the coefficients being stored in COORDINATES).
     Defining G[I] = Sum(J=0, ..., M-1) G[I][J] Q[J], with Q[J] =
     U^Q[J][0] V^Q[J][1] W^Q[J][2], then GEO-COEF-MATRIX denotes the M x
     M matrix G and GEO-EXP-MATRIX denotes the M x 3 matrix Q.

     Here are for example the interpolation matrices for a first order
     quadrangle:
          INTERPOLATION_SCHEME
          {
            {1/4,-1/4, 1/4,-1/4},
            {1/4, 1/4,-1/4,-1/4},
            {1/4, 1/4, 1/4, 1/4},
            {1/4,-1/4,-1/4, 1/4}
          }
          {
            {0, 0, 0},
            {1, 0, 0},
            {0, 1, 0},
            {1, 1, 0}
          };

6 Gmsh application programming interface
****************************************

The Gmsh application programming interface (API) allows to integrate the
Gmsh library in external applications written in C++, C, Python, Julia
or Fortran.  By design, the Gmsh API is purely functional, and only uses
elementary types from the target languages.  See the tutorials/c++
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++),
tutorials/c
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c),
tutorials/python
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python),
tutorials/julia
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia) and
tutorials/fortran
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran)
directories from the Gmsh tutorial for examples.  For other API
examples, see the examples/api
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/)
directory.

The different versions of the API are generated automatically from the
master API definition file api/gen.py
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gen.py):

   • C++ API: gmsh.h
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h)
   • C API: gmshc.h
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h)
   • Python API: gmsh.py
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py)
   • Julia API: gmsh.jl
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl)
   • Fortran API: gmsh.f90
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90)

The additional gmsh.h_cwrap
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h_cwrap)
header redefines the C++ API in terms of the C API. This is provided as
a convenience for users of the binary Gmsh Software Development Kit
(SDK) (https://gmsh.info/bin) whose C++ compiler Application Binary
Interface (ABI) is not compatible with the ABI of the C++ compiler used
to create the SDK. To use these C++ bindings of the C API instead of the
native C++ API, simply rename ‘gmsh.h_cwrap’ as ‘gmsh.h’.  Note that
this will lead to (slightly) reduced performance compared to using the
native Gmsh C++ API, as it entails additional data copies between the
C++ wrapper, the C API and the native C++ code.

The structure of the API reflects the underlying Gmsh data model (see
also Source code structure):
   • There are two main data containers: _models_ (which hold the
     geometrical and the mesh data) and _views_ (which hold
     post-processing data).  These are manipulated by the API functions
     in the top-level namespaces ‘gmsh/model’ and ‘gmsh/view’,
     respectively.  The other top-level namespaces are ‘gmsh/option’
     (which handles all options), ‘gmsh/algorithm’ (which handles raw
     algorithms), ‘gmsh/plugin’ (which handles extensions to core Gmsh
     functionality), ‘gmsh/graphics’ (which handles drawing),
     ‘gmsh/fltk’ (which handles the graphical user interface),
     ‘gmsh/parser’ (which handles the Gmsh parser), ‘gmsh/onelab’ (which
     handles ONELAB parameters and communications with external codes)
     and ‘gmsh/logger’ (which handles information logging).
   • Geometrical data is made of model _entities_, called _points_
     (entities of dimension 0), _curves_ (entities of dimension 1),
     _surfaces_ (entities of dimension 2) or _volumes_ (entities of
     dimension 3).  Model entities are stored using a boundary
     representation: a volume is bounded by a set of surfaces, a surface
     is bounded by a series of curves, and a curve is bounded by two end
     points.  Volumes and surfaces can also store _embedded_ entities of
     lower dimension, to force a subsequent mesh to be conformal to
     internal features like a point in the middle of a surface.  Model
     entities are identified by a pair of integers: their dimension
     _dim_ (0, 1, 2 or 3) and their _tag_, a strictly positive
     identification number.  When dealing with multiple geometrical
     entities of possibly different dimensions, the API packs them as a
     vector of (dim, tag) integer pairs.  _Physical groups_ are
     collections of model entities and are also identified by their
     dimension and by a _tag_.  Operations which do not directly
     reference a model are performed on the _current_ model.
   • Model entities can be either CAD entities (from the built-in _geo_
     kernel or from the OpenCASCADE _occ_ kernel) or _discrete_ entities
     (defined by a mesh).  Operations on CAD entities are performed
     directly within their respective CAD kernels (i.e.  using functions
     from the ‘gmsh/model/geo’ or ‘gmsh/model/occ’ namespaces,
     respectively), as Gmsh does not translate across CAD formats but
     rather directly accesses the native representation.  CAD entities
     must be _synchronized_ with the model in order to be meshed, or,
     more generally, for functions outside of ‘gmsh/model/geo’ or
     ‘gmsh/model/occ’ to manipulate them.  1D and 2D meshing algorithms
     use the _parametrization_ of the underlying geometrical curve or
     surface to generate the mesh.  Discrete entities can be remeshed
     provided that a parametrization is explicitly recomputed for them.
   • Mesh data is made of _elements_ (points, lines, triangles,
     quadrangles, tetrahedra, hexahedra, prisms, pyramids, ...), defined
     by an ordered list of their _nodes_.  Elements and nodes are
     identified by _tags_ (strictly positive identification numbers),
     and are stored (_classified_) in the model entity they discretize.
     Once meshed, a model entity of dimension 0 (a geometrical point)
     will thus contain a mesh element of type point (MSH type 15: cf.
     MSH file format), as well as a mesh node.  A model curve will
     contain line elements (e.g.  of MSH type 1 or 8 for first order or
     second order meshes, respectively) as well as its interior nodes,
     while its boundary nodes will be stored in the bounding model
     points.  A model surface will contain triangular and/or
     quadrangular elements and all the nodes not classified on its
     boundary or on its embedded entities (curves and points).  A model
     volume will contain tetrahedra, hexahedra, etc.  and all the nodes
     not classified on its boundary or on its embedded entities
     (surfaces, curves and points).  This data model allows to easily
     and efficiently handle the creation, modification and destruction
     of conformal meshes.  All the mesh-related functions are provided
     in the ‘gmsh/model/mesh’ namespace.
   • Post-processing data is made of _views_.  Each view is identified
     by a _tag_, and can also be accessed by its _index_ (which can
     change when views are sorted, added or deleted).  A view stores
     both display _options_ and _data_, unless the view is an _alias_ of
     another view (in which case it only stores display options, and the
     data points to a reference view).  View data can contain several
     _steps_ (e.g.  to store time series) and can be either linked to
     one or more models(1) (see Gmsh application programming
     interface-Footnote-1) (_mesh-based_ data, as stored in MSH files:
     cf.  MSH file format) or independent from any model (_list-based_
     data, as stored in parsed POS files: cf.  Post-processing scripting
     commands).  Various _plugins_ exist to modify and create views.

All the functions available in the API are given below.  See the
relevant header/module file for the exact definition in each supported
language: in C++
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h)
‘gmsh/model/geo/addPoint’ will lead to a namespaced function
‘gmsh::model::geo::addPoint’, while in Python
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py) and Julia
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl) it will
lead to ‘gmsh.model.geo.addPoint’, in C
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h) to
‘gmshModelGeoAddPoint’ and in Fortran
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90) to
‘gmsh%model%geo%addPoint’.  In addition to the default "camelCase"
function names, the Python and Julia APIs also define "snake case"
aliases, i.e.  ‘gmsh.model.geo.add_point’, as this is the recommended
style in these languages.  Output values are passed by reference in C++,
as pointers in C and directly returned (after the return value, if any)
in Python and Julia.

   (1) Each step can be linked to a different model, which allows to
have a single time series based on multiple (e.g.  deforming or moving)
meshes.

6.1 Namespace ‘gmsh’: top-level functions
=========================================

‘gmsh/initialize’
     Initialize the Gmsh API. This must be called before any call to the
     other functions in the API. If ‘argc’ and ‘argv’ (or just ‘argv’ in
     Python or Julia) are provided, they will be handled in the same way
     as the command line arguments in the Gmsh app.  If
     ‘readConfigFiles’ is set, read system Gmsh configuration files
     (gmshrc and gmsh-options).  If ‘run’ is set, run in the same way as
     the Gmsh app, either interactively or in batch mode depending on
     the command line arguments.  If ‘run’ is not set, initializing the
     API sets the options "General.AbortOnError" to 2 and
     "General.Terminal" to 1.

     Input:
          ‘(argc = 0)’, ‘argv = []’ (command line arguments),
          ‘readConfigFiles = True’ (boolean), ‘run = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L76),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L63),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L268),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L56),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L923)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L18),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L17),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L15),
          t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L17),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L74),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L15),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L15),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L13),
          t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L14),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L13),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L14),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L13),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L11),
          t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L11),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L11),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L22),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L27),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L23),
          t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L43),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L28),
          ...)

‘gmsh/isInitialized’
     Return 1 if the Gmsh API is initialized, and 0 if not.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L83),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L69),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L299),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L72),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L956)

‘gmsh/finalize’
     Finalize the Gmsh API. This must be called when you are done using
     the Gmsh API.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L89),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L73),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L315),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L87),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L972)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L174),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L160),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L147),
          t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L173),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L227),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L173),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L152),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L134),
          t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L182),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L221),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L174),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L151),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L138),
          t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L169),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L219),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L176),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L165),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L70),
          t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L183),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L171),
          ...)

‘gmsh/open’
     Open a file.  Equivalent to the ‘File->Open’ menu in the Gmsh app.
     Handling of the file depends on its extension and/or its contents:
     opening a file with model data will create a new model.

     Input:
          ‘fileName’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L96),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L78),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L330),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L106),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L987)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L27)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L24),
          explore.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.py#L10),
          flatten2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/flatten2.py#L15),
          flatten.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/flatten.py#L17),
          heal.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/heal.py#L8),
          ...), Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L23),
          explore.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.jl#L10))

‘gmsh/merge’
     Merge a file.  Equivalent to the ‘File->Merge’ menu in the Gmsh
     app.  Handling of the file depends on its extension and/or its
     contents.  Merging a file with model data will add the data to the
     current model.

     Input:
          ‘fileName’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L103),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L84),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L348),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L125),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1007)
     Examples:
          C++ (t7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t7.cpp#L21),
          t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L37),
          t9.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t9.cpp#L29),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L24),
          t17.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t17.cpp#L33)),
          Python (t7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t7.py#L20),
          t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L35),
          t9.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t9.py#L26),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L21),
          t17.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t17.py#L32),
          ...), Julia (t7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t7.jl#L17),
          t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L32),
          t9.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t9.jl#L23),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L17),
          t17.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t17.jl#L28),
          ...), Fortran (t7.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t7.f90#L26),
          t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L44),
          t9.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t9.f90#L31),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L69),
          t17.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t17.f90#L36))

‘gmsh/write’
     Write a file.  The export format is determined by the file
     extension.

     Input:
          ‘fileName’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L108),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L88),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L366),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L142),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1025)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L123),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L142),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L84),
          t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L167),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L221),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L122),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L135),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L79),
          t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L176),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L215),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L121),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L133),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L78),
          t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L162),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L212),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L124),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L150),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L155),
          t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L178),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L167),
          ...)

‘gmsh/clear’
     Clear all loaded models and post-processing data, and add a new
     empty model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L113),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L93),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L382),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L156),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1044)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L20),
          x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L166)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L17),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L19),
          x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L127),
          x3d_export.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/x3d_export.py#L32)),
          Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L15),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L16),
          x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L138)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L79),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L68))

6.2 Namespace ‘gmsh/option’: option handling functions
======================================================

‘gmsh/option/setNumber’
     Set a numerical option to ‘value’.  ‘name’ is of the form
     "Category.Option" or "Category[num].Option".  Available categories
     and options are listed in the "Gmsh options" chapter of the Gmsh
     reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-options).

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L123),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L99),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L402),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L186),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1060)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L90),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L202),
          t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L96),
          t7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t7.cpp#L58),
          t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L54),
          ...), Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L84),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L197),
          t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L97),
          t7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t7.py#L51),
          t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L47),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L84),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L194),
          t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L96),
          t7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t7.jl#L48),
          t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L44),
          ...), Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L28),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L149),
          t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L103),
          t7.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t7.f90#L56),
          t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L56),
          ...)

‘gmsh/option/getNumber’
     Get the ‘value’ of a numerical option.  ‘name’ is of the form
     "Category.Option" or "Category[num].Option".  Available categories
     and options are listed in the "Gmsh options" chapter of the Gmsh
     reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-options).

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L132),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L107),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L425),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L210),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1086)
     Examples:
          C++ (t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L138)),
          Python (t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L139),
          test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/test.py#L5)),
          Julia (t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L141)),
          Fortran (t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L149))

‘gmsh/option/setString’
     Set a string option to ‘value’.  ‘name’ is of the form
     "Category.Option" or "Category[num].Option".  Available categories
     and options are listed in the "Gmsh options" chapter of the Gmsh
     reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-options).

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L141),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L115),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L452),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L233),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1112)
     Examples:
          C++ (t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L153)),
          Python (t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L163),
          step_header_data.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/step_header_data.py#L13)),
          Julia (t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L150)),
          Fortran (t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L165))

‘gmsh/option/getString’
     Get the ‘value’ of a string option.  ‘name’ is of the form
     "Category.Option" or "Category[num].Option".  Available categories
     and options are listed in the "Gmsh options" chapter of the Gmsh
     reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-options).

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L150),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L123),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L475),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L257),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1138)
     Examples:
          Python (test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/test.py#L29))

‘gmsh/option/setColor’
     Set a color option to the RGBA value (‘r’, ‘g’, ‘b’, ‘a’), where
     where ‘r’, ‘g’, ‘b’ and ‘a’ should be integers between 0 and 255.
     ‘name’ is of the form "Category.Color.Option" or
     "Category[num].Color.Option".  Available categories and options are
     listed in the "Gmsh options" chapter of the Gmsh reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-options).  For
     conciseness "Color."  can be ommitted in ‘name’.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘r’ (integer), ‘g’ (integer), ‘b’ (integer),
          ‘a = 255’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L161),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L133),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L502),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L286),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1168)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L91),
          t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L61)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L85),
          t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L58)),
          Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L85),
          t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L55)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L29),
          t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L64))

‘gmsh/option/getColor’
     Get the ‘r’, ‘g’, ‘b’, ‘a’ value of a color option.  ‘name’ is of
     the form "Category.Color.Option" or "Category[num].Color.Option".
     Available categories and options are listed in the "Gmsh options"
     chapter of the Gmsh reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-options).  For
     conciseness "Color."  can be ommitted in ‘name’.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘r’ (integer), ‘g’ (integer), ‘b’ (integer), ‘a’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L174),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L145),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L533),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L314),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1210)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L97)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L90)),
          Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L90)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L34))

‘gmsh/option/restoreDefaults’
     Restore all options to default settings.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L183),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L153),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L574),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L333),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1248)

6.3 Namespace ‘gmsh/model’: model functions
===========================================

‘gmsh/model/add’
     Add a new model, with name ‘name’, and set it as the current model.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L192),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L156),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L594),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L362),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1261)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L22),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L19),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L21),
          t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L19),
          t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L16),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L19),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L17),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L18),
          t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L16),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L15),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L18),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L15),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L16),
          t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L13),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L13),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L26),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L29),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L80),
          t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L44),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L30),
          ...)

‘gmsh/model/remove’
     Remove the current model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L197),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L160),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L611),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L376),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1279)

‘gmsh/model/list’
     List the names of all models.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘names’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L202),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L163),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L624),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L395),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1292)

‘gmsh/model/getCurrent’
     Get the name of the current model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L207),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L167),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L645),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L418),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1317)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L38)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L32),
          explore.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.py#L14)),
          Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L32))

‘gmsh/model/setCurrent’
     Set the current model to the model with name ‘name’.  If several
     models have the same name, select the one that was added first.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L213),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L172),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L667),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L439),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1338)
     Examples:
          Python (copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L45))

‘gmsh/model/getFileName’
     Get the file name (if any) associated with the current model.  A
     file name is associated when a model is read from a file on disk.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘fileName’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L219),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L177),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L686),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L460),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1357)

‘gmsh/model/setFileName’
     Set the file name associated with the current model.

     Input:
          ‘fileName’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L224),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L181),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L709),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L480),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1377)

‘gmsh/model/getEntities’
     Get all the entities in the current model.  A model entity is
     represented by two integers: its dimension (dim == 0, 1, 2 or 3)
     and its tag (its unique, strictly positive identifier).  If ‘dim’
     is >= 0, return only the entities of the specified dimension (e.g.
     points if ‘dim’ == 0).  The entities are returned as a vector of
     (dim, tag) pairs.

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L233),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L189),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L727),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L505),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1399)
     Examples:
          C++ (t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L74),
          t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L112),
          t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L31),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L113),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L46),
          ...), Python (t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L64),
          t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L96),
          t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L29),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L91),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L35),
          ...), Julia (t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L60),
          t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L97),
          t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L26),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L92),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L34),
          ...), Fortran (t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L114),
          t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L121),
          t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L39),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L109),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L46))

‘gmsh/model/setEntityName’
     Set the name of the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L239),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L194),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L755),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L529),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1429)

‘gmsh/model/getEntityName’
     Get the name of the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L246),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L200),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L777),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L551),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1457)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L96)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L83),
          step_assembly.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/step_assembly.py#L23)),
          Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L82))

‘gmsh/model/removeEntityName’
     Remove the entity name ‘name’ from the current model.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L253),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L206),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L803),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L571),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1487)

‘gmsh/model/getPhysicalGroups’
     Get the physical groups in the current model.  The physical groups
     are returned as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If ‘dim’ is >= 0,
     return only the groups of the specified dimension (e.g.  physical
     points if ‘dim’ == 0).

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L260),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L212),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L821),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L594),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1507)
     Examples:
          Python (poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L83))

‘gmsh/model/getPhysicalGroupsEntities’
     Get the physical groups in the current model as well as the model
     entities that make them up.  The physical groups are returned as
     the vector of (dim, tag) pairs ‘dimTags’.  The model entities
     making up the corresponding physical groups are returned in
     ‘entities’.  If ‘dim’ is >= 0, return only the groups of the
     specified dimension (e.g.  physical points if ‘dim’ == 0).

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘entities’ (vector of
          vectors of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L270),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L221),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L847),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L624),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1541)

‘gmsh/model/getEntitiesForPhysicalGroup’
     Get the tags of the model entities making up the physical group of
     dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘tags’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L278),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L228),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L880),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L662),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1592)
     Examples:
          Python (poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L88),
          test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/test.py#L24))

‘gmsh/model/getEntitiesForPhysicalName’
     Get the model entities (as a vector (dim, tag) pairs) making up the
     physical group with name ‘name’.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L286),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L235),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L907),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L687),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1628)

‘gmsh/model/getPhysicalGroupsForEntity’
     Get the tags of the physical groups (if any) to which the model
     entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ belongs.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘physicalTags’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L293),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L241),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L932),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L714),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1659)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L123)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L100)),
          Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L103))

‘gmsh/model/addPhysicalGroup’
     Add a physical group of dimension ‘dim’, grouping the model
     entities with tags ‘tags’.  Return the tag of the physical group,
     equal to ‘tag’ if ‘tag’ is positive, or a new tag if ‘tag’ < 0.
     Set the name of the physical group if ‘name’ is not empty.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’
          (integer), ‘name = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L303),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L250),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L959),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L743),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1697)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L116),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L34),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L36),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L192),
          t14.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t14.cpp#L76),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L115),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L32),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L33),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L188),
          t14.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t14.py#L70),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L114),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L30),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L31),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L185),
          t14.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t14.jl#L69),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L117),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L44),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L95),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L140),
          t14.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t14.f90#L82),
          ...)

‘gmsh/model/removePhysicalGroups’
     Remove the physical groups ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim,
     tag) pairs) from the current model.  If ‘dimTags’ is empty, remove
     all groups.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L312),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L258),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L990),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L762),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1736)

‘gmsh/model/setPhysicalName’
     Set the name of the physical group of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L317),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L262),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1010),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L784),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1757)
     Examples:
          Python (poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L49),
          step_assembly.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/step_assembly.py#L38))

‘gmsh/model/getPhysicalName’
     Get the name of the physical group of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L324),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L268),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1032),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L806),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1785)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L128)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L104),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L87)),
          Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L107))

‘gmsh/model/removePhysicalName’
     Remove the physical name ‘name’ from the current model.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L331),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L274),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1058),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L826),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1815)

‘gmsh/model/setTag’
     Set the tag of the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ to the
     new value ‘newTag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘newTag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L337),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L279),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1076),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L847),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1834)

‘gmsh/model/getBoundary’
     Get the boundary of the model entities ‘dimTags’, given as a vector
     of (dim, tag) pairs.  Return in ‘outDimTags’ the boundary of the
     individual entities (if ‘combined’ is false) or the boundary of the
     combined geometrical shape formed by all input entities (if
     ‘combined’ is true).  Return tags multiplied by the sign of the
     boundary entity if ‘oriented’ is true.  Apply the boundary operator
     recursively down to dimension 0 (i.e.  to points) if ‘recursive’ is
     true.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘combined = True’
          (boolean), ‘oriented = False’ (boolean), ‘recursive = False’
          (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L350),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L291),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1099),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L876),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1868)
     Examples:
          C++ (t14.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t14.cpp#L88),
          t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L114),
          t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L97),
          t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L50),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L174)),
          Python (t14.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t14.py#L80),
          t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L96),
          t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L88),
          t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L46),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L150),
          ...), Julia (t14.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t14.jl#L79),
          t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L97),
          t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L86),
          t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L43),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L150)),
          Fortran (t14.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t14.f90#L93),
          t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L122),
          t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L112),
          t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L57))

‘gmsh/model/getAdjacencies’
     Get the upward and downward adjacencies of the model entity of
     dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  The ‘upward’ vector returns the
     tags of adjacent entities of dimension ‘dim’ + 1; the ‘downward’
     vector returns the tags of adjacent entities of dimension ‘dim’ -
     1.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘upward’ (vector of integers), ‘downward’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L362),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L302),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1136),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L908),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1919)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L109)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L93)),
          Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L94))

‘gmsh/model/isEntityOrphan’
     Return whether the model entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ is
     an orphan, i.e.  is not connected to any entity of the highest
     dimension in the model.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L372),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L311),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1170),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L936),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1968)

‘gmsh/model/getEntitiesInBoundingBox’
     Get the model entities in the bounding box defined by the two
     points (‘xmin’, ‘ymin’, ‘zmin’) and (‘xmax’, ‘ymax’, ‘zmax’).  If
     ‘dim’ is >= 0, return only the entities of the specified dimension
     (e.g.  points if ‘dim’ == 0).

     Input:
          ‘xmin’ (double), ‘ymin’ (double), ‘zmin’ (double), ‘xmax’
          (double), ‘ymax’ (double), ‘zmax’ (double), ‘dim = -1’
          (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L381),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L319),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1195),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L965),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L1996)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L134),
          t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L86),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L105)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L114),
          t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L80),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L86),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L80)),
          Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L116),
          t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L77),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L85)),
          Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L146),
          t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L96),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L102))

‘gmsh/model/getBoundingBox’
     Get the bounding box (‘xmin’, ‘ymin’, ‘zmin’), (‘xmax’, ‘ymax’,
     ‘zmax’) of the model entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  If
     ‘dim’ and ‘tag’ are negative, get the bounding box of the whole
     model.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘xmin’ (double), ‘ymin’ (double), ‘zmin’ (double), ‘xmax’
          (double), ‘ymax’ (double), ‘zmax’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L395),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L332),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1234),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L998),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2058)
     Examples:
          C++ (t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L113)),
          Python (t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L103)),
          Julia (t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L101)),
          Fortran (t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L130))

‘gmsh/model/getDimension’
     Return the geometrical dimension of the current model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L407),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L343),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1283),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1021),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2111)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L39)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L33)),
          Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L32))

‘gmsh/model/addDiscreteEntity’
     Add a discrete model entity (defined by a mesh) of dimension ‘dim’
     in the current model.  Return the tag of the new discrete entity,
     equal to ‘tag’ if ‘tag’ is positive, or a new tag if ‘tag’ < 0.
     ‘boundary’ specifies the tags of the entities on the boundary of
     the discrete entity, if any.  Specifying ‘boundary’ allows Gmsh to
     construct the topology of the overall model.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘boundary = []’ (vector
          of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L416),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L350),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1300),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1047),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2130)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L78),
          x4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp#L24),
          x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L71)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L74),
          x4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py#L22),
          x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L70),
          copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L28),
          cylinderFFD.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/cylinderFFD.py#L142),
          ...), Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L75),
          x4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl#L21),
          x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L73),
          discrete.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/discrete.jl#L8),
          import_perf.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/import_perf.jl#L47))

‘gmsh/model/removeEntities’
     Remove the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) of the current model, provided that they are not on the
     boundary of (or embedded in) higher-dimensional entities.  If
     ‘recursive’ is true, remove all the entities on their boundaries,
     down to dimension 0.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘recursive = False’
          (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L426),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L359),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1330),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1069),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2166)
     Examples:
          C++ (t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L92),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L119)),
          Python (t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L84),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L94),
          spherical_surf.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/spherical_surf.py#L16)),
          Julia (t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L82),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L96),
          spherical_surf.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/spherical_surf.jl#L14)),
          Fortran (t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L107),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L117))

‘gmsh/model/getEntityType’
     Get the type of the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘entityType’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L432),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L364),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1354),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1093),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2192)

‘gmsh/model/getType’
     Get the type of the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  (This
     is a deprecated synonym for ‘getType’.)

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘entityType’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L440),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L371),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1380),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1118),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2223)
     Examples:
          C++ (t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L164),
          x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L94)),
          Python (t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L147),
          x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L82),
          explore.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.py#L20),
          partition.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/partition.py#L44)),
          Julia (t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L147),
          x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L81),
          explore.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.jl#L26))

‘gmsh/model/getEntityProperties’
     Get the properties of the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.
     The ‘reals’ vector contains the 4 coefficients of the cartesian
     equation for a plane surface; the center coordinates, axis
     direction, major radius and minor radius for a torus; the center
     coordinates, axis direction and radius for a cylinder; the center
     coordinates, axis direction, radius and semi-angle for surfaces of
     revolution; the center coordinates and the radius for a sphere.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘integers’ (vector of integers), ‘reals’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L453),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L383),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1407),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1148),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2259)

‘gmsh/model/getParent’
     In a partitioned model, get the parent of the entity of dimension
     ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’, i.e.  from which the entity is a part of, if
     any.  ‘parentDim’ and ‘parentTag’ are set to -1 if the entity has
     no parent.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘parentDim’ (integer), ‘parentTag’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L463),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L392),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1444),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1179),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2308)
     Examples:
          C++ (t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L171),
          x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L142)),
          Python (t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L149),
          x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L113),
          explore.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.py#L34),
          partition.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/partition.py#L46)),
          Julia (t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L149),
          x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L120),
          explore.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.jl#L30))

‘gmsh/model/getNumberOfPartitions’
     Return the number of partitions in the model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L471),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L399),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1477),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1198),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2341)

‘gmsh/model/getPartitions’
     In a partitioned model, return the tags of the partition(s) to
     which the entity belongs.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘partitions’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L477),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L403),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1494),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1221),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2357)
     Examples:
          C++ (t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L161),
          x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L137)),
          Python (t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L144),
          x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L110),
          explore.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.py#L31),
          partition.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/partition.py#L41)),
          Julia (t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L145),
          x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L117),
          explore.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.jl#L27))

‘gmsh/model/getValue’
     Evaluate the parametrization of the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and
     tag ‘tag’ at the parametric coordinates ‘parametricCoord’.  Only
     valid for ‘dim’ equal to 0 (with empty ‘parametricCoord’), 1 (with
     ‘parametricCoord’ containing parametric coordinates on the curve)
     or 2 (with ‘parametricCoord’ containing u, v parametric coordinates
     on the surface, concatenated: [p1u, p1v, p2u, ...]).  Return x, y,
     z coordinates in ‘coord’, concatenated: [p1x, p1y, p1z, p2x, ...].

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of
          doubles)
     Output:
          ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L490),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L415),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1521),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1252),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2398)
     Examples:
          C++ (t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L90),
          x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L97)),
          Python (t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L85),
          x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L82),
          reparamOnFace.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/reparamOnFace.py#L20),
          terrain_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_stl.py#L35)),
          Julia (t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L83),
          x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L76)),
          Fortran (t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L99))

‘gmsh/model/getDerivative’
     Evaluate the derivative of the parametrization of the entity of
     dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ at the parametric coordinates
     ‘parametricCoord’.  Only valid for ‘dim’ equal to 1 (with
     ‘parametricCoord’ containing parametric coordinates on the curve)
     or 2 (with ‘parametricCoord’ containing u, v parametric coordinates
     on the surface, concatenated: [p1u, p1v, p2u, ...]).  For ‘dim’
     equal to 1 return the x, y, z components of the derivative with
     respect to u [d1ux, d1uy, d1uz, d2ux, ...]; for ‘dim’ equal to 2
     return the x, y, z components of the derivative with respect to u
     and v: [d1ux, d1uy, d1uz, d1vx, d1vy, d1vz, d2ux, ...].

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of
          doubles)
     Output:
          ‘derivatives’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L506),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L430),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1556),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1285),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2449)

‘gmsh/model/getSecondDerivative’
     Evaluate the second derivative of the parametrization of the entity
     of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ at the parametric coordinates
     ‘parametricCoord’.  Only valid for ‘dim’ equal to 1 (with
     ‘parametricCoord’ containing parametric coordinates on the curve)
     or 2 (with ‘parametricCoord’ containing u, v parametric coordinates
     on the surface, concatenated: [p1u, p1v, p2u, ...]).  For ‘dim’
     equal to 1 return the x, y, z components of the second derivative
     with respect to u [d1uux, d1uuy, d1uuz, d2uux, ...]; for ‘dim’
     equal to 2 return the x, y, z components of the second derivative
     with respect to u and v, and the mixed derivative with respect to u
     and v: [d1uux, d1uuy, d1uuz, d1vvx, d1vvy, d1vvz, d1uvx, d1uvy,
     d1uvz, d2uux, ...].

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of
          doubles)
     Output:
          ‘derivatives’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L523),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L447),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1593),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1320),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2502)

‘gmsh/model/getCurvature’
     Evaluate the (maximum) curvature of the entity of dimension ‘dim’
     and tag ‘tag’ at the parametric coordinates ‘parametricCoord’.
     Only valid for ‘dim’ equal to 1 (with ‘parametricCoord’ containing
     parametric coordinates on the curve) or 2 (with ‘parametricCoord’
     containing u, v parametric coordinates on the surface,
     concatenated: [p1u, p1v, p2u, ...]).

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of
          doubles)
     Output:
          ‘curvatures’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L535),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L458),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1632),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1350),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2549)
     Examples:
          C++ (x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L60)),
          Python (x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L50),
          normals.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/normals.py#L28)),
          Julia (x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L48))

‘gmsh/model/getPrincipalCurvatures’
     Evaluate the principal curvatures of the surface with tag ‘tag’ at
     the parametric coordinates ‘parametricCoord’, as well as their
     respective directions.  ‘parametricCoord’ are given by pair of u
     and v coordinates, concatenated: [p1u, p1v, p2u, ...].

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          ‘curvatureMax’ (vector of doubles), ‘curvatureMin’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘directionMax’ (vector of doubles), ‘directionMin’
          (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L546),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L468),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1665),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1381),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2595)

‘gmsh/model/getNormal’
     Get the normal to the surface with tag ‘tag’ at the parametric
     coordinates ‘parametricCoord’.  The ‘parametricCoord’ vector should
     contain u and v coordinates, concatenated: [p1u, p1v, p2u, ...].
     ‘normals’ are returned as a vector of x, y, z components,
     concatenated: [n1x, n1y, n1z, n2x, ...].

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          ‘normals’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L559),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L480),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1708),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1418),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2672)
     Examples:
          C++ (x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L56)),
          Python (x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L47),
          normals.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/normals.py#L26)),
          Julia (x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L45))

‘gmsh/model/getParametrization’
     Get the parametric coordinates ‘parametricCoord’ for the points
     ‘coord’ on the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  ‘coord’
     are given as x, y, z coordinates, concatenated: [p1x, p1y, p1z,
     p2x, ...].  ‘parametricCoord’ returns the parametric coordinates t
     on the curve (if ‘dim’ = 1) or u and v coordinates concatenated on
     the surface (if ‘dim’ == 2), i.e.  [p1t, p2t, ...]  or [p1u, p1v,
     p2u, ...].

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L571),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L491),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1738),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1449),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2715)

‘gmsh/model/getParametrizationBounds’
     Get the ‘min’ and ‘max’ bounds of the parametric coordinates for
     the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘min’ (vector of doubles), ‘max’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L580),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L499),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1772),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1476),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2759)
     Examples:
          C++ (x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L93)),
          Python (x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L79),
          reparamOnFace.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/reparamOnFace.py#L17)),
          Julia (x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L73))

‘gmsh/model/isInside’
     Check if the coordinates (or the parametric coordinates if
     ‘parametric’ is set) provided in ‘coord’ correspond to points
     inside the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’, and return the
     number of points inside.  This feature is only available for a
     subset of entities, depending on the underlying geometrical
     representation.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘parametric = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L592),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L510),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1804),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1509),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2810)

‘gmsh/model/getClosestPoint’
     Get the points ‘closestCoord’ on the entity of dimension ‘dim’ (1
     or 2) and tag ‘tag’ to the points ‘coord’, by orthogonal
     projection.  ‘coord’ and ‘closestCoord’ are given as x, y, z
     coordinates, concatenated: [p1x, p1y, p1z, p2x, ...].
     ‘parametricCoord’ returns the parametric coordinates t on the curve
     (if ‘dim’ == 1) or u and v coordinates concatenated on the surface
     (if ‘dim’ = 2), i.e.  [p1t, p2t, ...]  or [p1u, p1v, p2u, ...].
     The closest points can lie outside the (trimmed) entities: use
     ‘isInside()’ to check.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          ‘closestCoord’ (vector of doubles), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector
          of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L606),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L524),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1836),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1539),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2855)
     Examples:
          Python (closest_point.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/closest_point.py#L11))

‘gmsh/model/reparametrizeOnSurface’
     Reparametrize the boundary entity (point or curve, i.e.  with ‘dim’
     == 0 or ‘dim’ == 1) of tag ‘tag’ on the surface ‘surfaceTag’.  If
     ‘dim’ == 1, reparametrize all the points corresponding to the
     parametric coordinates ‘parametricCoord’.  Multiple matches in case
     of periodic surfaces can be selected with ‘which’.  This feature is
     only available for a subset of entities, depending on the
     underlying geometrical representation.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘surfaceTag’ (integer), ‘which = 0’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘surfaceParametricCoord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L620),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L537),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1877),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1575),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2915)
     Examples:
          C++ (x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L102)),
          Python (x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L86),
          reparamOnFace.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/reparamOnFace.py#L19)),
          Julia (x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L80))

‘gmsh/model/setVisibility’
     Set the visibility of the model entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a
     vector of (dim, tag) pairs) to ‘value’.  Apply the visibility
     setting recursively if ‘recursive’ is true.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘value’ (integer),
          ‘recursive = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L632),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L548),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1915),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1600),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L2970)
     Examples:
          Python (test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/test.py#L16),
          gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.py#L33),
          hybrid_order.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/hybrid_order.py#L16))

‘gmsh/model/getVisibility’
     Get the visibility of the model entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L639),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L554),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1940),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1624),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3001)

‘gmsh/model/setVisibilityPerWindow’
     Set the global visibility of the model per window to ‘value’, where
     ‘windowIndex’ identifies the window in the window list.

     Input:
          ‘value’ (integer), ‘windowIndex = 0’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L647),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L561),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1966),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1645),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3030)

‘gmsh/model/setColor’
     Set the color of the model entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of
     (dim, tag) pairs) to the RGBA value (‘r’, ‘g’, ‘b’, ‘a’), where
     ‘r’, ‘g’, ‘b’ and ‘a’ should be integers between 0 and 255.  Apply
     the color setting recursively if ‘recursive’ is true.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘r’ (integer), ‘g’
          (integer), ‘b’ (integer), ‘a = 255’ (integer), ‘recursive =
          False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L656),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L569),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L1987),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1671),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3056)
     Examples:
          C++ (t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L158)),
          Python (t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L169),
          gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.py#L35)),
          Julia (t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L155)),
          Fortran (t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L171))

‘gmsh/model/getColor’
     Get the color of the model entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.
     If no color is specified for the entity, return fully transparent
     blue, i.e.  (0, 0, 255, 0).

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘r’ (integer), ‘g’ (integer), ‘b’ (integer), ‘a’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L668),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L580),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2019),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1699),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3104)
     Examples:
          Python (step_boundary_colors.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/step_boundary_colors.py#L10))

‘gmsh/model/setCoordinates’
     Set the ‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’ coordinates of a geometrical point.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L678),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L589),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2060),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1724),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3147)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L79)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L75),
          reparamOnFace.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/reparamOnFace.py#L23)),
          Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L77))

‘gmsh/model/setAttribute’
     Set the values of the attribute with name ‘name’.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘values’ (vector of strings)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L686),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L596),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2084),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1743),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3180)
     Examples:
          Python (msh_attributes.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/msh_attributes.py#L6))

‘gmsh/model/getAttribute’
     Get the values of the attribute with name ‘name’.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘values’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L692),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L601),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2105),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1764),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3211)
     Examples:
          Python (msh_attributes.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/msh_attributes.py#L14))

‘gmsh/model/getAttributeNames’
     Get the names of any optional attributes stored in the model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘names’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L698),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L606),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2129),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1788),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3241)
     Examples:
          Python (msh_attributes.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/msh_attributes.py#L13))

‘gmsh/model/removeAttribute’
     Remove the attribute with name ‘name’.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L703),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L610),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2151),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1810),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3266)

6.4 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/mesh’: mesh functions
===============================================

‘gmsh/model/mesh/generate’
     Generate a mesh of the current model, up to dimension ‘dim’ (0, 1,
     2 or 3).

     Input:
          ‘dim = 3’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L711),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L614),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2175),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1837),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3284)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L120),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L141),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L83),
          t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L165),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L220),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L119),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L134),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L78),
          t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L174),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L214),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L118),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L132),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L77),
          t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L160),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L211),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L121),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L149),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L154),
          t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L176),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L166),
          ...)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/partition’
     Partition the mesh of the current model into ‘numPart’ partitions.
     Optionally, ‘elementTags’ and ‘partitions’ can be provided to
     specify the partition of each element explicitly.

     Input:
          ‘numPart’ (integer), ‘elementTags = []’ (vector of sizes),
          ‘partitions = []’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L718),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L620),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2192),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1858),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3304)
     Examples:
          C++ (t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L136)),
          Python (t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L124),
          test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/test.py#L12),
          partition.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/partition.py#L26)),
          Julia (t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L123)),
          Fortran (t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L150))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/unpartition’
     Unpartition the mesh of the current model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L725),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L626),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2217),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1872),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3338)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/optimize’
     Optimize the mesh of the current model using ‘method’ (empty for
     default tetrahedral mesh optimizer, "Netgen" for Netgen optimizer,
     "HighOrder" for direct high-order mesh optimizer,
     "HighOrderElastic" for high-order elastic smoother,
     "HighOrderFastCurving" for fast curving algorithm, "Laplace2D" for
     Laplace smoothing, "Relocate2D" and "Relocate3D" for node
     relocation, "QuadQuasiStructured" for quad mesh optimization,
     "UntangleMeshGeometry" for untangling).  If ‘force’ is set apply
     the optimization also to discrete entities.  If ‘dimTags’ (given as
     a vector of (dim, tag) pairs) is given, only apply the optimizer to
     the given entities.

     Input:
          ‘method = ""’ (string), ‘force = False’ (boolean), ‘niter = 1’
          (integer), ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L739),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L637),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2230),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1900),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3359)
     Examples:
          Python (naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L140),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L167),
          opt.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/opt.py#L15),
          tube_boundary_layer.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/tube_boundary_layer.py#L53))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/recombine’
     Recombine the mesh of the current model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L747),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L644),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2262),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1916),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3395)
     Examples:
          Python (stl_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_mesh.py#L29))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/refine’
     Refine the mesh of the current model by uniformly splitting the
     elements.  This resets any high-order elements to order 1.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L753),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L648),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2275),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1931),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3409)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setOrder’
     Change the order of the elements in the mesh of the current model
     to ‘order’.

     Input:
          ‘order’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L759),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L652),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2289),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1948),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3423)
     Examples:
          C++ (x6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x6.cpp#L27)),
          Python (x6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py#L27),
          hybrid_order.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/hybrid_order.py#L18),
          naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L139),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L166),
          tube_boundary_layer.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/tube_boundary_layer.py#L52)),
          Julia (x6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl#L26),
          julia_exception.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/julia_exception.jl#L7))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getLastEntityError’
     Get the last entities ‘dimTags’ (as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs)
     where a meshing error occurred.  Currently only populated by the
     new 3D meshing algorithms.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L766),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L658),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2308),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1970),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3443)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getLastNodeError’
     Get the last node tags ‘nodeTags’ where a meshing error occurred.
     Currently only populated by the new 3D meshing algorithms.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L772),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L663),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2332),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L1995),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3469)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/clear’
     Clear the mesh, i.e.  delete all the nodes and elements, for the
     entities ‘dimTags’, given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If
     ‘dimTags’ is empty, clear the whole mesh.  Note that the mesh of an
     entity can only be cleared if this entity is not on the boundary of
     another entity with a non-empty mesh.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L781),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L671),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2355),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2019),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3498)
     Examples:
          Python (copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L53),
          flatten.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/flatten.py#L35),
          remesh_partial_move.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remesh_partial_move.py#L20),
          remove_elements.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remove_elements.py#L13))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/removeElements’
     Remove the elements with tags ‘elementTags’ from the entity of
     dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  If ‘elementTags’ is empty, remove
     all the elements classified on the entity.  To get consistent node
     classification on model entities, ‘reclassifyNodes()’ should be
     called afterwards.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘elementTags = []’ (vector
          of sizes)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L789),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L678),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2377),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2043),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3522)
     Examples:
          Python (remove_elements.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remove_elements.py#L18))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/reverse’
     Reverse the orientation of the elements in the entities ‘dimTags’,
     given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If ‘dimTags’ is empty,
     reverse the orientation of the elements in the whole mesh.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L798),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L686),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2403),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2063),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3555)
     Examples:
          Python (mirror_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/mirror_mesh.py#L47))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/reverseElements’
     Reverse the orientation of the elements with tags ‘elementTags’.

     Input:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L803),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L690),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2423),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2082),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3576)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/affineTransform’
     Apply the affine transformation ‘affineTransform’ (16 entries of a
     4x4 matrix, by row; only the 12 first can be provided for
     convenience) to the coordinates of the nodes classified on the
     entities ‘dimTags’, given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If
     ‘dimTags’ is empty, transform all the nodes in the mesh.

     Input:
          ‘affineTransform’ (vector of doubles), ‘dimTags = []’ (vector
          of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L812),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L698),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2442),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2104),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3601)
     Examples:
          Python (flatten2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/flatten2.py#L19),
          remesh_partial_move.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remesh_partial_move.py#L31))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getNodes’
     Get the nodes classified on the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.  If ‘tag’ < 0, get the nodes for all entities of dimension
     ‘dim’.  If ‘dim’ and ‘tag’ are negative, get all the nodes in the
     mesh.  ‘nodeTags’ contains the node tags (their unique, strictly
     positive identification numbers).  ‘coord’ is a vector of length 3
     times the length of ‘nodeTags’ that contains the x, y, z
     coordinates of the nodes, concatenated: [n1x, n1y, n1z, n2x, ...].
     If ‘dim’ >= 0 and ‘returnParamtricCoord’ is set, ‘parametricCoord’
     contains the parametric coordinates ([u1, u2, ...]  or [u1, v1, u2,
     ...])  of the nodes, if available.  The length of ‘parametricCoord’
     can be 0 or ‘dim’ times the length of ‘nodeTags’.  If
     ‘includeBoundary’ is set, also return the nodes classified on the
     boundary of the entity (which will be reparametrized on the entity
     if ‘dim’ >= 0 in order to compute their parametric coordinates).

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘includeBoundary =
          False’ (boolean), ‘returnParametricCoord = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L830),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L715),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2468),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2143),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3642)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L79),
          x4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp#L65),
          x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L51)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L70),
          x4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py#L61),
          x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L43),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L15),
          copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L20),
          ...), Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L69),
          x4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl#L62),
          x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L41),
          explore.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.jl#L20))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getNodesByElementType’
     Get the nodes classified on the entity of tag ‘tag’, for all the
     elements of type ‘elementType’.  The other arguments are treated as
     in ‘getNodes’.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘returnParametricCoord = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L842),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L726),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2519),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2178),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3712)
     Examples:
          Python (stl_to_brep.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_brep.py#L22))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getNode’
     Get the coordinates and the parametric coordinates (if any) of the
     node with tag ‘tag’, as well as the dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’
     of the entity on which the node is classified.  This function
     relies on an internal cache (a vector in case of dense node
     numbering, a map otherwise); for large meshes accessing nodes in
     bulk is often preferable.

     Input:
          ‘nodeTag’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘coord’ (vector of doubles), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L856),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L739),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2557),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2215),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3780)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setNode’
     Set the coordinates and the parametric coordinates (if any) of the
     node with tag ‘tag’.  This function relies on an internal cache (a
     vector in case of dense node numbering, a map otherwise); for large
     meshes accessing nodes in bulk is often preferable.

     Input:
          ‘nodeTag’ (size), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L868),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L750),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2598),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2246),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3835)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/rebuildNodeCache’
     Rebuild the node cache.

     Input:
          ‘onlyIfNecessary = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L875),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L756),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2625),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2264),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3869)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/rebuildElementCache’
     Rebuild the element cache.

     Input:
          ‘onlyIfNecessary = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L880),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L760),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2643),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2282),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3887)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getNodesForPhysicalGroup’
     Get the nodes from all the elements belonging to the physical group
     of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  ‘nodeTags’ contains the node
     tags; ‘coord’ is a vector of length 3 times the length of
     ‘nodeTags’ that contains the x, y, z coordinates of the nodes,
     concatenated: [n1x, n1y, n1z, n2x, ...].

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L888),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L767),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2661),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2308),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3908)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getMaxNodeTag’
     Get the maximum tag ‘maxTag’ of a node in the mesh.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘maxTag’ (size)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L896),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L774),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2695),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2334),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3955)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/addNodes’
     Add nodes classified on the model entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.  ‘nodeTags’ contains the node tags (their unique, strictly
     positive identification numbers).  ‘coord’ is a vector of length 3
     times the length of ‘nodeTags’ that contains the x, y, z
     coordinates of the nodes, concatenated: [n1x, n1y, n1z, n2x, ...].
     The optional ‘parametricCoord’ vector contains the parametric
     coordinates of the nodes, if any.  The length of ‘parametricCoord’
     can be 0 or ‘dim’ times the length of ‘nodeTags’.  If the
     ‘nodeTags’ vector is empty, new tags are automatically assigned to
     the nodes.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of
          sizes), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles), ‘parametricCoord = []’
          (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L909),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L786),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2717),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2364),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L3981)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L92),
          x4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp#L27)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L88),
          x4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py#L25),
          copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L29),
          cylinderFFD.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/cylinderFFD.py#L143),
          discrete.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/discrete.py#L12),
          ...), Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L91),
          x4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl#L24),
          discrete.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/discrete.jl#L11),
          import_perf.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/import_perf.jl#L52))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/reclassifyNodes’
     Reclassify all nodes on their associated model entity, based on the
     elements.  Can be used when importing nodes in bulk (e.g.  by
     associating them all to a single volume), to reclassify them
     correctly on model surfaces, curves, etc.  after the elements have
     been set.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L921),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L797),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2754),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2382),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4031)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L107)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L102),
          remesh_cavity.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remesh_cavity.py#L69),
          remove_elements.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remove_elements.py#L28),
          terrain.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain.py#L66)),
          Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L106))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/relocateNodes’
     Relocate the nodes classified on the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and
     tag ‘tag’ using their parametric coordinates.  If ‘tag’ < 0,
     relocate the nodes for all entities of dimension ‘dim’.  If ‘dim’
     and ‘tag’ are negative, relocate all the nodes in the mesh.

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L929),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L803),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2771),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2404),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4047)
     Examples:
          Python (relocate_nodes.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/relocate_nodes.py#L48))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElements’
     Get the elements classified on the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and
     tag ‘tag’.  If ‘tag’ < 0, get the elements for all entities of
     dimension ‘dim’.  If ‘dim’ and ‘tag’ are negative, get all the
     elements in the mesh.  ‘elementTypes’ contains the MSH types of the
     elements (e.g.  ‘2’ for 3-node triangles: see
     ‘getElementProperties’ to obtain the properties for a given element
     type).  ‘elementTags’ is a vector of the same length as
     ‘elementTypes’; each entry is a vector containing the tags (unique,
     strictly positive identifiers) of the elements of the corresponding
     type.  ‘nodeTags’ is also a vector of the same length as
     ‘elementTypes’; each entry is a vector of length equal to the
     number of elements of the given type times the number N of nodes
     for this type of element, that contains the node tags of all the
     elements of the given type, concatenated: [e1n1, e1n2, ..., e1nN,
     e2n1, ...].

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘elementTypes’ (vector of integers), ‘elementTags’ (vector of
          vectors of sizes), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of vectors of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L947),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L820),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2794),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2439),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4082)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L84)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L73),
          copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L21),
          cylinderFFD.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/cylinderFFD.py#L47),
          explore.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.py#L24),
          flatten.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/flatten.py#L32),
          ...), Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L72),
          explore.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.jl#L22))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElement’
     Get the type and node tags of the element with tag ‘elementTag’, as
     well as the dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ of the entity on which
     the element is classified.  This function relies on an internal
     cache (a vector in case of dense element numbering, a map
     otherwise); for large meshes accessing elements in bulk is often
     preferable.

     Input:
          ‘elementTag’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘dim’
          (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L960),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L832),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2841),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2482),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4161)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementByCoordinates’
     Search the mesh for an element located at coordinates (‘x’, ‘y’,
     ‘z’).  This function performs a search in a spatial octree.  If an
     element is found, return its tag, type and node tags, as well as
     the local coordinates (‘u’, ‘v’, ‘w’) within the reference element
     corresponding to search location.  If ‘dim’ is >= 0, only search
     for elements of the given dimension.  If ‘strict’ is not set, use a
     tolerance to find elements near the search location.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dim = -1’
          (integer), ‘strict = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘elementTag’ (size), ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘nodeTags’
          (vector of sizes), ‘u’ (double), ‘v’ (double), ‘w’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L975),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L845),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2882),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2523),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4211)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementsByCoordinates’
     Search the mesh for element(s) located at coordinates (‘x’, ‘y’,
     ‘z’).  This function performs a search in a spatial octree.  Return
     the tags of all found elements in ‘elementTags’.  Additional
     information about the elements can be accessed through ‘getElement’
     and ‘getLocalCoordinatesInElement’.  If ‘dim’ is >= 0, only search
     for elements of the given dimension.  If ‘strict’ is not set, use a
     tolerance to find elements near the search location.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dim = -1’
          (integer), ‘strict = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L996),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L864),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2940),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2561),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4291)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getLocalCoordinatesInElement’
     Return the local coordinates (‘u’, ‘v’, ‘w’) within the element
     ‘elementTag’ corresponding to the model coordinates (‘x’, ‘y’,
     ‘z’).  This function relies on an internal cache (a vector in case
     of dense element numbering, a map otherwise); for large meshes
     accessing elements in bulk is often preferable.

     Input:
          ‘elementTag’ (size), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double)
     Output:
          ‘u’ (double), ‘v’ (double), ‘w’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1010),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L877),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L2977),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2593),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4345)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementTypes’
     Get the types of elements in the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.  If ‘tag’ < 0, get the types for all entities of dimension
     ‘dim’.  If ‘dim’ and ‘tag’ are negative, get all the types in the
     mesh.

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘elementTypes’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1023),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L889),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3020),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2620),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4395)
     Examples:
          C++ (x6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x6.cpp#L38)),
          Python (x6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py#L33),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L92)),
          Julia (x6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl#L33))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementType’
     Return an element type given its family name ‘familyName’ ("Point",
     "Line", "Triangle", "Quadrangle", "Tetrahedron", "Pyramid",
     "Prism", "Hexahedron") and polynomial order ‘order’.  If ‘serendip’
     is true, return the corresponding serendip element type (element
     without interior nodes).

     Input:
          ‘familyName’ (string), ‘order’ (integer), ‘serendip = False’
          (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1033),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L898),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3048),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2648),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4433)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L32)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L29)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L28))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementProperties’
     Get the properties of an element of type ‘elementType’: its name
     (‘elementName’), dimension (‘dim’), order (‘order’), number of
     nodes (‘numNodes’), local coordinates of the nodes in the reference
     element (‘localNodeCoord’ vector, of length ‘dim’ times ‘numNodes’)
     and number of primary (first order) nodes (‘numPrimaryNodes’).

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘elementName’ (string), ‘dim’ (integer), ‘order’ (integer),
          ‘numNodes’ (integer), ‘localNodeCoord’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘numPrimaryNodes’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1044),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L908),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3076),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2678),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4467)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L152)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L117),
          x6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py#L38),
          explore.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.py#L36),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L111)),
          Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L125),
          x6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl#L38),
          explore.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/explore.jl#L33))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementsByType’
     Get the elements of type ‘elementType’ classified on the entity of
     tag ‘tag’.  If ‘tag’ < 0, get the elements for all entities.
     ‘elementTags’ is a vector containing the tags (unique, strictly
     positive identifiers) of the elements of the corresponding type.
     ‘nodeTags’ is a vector of length equal to the number of elements of
     the given type times the number N of nodes for this type of
     element, that contains the node tags of all the elements of the
     given type, concatenated: [e1n1, e1n2, ..., e1nN, e2n1, ...].  If
     ‘numTasks’ > 1, only compute and return the part of the data
     indexed by ‘task’ (for C++ only; output vectors must be
     preallocated).

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘task = 0’
          (size), ‘numTasks = 1’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1063),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L926),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3125),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2720),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4532)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L58)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L50),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L18),
          neighbors.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/neighbors.py#L15),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L95),
          stl_to_brep.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_brep.py#L21)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L49))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getMaxElementTag’
     Get the maximum tag ‘maxTag’ of an element in the mesh.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘maxTag’ (size)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1073),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L935),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3168),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2746),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4589)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L78)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L74)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L77))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/preallocateElementsByType’
     Preallocate data before calling ‘getElementsByType’ with ‘numTasks’
     > 1.  For C++ only.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘elementTag’ (boolean), ‘nodeTag’
          (boolean), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1079),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L940),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4608)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementQualities’
     Get the quality ‘elementQualities’ of the elements with tags
     ‘elementTags’.  ‘qualityType’ is the requested quality measure:
     "minDetJac" and "maxDetJac" for the adaptively computed minimal and
     maximal Jacobian determinant, "minSJ" for the sampled minimal
     scaled jacobien, "minSICN" for the sampled minimal signed inverted
     condition number, "minSIGE" for the sampled signed inverted
     gradient error, "gamma" for the ratio of the inscribed to
     circumcribed sphere radius, "innerRadius" for the inner radius,
     "outerRadius" for the outerRadius, "minIsotropy" for the minimum
     isotropy measure, "angleShape" for the angle shape measure,
     "minEdge" for the minimum straight edge length, "maxEdge" for the
     maximum straight edge length, "volume" for the volume.  If
     ‘numTasks’ > 1, only compute and return the part of the data
     indexed by ‘task’ (for C++ only; output vector must be
     preallocated).

     Input:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘qualityName = "minSICN"’
          (string), ‘task = 0’ (size), ‘numTasks = 1’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘elementsQuality’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1101),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L961),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3190),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2782),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4677)
     Examples:
          Python (mesh_quality.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/mesh_quality.py#L12),
          min_edge.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/min_edge.py#L7),
          view_element_size.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_element_size.py#L16))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/addElements’
     Add elements classified on the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.  ‘types’ contains the MSH types of the elements (e.g.  ‘2’
     for 3-node triangles: see the Gmsh reference manual).
     ‘elementTags’ is a vector of the same length as ‘types’; each entry
     is a vector containing the tags (unique, strictly positive
     identifiers) of the elements of the corresponding type.  ‘nodeTags’
     is also a vector of the same length as ‘types’; each entry is a
     vector of length equal to the number of elements of the given type
     times the number N of nodes per element, that contains the node
     tags of all the elements of the given type, concatenated: [e1n1,
     e1n2, ..., e1nN, e2n1, ...].

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘elementTypes’ (vector of
          integers), ‘elementTags’ (vector of vectors of integers
          (size)), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of vectors of integers (size))
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1119),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L978),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3233),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2815),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4734)
     Examples:
          Python (copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L30),
          cylinderFFD.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/cylinderFFD.py#L144),
          discrete.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/discrete.py#L32),
          flatten.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/flatten.py#L42),
          mesh_from_discrete_curve.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/mesh_from_discrete_curve.py#L21),
          ...), Julia (discrete.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/discrete.jl#L19))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/addElementsByType’
     Add elements of type ‘elementType’ classified on the entity of tag
     ‘tag’.  ‘elementTags’ contains the tags (unique, strictly positive
     identifiers) of the elements of the corresponding type.  ‘nodeTags’
     is a vector of length equal to the number of elements times the
     number N of nodes per element, that contains the node tags of all
     the elements, concatenated: [e1n1, e1n2, ..., e1nN, e2n1, ...].  If
     the ‘elementTag’ vector is empty, new tags are automatically
     assigned to the elements.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘elementTags’
          (vector of sizes), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1134),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L992),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3271),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2844),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4813)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L98),
          x4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp#L29),
          x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L89)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L94),
          x4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py#L27),
          x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L86),
          import_perf.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/import_perf.py#L70),
          raw_tetrahedralization.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/raw_tetrahedralization.py#L21),
          ...), Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L97),
          x4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl#L26),
          x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L90),
          import_perf.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/import_perf.jl#L57))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getIntegrationPoints’
     Get the numerical quadrature information for the given element type
     ‘elementType’ and integration rule ‘integrationType’, where
     ‘integrationType’ concatenates the integration rule family name
     with the desired order (e.g.  "Gauss4" for a quadrature suited for
     integrating 4th order polynomials).  The "CompositeGauss" family
     uses tensor-product rules based the 1D Gauss-Legendre rule; the
     "Gauss" family uses an economic scheme when available (i.e.  with a
     minimal number of points), and falls back to "CompositeGauss"
     otherwise.  Note that integration points for the "Gauss" family can
     fall outside of the reference element for high-order rules.
     ‘localCoord’ contains the u, v, w coordinates of the G integration
     points in the reference element: [g1u, g1v, g1w, ..., gGu, gGv,
     gGw].  ‘weights’ contains the associated weights: [g1q, ..., gGq].

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘integrationType’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘localCoord’ (vector of doubles), ‘weights’ (vector of
          doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1153),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1010),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3303),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2877),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4863)
     Examples:
          Python (x6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py#L46),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L30),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L112)),
          Julia (x6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl#L46))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getJacobians’
     Get the Jacobians of all the elements of type ‘elementType’
     classified on the entity of tag ‘tag’, at the G evaluation points
     ‘localCoord’ given as concatenated u, v, w coordinates in the
     reference element [g1u, g1v, g1w, ..., gGu, gGv, gGw].  Data is
     returned by element, with elements in the same order as in
     ‘getElements’ and ‘getElementsByType’.  ‘jacobians’ contains for
     each element the 9 entries of the 3x3 Jacobian matrix at each
     evaluation point.  The matrix is returned by column: [e1g1Jxu,
     e1g1Jyu, e1g1Jzu, e1g1Jxv, ..., e1g1Jzw, e1g2Jxu, ..., e1gGJzw,
     e2g1Jxu, ...], with Jxu = dx/du, Jyu = dy/du, etc.  ‘determinants’
     contains for each element the determinant of the Jacobian matrix at
     each evaluation point: [e1g1, e1g2, ...  e1gG, e2g1, ...].  ‘coord’
     contains for each element the x, y, z coordinates of the evaluation
     points.  If ‘tag’ < 0, get the Jacobian data for all entities.  If
     ‘numTasks’ > 1, only compute and return the part of the data
     indexed by ‘task’ (for C++ only; output vectors must be
     preallocated).

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘localCoord’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘task = 0’ (size), ‘numTasks = 1’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘jacobians’ (vector of doubles), ‘determinants’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1175),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1031),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3345),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2923),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L4924)
     Examples:
          Python (x6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py#L67),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L31),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L131)),
          Julia (x6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl#L67))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/preallocateJacobians’
     Preallocate data before calling ‘getJacobians’ with ‘numTasks’ > 1.
     For C++ only.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘numEvaluationPoints’ (integer),
          ‘allocateJacobians’ (boolean), ‘allocateDeterminants’
          (boolean), ‘allocateCoord’ (boolean), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘jacobians’ (vector of doubles), ‘determinants’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1188),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1043),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5002)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getJacobian’
     Get the Jacobian for a single element ‘elementTag’, at the G
     evaluation points ‘localCoord’ given as concatenated u, v, w
     coordinates in the reference element [g1u, g1v, g1w, ..., gGu, gGv,
     gGw].  ‘jacobians’ contains the 9 entries of the 3x3 Jacobian
     matrix at each evaluation point.  The matrix is returned by column:
     [e1g1Jxu, e1g1Jyu, e1g1Jzu, e1g1Jxv, ..., e1g1Jzw, e1g2Jxu, ...,
     e1gGJzw, e2g1Jxu, ...], with Jxu = dx/du, Jyu = dy/du, etc.
     ‘determinants’ contains the determinant of the Jacobian matrix at
     each evaluation point.  ‘coord’ contains the x, y, z coordinates of
     the evaluation points.  This function relies on an internal cache
     (a vector in case of dense element numbering, a map otherwise); for
     large meshes accessing Jacobians in bulk is often preferable.

     Input:
          ‘elementTag’ (size), ‘localCoord’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          ‘jacobians’ (vector of doubles), ‘determinants’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1211),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1065),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3401),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L2965),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5091)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getBasisFunctions’
     Get the basis functions of the element of type ‘elementType’ at the
     evaluation points ‘localCoord’ (given as concatenated u, v, w
     coordinates in the reference element [g1u, g1v, g1w, ..., gGu, gGv,
     gGw]), for the function space ‘functionSpaceType’.  Currently
     supported function spaces include "Lagrange" and "GradLagrange" for
     isoparametric Lagrange basis functions and their gradient in the u,
     v, w coordinates of the reference element; "LagrangeN" and
     "GradLagrangeN", with N = 1, 2, ..., for N-th order Lagrange basis
     functions; "H1LegendreN" and "GradH1LegendreN", with N = 1, 2, ...,
     for N-th order hierarchical H1 Legendre functions; "HcurlLegendreN"
     and "CurlHcurlLegendreN", with N = 1, 2, ..., for N-th order
     curl-conforming basis functions.  ‘numComponents’ returns the
     number C of components of a basis function (e.g.  1 for scalar
     functions and 3 for vector functions).  ‘basisFunctions’ returns
     the value of the N basis functions at the evaluation points, i.e.
     [g1f1, g1f2, ..., g1fN, g2f1, ...]  when C == 1 or [g1f1u, g1f1v,
     g1f1w, g1f2u, ..., g1fNw, g2f1u, ...]  when C == 3.  For basis
     functions that depend on the orientation of the elements, all
     values for the first orientation are returned first, followed by
     values for the second, etc.  ‘numOrientations’ returns the overall
     number of orientations.  If the ‘wantedOrientations’ vector is not
     empty, only return the values for the desired orientation indices.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘localCoord’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘functionSpaceType’ (string), ‘wantedOrientations = []’
          (vector of integers)
     Output:
          ‘numComponents’ (integer), ‘basisFunctions’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘numOrientations’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1239),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1092),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3447),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3018),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5172)
     Examples:
          Python (x6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py#L57),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L32),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L114)),
          Julia (x6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl#L57))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getBasisFunctionsOrientation’
     Get the orientation index of the elements of type ‘elementType’ in
     the entity of tag ‘tag’.  The arguments have the same meaning as in
     ‘getBasisFunctions’.  ‘basisFunctionsOrientation’ is a vector
     giving for each element the orientation index in the values
     returned by ‘getBasisFunctions’.  For Lagrange basis functions the
     call is superfluous as it will return a vector of zeros.  If
     ‘numTasks’ > 1, only compute and return the part of the data
     indexed by ‘task’ (for C++ only; output vector must be
     preallocated).

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘functionSpaceType’ (string), ‘tag =
          -1’ (integer), ‘task = 0’ (size), ‘numTasks = 1’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘basisFunctionsOrientation’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1257),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1109),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3507),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3054),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5240)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getBasisFunctionsOrientationForElement’
     Get the orientation of a single element ‘elementTag’.

     Input:
          ‘elementTag’ (size), ‘functionSpaceType’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘basisFunctionsOrientation’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1267),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1118),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3546),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3079),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5290)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getNumberOfOrientations’
     Get the number of possible orientations for elements of type
     ‘elementType’ and function space named ‘functionSpaceType’.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘functionSpaceType’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1275),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1125),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3572),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3102),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5319)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/preallocateBasisFunctionsOrientation’
     Preallocate data before calling ‘getBasisFunctionsOrientation’ with
     ‘numTasks’ > 1.  For C++ only.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘basisFunctionsOrientation’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1282),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1131),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5345)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getEdges’
     Get the global unique mesh edge identifiers ‘edgeTags’ and
     orientations ‘edgeOrientation’ for an input list of node tag pairs
     defining these edges, concatenated in the vector ‘nodeTags’.  Mesh
     edges are created e.g.  by ‘createEdges()’, ‘getKeys()’ or
     ‘addEdges()’.  The reference positive orientation is n1 < n2, where
     n1 and n2 are the tags of the two edge nodes, which corresponds to
     the local orientation of edge-based basis functions as well.

     Input:
          ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Output:
          ‘edgeTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘edgeOrientations’ (vector of
          integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1295),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1143),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3596),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3129),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5386)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L51)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L44)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L43))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getFaces’
     Get the global unique mesh face identifiers ‘faceTags’ and
     orientations ‘faceOrientations’ for an input list of a multiple of
     three (if ‘faceType’ == 3) or four (if ‘faceType’ == 4) node tags
     defining these faces, concatenated in the vector ‘nodeTags’.  Mesh
     faces are created e.g.  by ‘createFaces()’, ‘getKeys()’ or
     ‘addFaces()’.

     Input:
          ‘faceType’ (integer), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Output:
          ‘faceTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘faceOrientations’ (vector of
          integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1306),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1153),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3632),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3162),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5435)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L52)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L45),
          remesh_cavity.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remesh_cavity.py#L38)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L44))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/createEdges’
     Create unique mesh edges for the entities ‘dimTags’, given as a
     vector of (dim, tag) pairs.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1315),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1161),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3668),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3187),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5486)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L45)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L40)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L39))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/createFaces’
     Create unique mesh faces for the entities ‘dimTags’, given as a
     vector of (dim, tag) pairs.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1321),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1166),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3688),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3208),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5508)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L46)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L41),
          remesh_cavity.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remesh_cavity.py#L37)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L40))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getAllEdges’
     Get the global unique identifiers ‘edgeTags’ and the nodes
     ‘edgeNodes’ of the edges in the mesh.  Mesh edges are created e.g.
     by ‘createEdges()’, ‘getKeys()’ or addEdges().

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘edgeTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘edgeNodes’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1328),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1172),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3708),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3233),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5531)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L103)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L98)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L103))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getAllFaces’
     Get the global unique identifiers ‘faceTags’ and the nodes
     ‘faceNodes’ of the faces of type ‘faceType’ in the mesh.  Mesh
     faces are created e.g.  by ‘createFaces()’, ‘getKeys()’ or
     addFaces().

     Input:
          ‘faceType’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘faceTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘faceNodes’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1336),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1179),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3737),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3263),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5570)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L104)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L99)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L104))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/addEdges’
     Add mesh edges defined by their global unique identifiers
     ‘edgeTags’ and their nodes ‘edgeNodes’.

     Input:
          ‘edgeTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘edgeNodes’ (vector of sizes)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1344),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1186),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3768),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3289),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5613)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/addFaces’
     Add mesh faces of type ‘faceType’ defined by their global unique
     identifiers ‘faceTags’ and their nodes ‘faceNodes’.

     Input:
          ‘faceType’ (integer), ‘faceTags’ (vector of sizes),
          ‘faceNodes’ (vector of sizes)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1351),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1192),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3791),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3310),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5643)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getKeys’
     Generate the pair of keys for the elements of type ‘elementType’ in
     the entity of tag ‘tag’, for the ‘functionSpaceType’ function
     space.  Each pair (‘typeKey’, ‘entityKey’) uniquely identifies a
     basis function in the function space.  If ‘returnCoord’ is set, the
     ‘coord’ vector contains the x, y, z coordinates locating basis
     functions for sorting purposes.  Warning: this is an experimental
     feature and will probably change in a future release.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘functionSpaceType’ (string), ‘tag =
          -1’ (integer), ‘returnCoord = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘typeKeys’ (vector of integers), ‘entityKeys’ (vector of
          sizes), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1364),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1204),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3816),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3341),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5683)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getKeysForElement’
     Get the pair of keys for a single element ‘elementTag’.

     Input:
          ‘elementTag’ (size), ‘functionSpaceType’ (string),
          ‘returnCoord = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘typeKeys’ (vector of integers), ‘entityKeys’ (vector of
          sizes), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1375),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1214),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3861),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3375),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5752)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getNumberOfKeys’
     Get the number of keys by elements of type ‘elementType’ for
     function space named ‘functionSpaceType’.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘functionSpaceType’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1386),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1224),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3898),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3406),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5817)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getKeysInformation’
     Get information about the pair of ‘keys’.  ‘infoKeys’ returns
     information about the functions associated with the pairs
     (‘typeKeys’, ‘entityKey’).  ‘infoKeys[0].first’ describes the type
     of function (0 for vertex function, 1 for edge function, 2 for face
     function and 3 for bubble function).  ‘infoKeys[0].second’ gives
     the order of the function associated with the key.  Warning: this
     is an experimental feature and will probably change in a future
     release.

     Input:
          ‘typeKeys’ (vector of integers), ‘entityKeys’ (vector of
          sizes), ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘functionSpaceType’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘infoKeys’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1398),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1235),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3922),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3436),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5848)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getBarycenters’
     Get the barycenters of all elements of type ‘elementType’
     classified on the entity of tag ‘tag’.  If ‘primary’ is set, only
     the primary nodes of the elements are taken into account for the
     barycenter calculation.  If ‘fast’ is set, the function returns the
     sum of the primary node coordinates (without normalizing by the
     number of nodes).  If ‘tag’ < 0, get the barycenters for all
     entities.  If ‘numTasks’ > 1, only compute and return the part of
     the data indexed by ‘task’ (for C++ only; output vector must be
     preallocated).

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘fast’ (boolean),
          ‘primary’ (boolean), ‘task = 0’ (size), ‘numTasks = 1’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘barycenters’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1414),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1250),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L3960),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3472),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5906)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/preallocateBarycenters’
     Preallocate data before calling ‘getBarycenters’ with ‘numTasks’ >
     1.  For C++ only.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘barycenters’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1426),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1261),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L5962)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementEdgeNodes’
     Get the nodes on the edges of all elements of type ‘elementType’
     classified on the entity of tag ‘tag’.  ‘nodeTags’ contains the
     node tags of the edges for all the elements: [e1a1n1, e1a1n2,
     e1a2n1, ...].  Data is returned by element, with elements in the
     same order as in ‘getElements’ and ‘getElementsByType’.  If
     ‘primary’ is set, only the primary (begin/end) nodes of the edges
     are returned.  If ‘tag’ < 0, get the edge nodes for all entities.
     If ‘numTasks’ > 1, only compute and return the part of the data
     indexed by ‘task’ (for C++ only; output vector must be
     preallocated).

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘primary =
          False’ (boolean), ‘task = 0’ (size), ‘numTasks = 1’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1440),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1274),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4001),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3507),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6004)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L34)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L30),
          stl_to_brep.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_brep.py#L23)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L29))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getElementFaceNodes’
     Get the nodes on the faces of type ‘faceType’ (3 for triangular
     faces, 4 for quadrangular faces) of all elements of type
     ‘elementType’ classified on the entity of tag ‘tag’.  ‘nodeTags’
     contains the node tags of the faces for all elements: [e1f1n1, ...,
     e1f1nFaceType, e1f2n1, ...].  Data is returned by element, with
     elements in the same order as in ‘getElements’ and
     ‘getElementsByType’.  If ‘primary’ is set, only the primary
     (corner) nodes of the faces are returned.  If ‘tag’ < 0, get the
     face nodes for all entities.  If ‘numTasks’ > 1, only compute and
     return the part of the data indexed by ‘task’ (for C++ only; output
     vector must be preallocated).

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘faceType’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’
          (integer), ‘primary = False’ (boolean), ‘task = 0’ (size),
          ‘numTasks = 1’ (size)
     Output:
          ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1458),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1291),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4040),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3544),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6062)
     Examples:
          C++ (x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L35)),
          Python (x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L31),
          neighbors.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/neighbors.py#L16),
          remesh_cavity.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remesh_cavity.py#L36)),
          Julia (x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L30))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getGhostElements’
     Get the ghost elements ‘elementTags’ and their associated
     ‘partitions’ stored in the ghost entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘partitions’ (vector of
          integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1470),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1302),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4082),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3571),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6118)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setSize’
     Set a mesh size constraint on the model entities ‘dimTags’, given
     as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  Currently only entities of
     dimension 0 (points) are handled.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘size’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1480),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1311),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4114),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3597),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6167)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L125),
          t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L32),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L47)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L105),
          t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L29),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L35),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L80),
          extend_field.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/extend_field.py#L18),
          ...), Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L107),
          t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L26),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L34)),
          Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L135),
          t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L40),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L47))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getSizes’
     Get the mesh size constraints (if any) associated with the model
     entities ‘dimTags’, given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  A zero
     entry in the output ‘sizes’ vector indicates that no size
     constraint is specified on the corresponding entity.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          ‘sizes’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1489),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1319),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4137),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3623),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6196)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setSizeAtParametricPoints’
     Set mesh size constraints at the given parametric points
     ‘parametricCoord’ on the model entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.  Currently only entities of dimension 1 (lines) are handled.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘parametricCoord’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘sizes’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1497),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1326),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4165),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3651),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6231)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setSizeCallback’
     Set a mesh size callback for the current model.  The callback
     function should take six arguments as input (‘dim’, ‘tag’, ‘x’,
     ‘y’, ‘z’ and ‘lc’).  The first two integer arguments correspond to
     the dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ of the entity being meshed.  The
     next four double precision arguments correspond to the coordinates
     ‘x’, ‘y’ and ‘z’ around which to prescribe the mesh size and to the
     mesh size ‘lc’ that would be prescribed if the callback had not
     been called.  The callback function should return a double
     precision number specifying the desired mesh size; returning ‘lc’
     is equivalent to a no-op.

     Input:
          ‘callback’ ()
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1513),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1341),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4193),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3676),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6278)
     Examples:
          C++ (t10.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t10.cpp#L117)),
          Python (t10.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t10.py#L109)),
          Julia (t10.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t10.jl#L108)),
          Fortran (t10.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t10.f90#L113))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/removeSizeCallback’
     Remove the mesh size callback from the current model.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1518),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1345),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4223),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3693),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6296)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setTransfiniteCurve’
     Set a transfinite meshing constraint on the curve ‘tag’, with
     ‘numNodes’ nodes distributed according to ‘meshType’ and ‘coef’.
     Currently supported types are "Progression" (geometrical
     progression with power ‘coef’), "Bump" (refinement toward both
     extremities of the curve) and "Beta" (beta law).

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘numNodes’ (integer), ‘meshType =
          "Progression"’ (string), ‘coef = 1.’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1527),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1351),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4237),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3717),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6312)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L155)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L151),
          terrain.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain.py#L149),
          terrain_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.py#L43),
          terrain_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_stl.py#L78)),
          Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L155),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L43))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setTransfiniteSurface’
     Set a transfinite meshing constraint on the surface ‘tag’.
     ‘arrangement’ describes the arrangement of the triangles when the
     surface is not flagged as recombined: currently supported values
     are "Left", "Right", "AlternateLeft" and "AlternateRight".
     ‘cornerTags’ can be used to specify the (3 or 4) corners of the
     transfinite interpolation explicitly; specifying the corners
     explicitly is mandatory if the surface has more that 3 or 4 points
     on its boundary.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘arrangement = "Left"’ (string), ‘cornerTags
          = []’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1541),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1364),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4264),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3742),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6351)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L158)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L153),
          get_data_perf.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/get_data_perf.py#L11),
          terrain.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain.py#L151),
          terrain_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.py#L45),
          terrain_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_stl.py#L80)),
          Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L158),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L45))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setTransfiniteVolume’
     Set a transfinite meshing constraint on the surface ‘tag’.
     ‘cornerTags’ can be used to specify the (6 or 8) corners of the
     transfinite interpolation explicitly.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘cornerTags = []’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1550),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1372),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4293),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3763),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6384)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L162)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L156),
          terrain.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain.py#L154),
          terrain_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.py#L48),
          terrain_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_stl.py#L83)),
          Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L162),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L50))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setTransfiniteAutomatic’
     Set transfinite meshing constraints on the model entities in
     ‘dimTags’, given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  Transfinite
     meshing constraints are added to the curves of the quadrangular
     surfaces and to the faces of 6-sided volumes.  Quadragular faces
     with a corner angle superior to ‘cornerAngle’ (in radians) are
     ignored.  The number of points is automatically determined from the
     sizing constraints.  If ‘dimTag’ is empty, the constraints are
     applied to all entities in the model.  If ‘recombine’ is true, the
     recombine flag is automatically set on the transfinite surfaces.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘cornerAngle =
          2.35’ (double), ‘recombine = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1564),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1384),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4316),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3790),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6417)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L169),
          x6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x6.cpp#L22)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L162),
          x6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py#L21)),
          Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L168),
          x6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl#L20))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setRecombine’
     Set a recombination meshing constraint on the model entity of
     dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  Currently only entities of
     dimension 2 (to recombine triangles into quadrangles) are
     supported; ‘angle’ specifies the threshold angle for the simple
     recombination algorithm..

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘angle = 45.’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1574),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1393),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4346),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3815),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6451)
     Examples:
          C++ (t11.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t11.cpp#L44),
          x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L159)),
          Python (t11.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t11.py#L42),
          x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L154),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L238),
          terrain.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain.py#L152),
          terrain_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.py#L46),
          ...), Julia (t11.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t11.jl#L41),
          x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L159),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L46)),
          Fortran (t11.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t11.f90#L50))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setSmoothing’
     Set a smoothing meshing constraint on the model entity of dimension
     ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  ‘val’ iterations of a Laplace smoother are
     applied.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘val’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1582),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1400),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4371),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3836),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6480)
     Examples:
          C++ (x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L160)),
          Python (x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L155),
          terrain.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain.py#L153),
          terrain_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.py#L47),
          terrain_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_stl.py#L82)),
          Julia (x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L160),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L47))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setReverse’
     Set a reverse meshing constraint on the model entity of dimension
     ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  If ‘val’ is true, the mesh orientation will
     be reversed with respect to the natural mesh orientation (i.e.  the
     orientation consistent with the orientation of the geometry).  If
     ‘val’ is false, the mesh is left as-is.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘val = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1593),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1410),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4394),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3859),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6512)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setAlgorithm’
     Set the meshing algorithm on the model entity of dimension ‘dim’
     and tag ‘tag’.  Supported values are those of the ‘Mesh.Algorithm’
     option, as listed in the Gmsh reference manual.  Currently only
     supported for ‘dim’ == 2.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘val’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1603),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1418),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4420),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3881),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6542)
     Examples:
          C++ (t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L207)),
          Python (t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L201)),
          Julia (t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L198)),
          Fortran (t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L153))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setSizeFromBoundary’
     Force the mesh size to be extended from the boundary, or not, for
     the model entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  Currently only
     supported for ‘dim’ == 2.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘val’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1612),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1426),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4444),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3903),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6572)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setCompound’
     Set a compound meshing constraint on the model entities of
     dimension ‘dim’ and tags ‘tags’.  During meshing, compound entities
     are treated as a single discrete entity, which is automatically
     reparametrized.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tags’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1621),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1434),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4468),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3924),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6602)
     Examples:
          C++ (t12.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t12.cpp#L83)),
          Python (t12.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t12.py#L79)),
          Julia (t12.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t12.jl#L78)),
          Fortran (t12.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t12.f90#L85))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setOutwardOrientation’
     Set meshing constraints on the bounding surfaces of the volume of
     tag ‘tag’ so that all surfaces are oriented with outward pointing
     normals; and if a mesh already exists, reorient it.  Currently only
     available with the OpenCASCADE kernel, as it relies on the STL
     triangulation.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1630),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1442),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4491),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3945),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6631)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/removeConstraints’
     Remove all meshing constraints from the model entities ‘dimTags’,
     given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If ‘dimTags’ is empty,
     remove all constraings.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1637),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1448),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4512),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3964),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6651)
     Examples:
          Python (terrain_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.py#L51)),
          Julia (terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L53))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/embed’
     Embed the model entities of dimension ‘dim’ and tags ‘tags’ in the
     (‘inDim’, ‘inTag’) model entity.  The dimension ‘dim’ can 0, 1 or 2
     and must be strictly smaller than ‘inDim’, which must be either 2
     or 3.  The embedded entities should not intersect each other or be
     part of the boundary of the entity ‘inTag’, whose mesh will conform
     to the mesh of the embedded entities.  With the OpenCASCADE kernel,
     if the ‘fragment’ operation is applied to entities of different
     dimensions, the lower dimensional entities will be automatically
     embedded in the higher dimensional entities if they are not on
     their boundary.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tags’ (vector of integers), ‘inDim’
          (integer), ‘inTag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1650),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1460),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4533),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L3994),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6680)
     Examples:
          C++ (t15.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t15.cpp#L51)),
          Python (t15.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t15.py#L47)),
          Julia (t15.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t15.jl#L46)),
          Fortran (t15.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t15.f90#L56))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/removeEmbedded’
     Remove embedded entities from the model entities ‘dimTags’, given
     as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  if ‘dim’ is >= 0, only remove
     embedded entities of the given dimension (e.g.  embedded points if
     ‘dim’ == 0).

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘dim = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1660),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1469),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4565),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4014),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6718)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getEmbedded’
     Get the entities (if any) embedded in the model entity of dimension
     ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1667),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1475),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4588),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4039),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6745)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/reorderElements’
     Reorder the elements of type ‘elementType’ classified on the entity
     of tag ‘tag’ according to the ‘ordering’ vector.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘ordering’ (vector
          of sizes)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1675),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1482),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4615),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4064),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6781)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/computeRenumbering’
     Compute a renumbering vector ‘newTags’ corresponding to the input
     tags ‘oldTags’ for a given list of element tags ‘elementTags’.  If
     ‘elementTags’ is empty, compute the renumbering on the full mesh.
     If ‘method’ is equal to "RCMK", compute a node renumering with
     Reverse Cuthill McKee.  If ‘method’ is equal to "Hilbert", compute
     a node renumering along a Hilbert curve.  If ‘method’ is equal to
     "Metis", compute a node renumering using Metis.  Element
     renumbering is not available yet.

     Input:
          ‘method = "RCMK"’ (string), ‘elementTags = []’ (vector of
          sizes)
     Output:
          ‘oldTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘newTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1688),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1494),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4639),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4093),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6818)
     Examples:
          Python (renumbering.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/renumbering.py#L16))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/renumberNodes’
     Renumber the node tags.  If no explicit renumbering is provided
     through the ‘oldTags’ and ‘newTags’ vectors, renumber the nodes in
     a continuous sequence, taking into account the subset of elements
     to be saved later on if the option "Mesh.SaveAll" is not set.

     Input:
          ‘oldTags = []’ (vector of sizes), ‘newTags = []’ (vector of
          sizes)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1699),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1504),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4677),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4121),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6871)
     Examples:
          Python (renumbering.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/renumbering.py#L17),
          view_renumbering.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_renumbering.py#L31))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/renumberElements’
     Renumber the element tags in a continuous sequence.  If no explicit
     renumbering is provided through the ‘oldTags’ and ‘newTags’
     vectors, renumber the elements in a continuous sequence, taking
     into account the subset of elements to be saved later on if the
     option "Mesh.SaveAll" is not set.

     Input:
          ‘oldTags = []’ (vector of sizes), ‘newTags = []’ (vector of
          sizes)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1709),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1513),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4702),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4143),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6904)
     Examples:
          Python (view_renumbering.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_renumbering.py#L32))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setPeriodic’
     Set the meshes of the entities of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tags’ as
     periodic copies of the meshes of entities ‘tagsMaster’, using the
     affine transformation specified in ‘affineTransformation’ (16
     entries of a 4x4 matrix, by row).  If used after meshing, generate
     the periodic node correspondence information assuming the meshes of
     entities ‘tags’ effectively match the meshes of entities
     ‘tagsMaster’ (useful for structured and extruded meshes).
     Currently only available for ‘dim’ == 1 and ‘dim’ == 2.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tags’ (vector of integers), ‘tagsMaster’
          (vector of integers), ‘affineTransform’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1722),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1525),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4728),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4170),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6940)
     Examples:
          C++ (t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L40)),
          Python (t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L36),
          periodic.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/periodic.py#L13)),
          Julia (t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L33)),
          Fortran (t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L48))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getPeriodic’
     Get master entities ‘tagsMaster’ for the entities of dimension
     ‘dim’ and tags ‘tags’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tags’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          ‘tagMaster’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1731),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1533),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4762),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4193),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L6983)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getPeriodicNodes’
     Get the master entity ‘tagMaster’, the node tags ‘nodeTags’ and
     their corresponding master node tags ‘nodeTagsMaster’, and the
     affine transform ‘affineTransform’ for the entity of dimension
     ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.  If ‘includeHighOrderNodes’ is set, include
     high-order nodes in the returned data.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘includeHighOrderNodes =
          False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘tagMaster’ (integer), ‘nodeTags’ (vector of sizes),
          ‘nodeTagsMaster’ (vector of sizes), ‘affineTransform’ (vector
          of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1742),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1543),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4790),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4225),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7025)
     Examples:
          Python (periodic.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/periodic.py#L19))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getPeriodicKeys’
     Get the master entity ‘tagMaster’ and the key pairs
     (‘typeKeyMaster’, ‘entityKeyMaster’) corresponding to the entity
     ‘tag’ and the key pairs (‘typeKey’, ‘entityKey’) for the elements
     of type ‘elementType’ and function space type ‘functionSpaceType’.
     If ‘returnCoord’ is set, the ‘coord’ and ‘coordMaster’ vectors
     contain the x, y, z coordinates locating basis functions for
     sorting purposes.

     Input:
          ‘elementType’ (integer), ‘functionSpaceType’ (string), ‘tag’
          (integer), ‘returnCoord = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘tagMaster’ (integer), ‘typeKeys’ (vector of integers),
          ‘typeKeysMaster’ (vector of integers), ‘entityKeys’ (vector of
          sizes), ‘entityKeysMaster’ (vector of sizes), ‘coord’ (vector
          of doubles), ‘coordMaster’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1758),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1558),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4835),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4270),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7099)
     Examples:
          Python (periodic.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/periodic.py#L23))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/importStl’
     Import the model STL representation (if available) as the current
     mesh.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1773),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1572),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4895),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4304),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7209)
     Examples:
          Python (stl_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_mesh.py#L20))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getDuplicateNodes’
     Get the ‘tags’ of any duplicate nodes in the mesh of the entities
     ‘dimTags’, given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If ‘dimTags’ is
     empty, consider the whole mesh.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          ‘tags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1780),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1577),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4909),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4327),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7224)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/removeDuplicateNodes’
     Remove duplicate nodes in the mesh of the entities ‘dimTags’, given
     as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If ‘dimTags’ is empty, consider
     the whole mesh.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1788),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1583),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4936),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4351),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7258)
     Examples:
          Python (glue_and_remesh_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/glue_and_remesh_stl.py#L15),
          mirror_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/mirror_mesh.py#L55),
          stl_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_mesh.py#L21),
          view_adaptive_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_adaptive_to_mesh.py#L74))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/removeDuplicateElements’
     Remove duplicate elements (defined by the same nodes, in the same
     entity) in the mesh of the entities ‘dimTags’, given as a vector of
     (dim, tag) pairs.  If ‘dimTags’ is empty, consider the whole mesh.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1795),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1589),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4956),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4373),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7281)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/splitQuadrangles’
     Split (into two triangles) all quadrangles in surface ‘tag’ whose
     quality is lower than ‘quality’.  If ‘tag’ < 0, split quadrangles
     in all surfaces.

     Input:
          ‘quality = 1.’ (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1801),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1594),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4977),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4395),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7303)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/setVisibility’
     Set the visibility of the elements of tags ‘elementTags’ to
     ‘value’.

     Input:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes), ‘value’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1807),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1599),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L4998),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4414),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7326)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/getVisibility’
     Get the visibility of the elements of tags ‘elementTags’.

     Input:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Output:
          ‘values’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1813),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1604),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5019),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4435),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7352)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/classifySurfaces’
     Classify ("color") the surface mesh based on the angle threshold
     ‘angle’ (in radians), and create new discrete surfaces, curves and
     points accordingly.  If ‘boundary’ is set, also create discrete
     curves on the boundary if the surface is open.  If
     ‘forReparametrization’ is set, create curves and surfaces that can
     be reparametrized using a single map.  If ‘curveAngle’ is less than
     Pi, also force curves to be split according to ‘curveAngle’.  If
     ‘exportDiscrete’ is set, clear any built-in CAD kernel entities and
     export the discrete entities in the built-in CAD kernel.

     Input:
          ‘angle’ (double), ‘boundary = True’ (boolean),
          ‘forReparametrization = False’ (boolean), ‘curveAngle = pi’
          (double), ‘exportDiscrete = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1826),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1616),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5044),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4467),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7392)
     Examples:
          C++ (t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L53)),
          Python (t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L44),
          aneurysm.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/aneurysm.py#L12),
          glue_and_remesh_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/glue_and_remesh_stl.py#L19),
          remesh_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remesh_stl.py#L22),
          terrain_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_stl.py#L16)),
          Julia (t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L40)),
          Fortran (t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L94))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/createGeometry’
     Create a geometry for the discrete entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a
     vector of (dim, tag) pairs) represented solely by a mesh (without
     an underlying CAD description), i.e.  create a parametrization for
     discrete curves and surfaces, assuming that each can be
     parametrized with a single map.  If ‘dimTags’ is empty, create a
     geometry for all the discrete entities.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1839),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1628),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5077),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4489),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7434)
     Examples:
          C++ (t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L59),
          x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L111)),
          Python (t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L50),
          x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L106),
          aneurysm.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/aneurysm.py#L13),
          glue_and_remesh_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/glue_and_remesh_stl.py#L32),
          remesh_cavity.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/remesh_cavity.py#L73),
          ...), Julia (t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L46),
          x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L110)),
          Fortran (t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L100))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/createTopology’
     Create a boundary representation from the mesh if the model does
     not have one (e.g.  when imported from mesh file formats with no
     BRep representation of the underlying model).  If
     ‘makeSimplyConnected’ is set, enforce simply connected discrete
     surfaces and volumes.  If ‘exportDiscrete’ is set, clear any
     built-in CAD kernel entities and export the discrete entities in
     the built-in CAD kernel.

     Input:
          ‘makeSimplyConnected = True’ (boolean), ‘exportDiscrete =
          True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1849),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1637),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5100),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4514),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7460)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/addHomologyRequest’
     Add a request to compute a basis representation for homology spaces
     (if ‘type’ == "Homology") or cohomology spaces (if ‘type’ ==
     "Cohomology").  The computation domain is given in a list of
     physical group tags ‘domainTags’; if empty, the whole mesh is the
     domain.  The computation subdomain for relative (co)homology
     computation is given in a list of physical group tags
     ‘subdomainTags’; if empty, absolute (co)homology is computed.  The
     dimensions of the (co)homology bases to be computed are given in
     the list ‘dim’; if empty, all bases are computed.  Resulting basis
     representation (co)chains are stored as physical groups in the
     mesh.  If the request is added before mesh generation, the
     computation will be performed at the end of the meshing pipeline.

     Input:
          ‘type = "Homology"’ (string), ‘domainTags = []’ (vector of
          integers), ‘subdomainTags = []’ (vector of integers), ‘dims =
          []’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1865),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1652),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5125),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4544),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7493)
     Examples:
          C++ (t14.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t14.cpp#L112)),
          Python (t14.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t14.py#L101)),
          Julia (t14.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t14.jl#L104)),
          Fortran (t14.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t14.f90#L116))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/clearHomologyRequests’
     Clear all (co)homology computation requests.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1873),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1659),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5162),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4559),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7535)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/computeHomology’
     Perform the (co)homology computations requested by
     addHomologyRequest().  The newly created physical groups are
     returned in ‘dimTags’ as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1880),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1664),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5176),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4581),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7550)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/computeCrossField’
     Compute a cross field for the current mesh.  The function creates 3
     views: the H function, the Theta function and cross directions.
     Return the tags of the views.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘viewTags’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1887),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1670),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5200),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4606),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7577)

6.5 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/mesh/field’: mesh size field functions
================================================================

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/add’
     Add a new mesh size field of type ‘fieldType’.  If ‘tag’ is
     positive, assign the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     assigned automatically.  Return the field tag.  Available field
     types are listed in the "Gmsh mesh size fields" chapter of the Gmsh
     reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-mesh-size-fields).

     Input:
          ‘fieldType’ (string), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1898),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1678),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5230),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4643),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7606)
     Examples:
          C++ (t7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t7.cpp#L50),
          t10.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t10.cpp#L47),
          t11.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t11.cpp#L38),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L83),
          t17.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t17.cpp#L41)),
          Python (t7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t7.py#L43),
          t10.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t10.py#L43),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L71),
          t17.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t17.py#L35),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L114),
          ...), Julia (t7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t7.jl#L40),
          t10.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t10.jl#L42),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L67),
          t17.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t17.jl#L31)),
          Fortran (t7.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t7.f90#L48),
          t10.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t10.f90#L49),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L121),
          t17.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t17.f90#L39))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/remove’
     Remove the field with tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1904),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1683),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5256),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4660),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7631)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/list’
     Get the list of all fields.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘tags’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1909),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1687),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5273),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4679),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7649)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/getType’
     Get the type ‘fieldType’ of the field with tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘fileType’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1914),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1691),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5294),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4702),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7674)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/setNumber’
     Set the numerical option ‘option’ to value ‘value’ for field ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘option’ (string), ‘value’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1920),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1696),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5318),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4724),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7699)
     Examples:
          C++ (t7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t7.cpp#L51),
          t10.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t10.cpp#L50),
          t17.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t17.cpp#L42)),
          Python (t7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t7.py#L44),
          t10.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t10.py#L46),
          t17.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t17.py#L36),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L115),
          copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L47),
          ...), Julia (t7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t7.jl#L41),
          t10.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t10.jl#L45),
          t17.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t17.jl#L32)),
          Fortran (t7.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t7.f90#L49),
          t10.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t10.f90#L52),
          t17.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t17.f90#L40))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/getNumber’
     Get the value of the numerical option ‘option’ for field ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘option’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1927),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1702),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5340),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4746),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7727)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/setString’
     Set the string option ‘option’ to value ‘value’ for field ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘option’ (string), ‘value’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1934),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1708),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5366),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4767),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7755)
     Examples:
          C++ (t10.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t10.cpp#L74),
          t11.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t11.cpp#L39),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L86)),
          Python (t10.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t10.py#L69),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L73)),
          Julia (t10.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t10.jl#L68),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L69)),
          Fortran (t10.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t10.f90#L75),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L124))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/getString’
     Get the value of the string option ‘option’ for field ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘option’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1941),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1714),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5388),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4789),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7783)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/setNumbers’
     Set the numerical list option ‘option’ to value ‘values’ for field
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘option’ (string), ‘values’ (vector of
          doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1949),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1720),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5414),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4811),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7813)
     Examples:
          C++ (t10.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t10.cpp#L48)),
          Python (t10.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t10.py#L44),
          extend_field.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/extend_field.py#L23),
          naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L122),
          ocean.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/ocean.py#L4544)),
          Julia (t10.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t10.jl#L43)),
          Fortran (t10.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t10.f90#L50))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/getNumbers’
     Get the value of the numerical list option ‘option’ for field
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘option’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘values’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1956),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1726),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5437),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4833),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7844)

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/setAsBackgroundMesh’
     Set the field ‘tag’ as the background mesh size field.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1963),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1732),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5463),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4854),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7879)
     Examples:
          C++ (t7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t7.cpp#L54),
          t10.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t10.cpp#L109),
          t11.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t11.cpp#L41),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L89),
          t17.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t17.cpp#L43)),
          Python (t7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t7.py#L47),
          t10.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t10.py#L102),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L76),
          t17.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t17.py#L37),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L116),
          ...), Julia (t7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t7.jl#L44),
          t10.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t10.jl#L100),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L73),
          t17.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t17.jl#L33)),
          Fortran (t7.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t7.f90#L52),
          t10.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t10.f90#L109),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L128),
          t17.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t17.f90#L41))

‘gmsh/model/mesh/field/setAsBoundaryLayer’
     Set the field ‘tag’ as a boundary layer size field.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1968),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1736),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5481),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4872),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7897)
     Examples:
          Python (naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L132))

6.6 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/geo’: built-in CAD kernel functions
=============================================================

‘gmsh/model/geo/addPoint’
     Add a geometrical point in the built-in CAD representation, at
     coordinates (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’).  If ‘meshSize’ is > 0, add a meshing
     constraint at that point.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the point.  (Note that the point will be added in the
     current model only after ‘synchronize’ is called.  This behavior
     holds for all the entities added in the geo module.)

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘meshSize = 0.’
          (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1984),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1745),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5505),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4914),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7920)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L36),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L23),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L25),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L19),
          t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L20),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L33),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L21),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L22),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L45),
          t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L19),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L32),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L19),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L20),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L43),
          t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L17),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L40),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L33),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L84),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L56),
          t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L24),
          ...)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addLine’
     Add a straight line segment in the built-in CAD representation,
     between the two points with tags ‘startTag’ and ‘endTag’.  If ‘tag’
     is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     selected automatically.  Return the tag of the line.

     Input:
          ‘startTag’ (integer), ‘endTag’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L1996),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1756),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5539),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4939),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7963)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L67),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L27),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L29),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L121),
          t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L24),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L69),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L25),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L26),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L60),
          t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L23),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L68),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L23),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L24),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L58),
          t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L21),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L71),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L37),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L88),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L71),
          t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L28),
          ...)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addCircleArc’
     Add a circle arc (strictly smaller than Pi) in the built-in CAD
     representation, between the two points with tags ‘startTag’ and
     ‘endTag’, and with center ‘centerTag’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set
     the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.
     If (‘nx’, ‘ny’, ‘nz’) != (0, 0, 0), explicitly set the plane of the
     circle arc.  Return the tag of the circle arc.

     Input:
          ‘startTag’ (integer), ‘centerTag’ (integer), ‘endTag’
          (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘nx = 0.’ (double), ‘ny = 0.’
          (double), ‘nz = 0.’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2008),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1767),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5567),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L4969),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L7998)
     Examples:
          C++ (t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L27)),
          Python (t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L119)),
          Julia (t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L116)),
          Fortran (t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L195))

‘gmsh/model/geo/addEllipseArc’
     Add an ellipse arc (strictly smaller than Pi) in the built-in CAD
     representation, between the two points ‘startTag’ and ‘endTag’, and
     with center ‘centerTag’ and major axis point ‘majorTag’.  If ‘tag’
     is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     selected automatically.  If (‘nx’, ‘ny’, ‘nz’) != (0, 0, 0),
     explicitly set the plane of the circle arc.  Return the tag of the
     ellipse arc.

     Input:
          ‘startTag’ (integer), ‘centerTag’ (integer), ‘majorTag’
          (integer), ‘endTag’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘nx = 0.’
          (double), ‘ny = 0.’ (double), ‘nz = 0.’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2024),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1782),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5605),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5001),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8053)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addSpline’
     Add a spline (Catmull-Rom) curve in the built-in CAD
     representation, going through the points ‘pointTags’.  If ‘tag’ is
     positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  Create a periodic curve if the first and last
     points are the same.  Return the tag of the spline curve.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2040),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1797),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5645),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5025),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8112)
     Examples:
          C++ (t12.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t12.cpp#L67)),
          Python (t12.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t12.py#L63)),
          Julia (t12.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t12.jl#L62)),
          Fortran (t12.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t12.f90#L69))

‘gmsh/model/geo/addBSpline’
     Add a cubic b-spline curve in the built-in CAD representation, with
     ‘pointTags’ control points.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Creates
     a periodic curve if the first and last points are the same.  Return
     the tag of the b-spline curve.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2050),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1806),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5673),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5049),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8144)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addBezier’
     Add a Bezier curve in the built-in CAD representation, with
     ‘pointTags’ control points.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the Bezier curve.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2058),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1813),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5701),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5072),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8174)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addPolyline’
     Add a polyline curve in the built-in CAD representation, going
     through the points ‘pointTags’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Create
     a periodic curve if the first and last points are the same.  Return
     the tag of the polyline curve.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2068),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1821),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5727),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5096),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8205)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addCompoundSpline’
     Add a spline (Catmull-Rom) curve in the built-in CAD
     representation, going through points sampling the curves in
     ‘curveTags’.  The density of sampling points on each curve is
     governed by ‘numIntervals’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the spline.

     Input:
          ‘curveTags’ (vector of integers), ‘numIntervals = 5’
          (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2078),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1830),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5754),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5122),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8237)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addCompoundBSpline’
     Add a b-spline curve in the built-in CAD representation, with
     control points sampling the curves in ‘curveTags’.  The density of
     sampling points on each curve is governed by ‘numIntervals’.  If
     ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     selected automatically.  Return the tag of the b-spline.

     Input:
          ‘curveTags’ (vector of integers), ‘numIntervals = 20’
          (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2089),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1840),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5784),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5147),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8274)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addCurveLoop’
     Add a curve loop (a closed wire) in the built-in CAD
     representation, formed by the curves ‘curveTags’.  ‘curveTags’
     should contain (signed) tags of model entities of dimension 1
     forming a closed loop: a negative tag signifies that the underlying
     curve is considered with reversed orientation.  If ‘tag’ is
     positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  If ‘reorient’ is set, automatically reorient the
     curves if necessary.  Return the tag of the curve loop.

     Input:
          ‘curveTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘reorient = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2102),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1852),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5814),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5175),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8313)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L80),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L31),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L33),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L40),
          t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L28),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L81),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L29),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L30),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L82),
          t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L27),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L80),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L27),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L28),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L80),
          t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L25),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L83),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L41),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L92),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L93),
          t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L32),
          ...)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addCurveLoops’
     Add curve loops in the built-in CAD representation based on the
     curves ‘curveTags’.  Return the ‘tags’ of found curve loops, if
     any.

     Input:
          ‘curveTags’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          ‘tags’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2110),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1859),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5846),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5197),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8347)
     Examples:
          Python (aneurysm.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/aneurysm.py#L43),
          tube_boundary_layer.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/tube_boundary_layer.py#L39))

‘gmsh/model/geo/addPlaneSurface’
     Add a plane surface in the built-in CAD representation, defined by
     one or more curve loops ‘wireTags’.  The first curve loop defines
     the exterior contour; additional curve loop define holes.  If ‘tag’
     is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     selected automatically.  Return the tag of the surface.

     Input:
          ‘wireTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2120),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1868),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5872),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5225),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8384)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L85),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L32),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L34),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L144),
          t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L29),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L86),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L30),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L31),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L83),
          t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L28),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L85),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L28),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L29),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L81),
          t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L26),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L88),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L42),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L93),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L94),
          t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L33),
          ...)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addSurfaceFilling’
     Add a surface in the built-in CAD representation, filling the curve
     loops in ‘wireTags’ using transfinite interpolation.  Currently
     only a single curve loop is supported; this curve loop should be
     composed by 3 or 4 curves only.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the surface.

     Input:
          ‘wireTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘sphereCenterTag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2130),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1877),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5900),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5251),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8416)
     Examples:
          C++ (t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L57),
          t12.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t12.cpp#L71)),
          Python (t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L149),
          t12.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t12.py#L67)),
          Julia (t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L146),
          t12.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t12.jl#L66)),
          Fortran (t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L225),
          t12.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t12.f90#L73))

‘gmsh/model/geo/addSurfaceLoop’
     Add a surface loop (a closed shell) formed by ‘surfaceTags’ in the
     built-in CAD representation.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the shell.

     Input:
          ‘surfaceTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2140),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1885),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5930),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5274),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8451)
     Examples:
          C++ (t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L113),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L66),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L77),
          x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L143)),
          Python (t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L108),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L103),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L65),
          x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L139),
          aneurysm.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/aneurysm.py#L49),
          ...), Julia (t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L106),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L101),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L61),
          x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L143)),
          Fortran (t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L122),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L113),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L115))

‘gmsh/model/geo/addVolume’
     Add a volume (a region) in the built-in CAD representation, defined
     by one or more shells ‘shellTags’.  The first surface loop defines
     the exterior boundary; additional surface loop define holes.  If
     ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     selected automatically.  Return the tag of the volume.

     Input:
          ‘shellTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2150),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1894),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5956),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5299),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8483)
     Examples:
          C++ (t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L114),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L67),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L78),
          x2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x2.cpp#L144)),
          Python (t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L109),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L159),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L66),
          x2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x2.py#L140),
          aneurysm.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/aneurysm.py#L49),
          ...), Julia (t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L107),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L156),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L62),
          x2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x2.jl#L144)),
          Fortran (t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L123),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L130),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L116))

‘gmsh/model/geo/addGeometry’
     Add a ‘geometry’ in the built-in CAD representation.  ‘geometry’
     can currently be one of "Sphere" or "PolarSphere" (where ‘numbers’
     should contain the x, y, z coordinates of the center, followed by
     the radius), or "ParametricSurface" (where ‘strings’ should
     contains three expression evaluating to the x, y and z coordinates
     in terms of parametric coordinates u and v).  If ‘tag’ is positive,
     set the tag of the geometry explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     selected automatically.  Return the tag of the geometry.

     Input:
          ‘geometry’ (string), ‘numbers = []’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘strings = []’ (vector of strings), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2163),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1906),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L5984),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5328),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8518)
     Examples:
          Python (ocean.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/ocean.py#L9),
          parametric_surface.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/parametric_surface.py#L9))

‘gmsh/model/geo/addPointOnGeometry’
     Add a point in the built-in CAD representation, at coordinates
     (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) on the geometry ‘geometryTag’.  If ‘meshSize’ is >
     0, add a meshing constraint at that point.  If ‘tag’ is positive,
     set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  Return the tag of the point.  For surface
     geometries, only the ‘x’ and ‘y’ coordinates are used.

     Input:
          ‘geometryTag’ (integer), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z = 0.’
          (double), ‘meshSize = 0.’ (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2175),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1917),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6020),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5357),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8568)
     Examples:
          Python (ocean.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/ocean.py#L11),
          parametric_surface.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/parametric_surface.py#L11))

‘gmsh/model/geo/extrude’
     Extrude the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation, using a translation
     along (‘dx’, ‘dy’, ‘dz’).  Return extruded entities in
     ‘outDimTags’.  If the ‘numElements’ vector is not empty, also
     extrude the mesh: the entries in ‘numElements’ give the number of
     elements in each layer.  If the ‘height’ vector is not empty, it
     provides the (cumulative) height of the different layers,
     normalized to 1.  If ‘recombine’ is set, recombine the mesh in the
     layers.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘dz’ (double), ‘numElements = []’ (vector of
          integers), ‘heights = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘recombine =
          False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2191),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1932),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6055),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5390),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8619)
     Examples:
          C++ (t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L124),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L48),
          t14.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t14.cpp#L65),
          t15.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t15.cpp#L63)),
          Python (t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L118),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L44),
          t14.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t14.py#L59),
          t15.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t15.py#L59),
          hex.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/hex.py#L8)),
          Julia (t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L116),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L44),
          t14.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t14.jl#L58),
          t15.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t15.jl#L58)),
          Fortran (t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L132),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L106),
          t14.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t14.f90#L71),
          t15.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t15.f90#L68))

‘gmsh/model/geo/revolve’
     Extrude the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation, using a rotation of
     ‘angle’ radians around the axis of revolution defined by the point
     (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and the direction (‘ax’, ‘ay’, ‘az’).  The angle
     should be strictly smaller than Pi.  Return extruded entities in
     ‘outDimTags’.  If the ‘numElements’ vector is not empty, also
     extrude the mesh: the entries in ‘numElements’ give the number of
     elements in each layer.  If the ‘height’ vector is not empty, it
     provides the (cumulative) height of the different layers,
     normalized to 1.  If ‘recombine’ is set, recombine the mesh in the
     layers.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’
          (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘ax’ (double), ‘ay’ (double), ‘az’
          (double), ‘angle’ (double), ‘numElements = []’ (vector of
          integers), ‘heights = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘recombine =
          False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2211),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1951),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6099),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5434),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8696)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L55)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L51)),
          Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L51)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L118))

‘gmsh/model/geo/twist’
     Extrude the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation, using a combined
     translation and rotation of ‘angle’ radians, along (‘dx’, ‘dy’,
     ‘dz’) and around the axis of revolution defined by the point (‘x’,
     ‘y’, ‘z’) and the direction (‘ax’, ‘ay’, ‘az’).  The angle should
     be strictly smaller than Pi.  Return extruded entities in
     ‘outDimTags’.  If the ‘numElements’ vector is not empty, also
     extrude the mesh: the entries in ‘numElements’ give the number of
     elements in each layer.  If the ‘height’ vector is not empty, it
     provides the (cumulative) height of the different layers,
     normalized to 1.  If ‘recombine’ is set, recombine the mesh in the
     layers.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’
          (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’ (double), ‘dz’
          (double), ‘ax’ (double), ‘ay’ (double), ‘az’ (double), ‘angle’
          (double), ‘numElements = []’ (vector of integers), ‘heights =
          []’ (vector of doubles), ‘recombine = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2236),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L1975),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6153),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5482),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8794)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L70)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L65)),
          Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L64)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L136))

‘gmsh/model/geo/extrudeBoundaryLayer’
     Extrude the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation along the normals of the
     mesh, creating discrete boundary layer entities.  Return extruded
     entities in ‘outDimTags’.  The entries in ‘numElements’ give the
     number of elements in each layer.  If the ‘height’ vector is not
     empty, it provides the (cumulative) height of the different layers.
     If ‘recombine’ is set, recombine the mesh in the layers.  A second
     boundary layer can be created from the same entities if ‘second’ is
     set.  If ‘viewIndex’ is >= 0, use the corresponding view to either
     specify the normals (if the view contains a vector field) or scale
     the normals (if the view is scalar).

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘numElements = [1]’
          (vector of integers), ‘heights = []’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘recombine = False’ (boolean), ‘second = False’ (boolean),
          ‘viewIndex = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2264),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2002),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6214),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5522),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8907)
     Examples:
          Python (aneurysm.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/aneurysm.py#L25),
          naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L86),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L106),
          tube_boundary_layer.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/tube_boundary_layer.py#L26))

‘gmsh/model/geo/translate’
     Translate the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation along (‘dx’, ‘dy’, ‘dz’).

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘dz’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2276),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2013),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6260),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5550),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L8972)
     Examples:
          C++ (t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L48)),
          Python (t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L45)),
          Julia (t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L43)),
          Fortran (t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L58))

‘gmsh/model/geo/rotate’
     Rotate the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation by ‘angle’ radians around
     the axis of revolution defined by the point (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and the
     direction (‘ax’, ‘ay’, ‘az’).

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’
          (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘ax’ (double), ‘ay’ (double), ‘az’
          (double), ‘angle’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2287),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2023),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6285),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5578),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9011)
     Examples:
          C++ (t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L52)),
          Python (t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L49)),
          Julia (t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L47)),
          Fortran (t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L62))

‘gmsh/model/geo/dilate’
     Scale the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation by factors ‘a’, ‘b’ and
     ‘c’ along the three coordinate axes; use (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) as the
     center of the homothetic transformation.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’
          (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘a’ (double), ‘b’ (double), ‘c’
          (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2302),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2037),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6320),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5606),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9070)

‘gmsh/model/geo/mirror’
     Mirror the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation, with respect to the
     plane of equation ‘a’ * x + ‘b’ * y + ‘c’ * z + ‘d’ = 0.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘a’ (double), ‘b’
          (double), ‘c’ (double), ‘d’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2315),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2049),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6353),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5631),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9123)

‘gmsh/model/geo/symmetrize’
     Mirror the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation, with respect to the
     plane of equation ‘a’ * x + ‘b’ * y + ‘c’ * z + ‘d’ = 0.  (This is
     a deprecated synonym for ‘mirror’.)

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘a’ (double), ‘b’
          (double), ‘c’ (double), ‘d’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2327),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2060),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6381),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5656),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9167)

‘gmsh/model/geo/copy’
     Copy the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs)
     in the built-in CAD representation; the new entities are returned
     in ‘outDimTags’.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2338),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2069),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6410),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5679),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9209)
     Examples:
          C++ (t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L61)),
          Python (t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L57)),
          Julia (t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L55)),
          Fortran (t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L70))

‘gmsh/model/geo/remove’
     Remove the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the built-in CAD representation, provided that they are
     not on the boundary of higher-dimensional entities.  If ‘recursive’
     is true, remove all the entities on their boundaries, down to
     dimension 0.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘recursive = False’
          (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2347),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2077),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6435),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5706),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9245)
     Examples:
          C++ (t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L32)),
          Python (t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L31)),
          Julia (t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L29)),
          Fortran (t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L36))

‘gmsh/model/geo/removeAllDuplicates’
     Remove all duplicate entities in the built-in CAD representation
     (different entities at the same geometrical location).

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2354),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2083),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6458),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5723),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9272)

‘gmsh/model/geo/splitCurve’
     Split the curve of tag ‘tag’ in the built-in CAD representation, on
     the specified control points ‘pointTags’.  This feature is only
     available for splines and b-splines.  Return the tag(s) ‘curveTags’
     of the newly created curve(s).

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          ‘curveTags’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2362),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2089),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6473),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5747),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9288)

‘gmsh/model/geo/getMaxTag’
     Get the maximum tag of entities of dimension ‘dim’ in the built-in
     CAD representation.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2370),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2096),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6503),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5771),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9327)

‘gmsh/model/geo/setMaxTag’
     Set the maximum tag ‘maxTag’ for entities of dimension ‘dim’ in the
     built-in CAD representation.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘maxTag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2376),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2101),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6525),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5791),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9348)

‘gmsh/model/geo/addPhysicalGroup’
     Add a physical group of dimension ‘dim’, grouping the entities with
     tags ‘tags’ in the built-in CAD representation.  Return the tag of
     the physical group, equal to ‘tag’ if ‘tag’ is positive, or a new
     tag if ‘tag’ < 0.  Set the name of the physical group if ‘name’ is
     not empty.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’
          (integer), ‘name = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2385),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2109),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6546),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5817),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9374)
     Examples:
          C++ (t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L174)),
          Python (t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L173)),
          Julia (t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L169)),
          Fortran (t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L124))

‘gmsh/model/geo/removePhysicalGroups’
     Remove the physical groups ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim,
     tag) pairs) from the built-in CAD representation.  If ‘dimTags’ is
     empty, remove all groups.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2395),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2118),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6577),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5836),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9414)

‘gmsh/model/geo/synchronize’
     Synchronize the built-in CAD representation with the current Gmsh
     model.  This can be called at any time, but since it involves a non
     trivial amount of processing, the number of synchronization points
     should normally be minimized.  Without synchronization the entities
     in the built-in CAD representation are not available to any
     function outside of the built-in CAD kernel functions.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2405),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2127),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6598),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5857),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9440)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L96),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L33),
          t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L35),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L184),
          t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L98),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L96),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L31),
          t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L32),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L180),
          t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L93),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L95),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L29),
          t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L30),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L177),
          t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L92),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L98),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L43),
          t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L94),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L132),
          t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L99),
          ...)

6.7 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh’: built-in CAD kernel meshing constraints
============================================================================

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setSize’
     Set a mesh size constraint on the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a
     vector of (dim, tag) pairs) in the built-in CAD kernel
     representation.  Currently only entities of dimension 0 (points)
     are handled.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘size’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2414),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2132),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6622),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5886),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9455)
     Examples:
          C++ (t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L128),
          t15.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t15.cpp#L41)),
          Python (t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L122),
          t15.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t15.py#L37)),
          Julia (t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L120),
          t15.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t15.jl#L36)),
          Fortran (t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L137),
          t15.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t15.f90#L46))

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setTransfiniteCurve’
     Set a transfinite meshing constraint on the curve ‘tag’ in the
     built-in CAD kernel representation, with ‘numNodes’ nodes
     distributed according to ‘meshType’ and ‘coef’.  Currently
     supported types are "Progression" (geometrical progression with
     power ‘coef’) and "Bump" (refinement toward both extremities of the
     curve).

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘nPoints’ (integer), ‘meshType =
          "Progression"’ (string), ‘coef = 1.’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2424),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2141),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6645),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5912),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9485)
     Examples:
          C++ (t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L48)),
          Python (t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L47)),
          Julia (t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L45)),
          Fortran (t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L52))

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setTransfiniteSurface’
     Set a transfinite meshing constraint on the surface ‘tag’ in the
     built-in CAD kernel representation.  ‘arrangement’ describes the
     arrangement of the triangles when the surface is not flagged as
     recombined: currently supported values are "Left", "Right",
     "AlternateLeft" and "AlternateRight".  ‘cornerTags’ can be used to
     specify the (3 or 4) corners of the transfinite interpolation
     explicitly; specifying the corners explicitly is mandatory if the
     surface has more that 3 or 4 points on its boundary.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘arrangement = "Left"’ (string), ‘cornerTags
          = []’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2439),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2154),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6673),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5938),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9524)
     Examples:
          C++ (t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L67)),
          Python (t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L66)),
          Julia (t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L64)),
          Fortran (t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L71))

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setTransfiniteVolume’
     Set a transfinite meshing constraint on the surface ‘tag’ in the
     built-in CAD kernel representation.  ‘cornerTags’ can be used to
     specify the (6 or 8) corners of the transfinite interpolation
     explicitly.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘cornerTags = []’ (vector of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2448),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2162),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6702),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5959),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9557)

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setRecombine’
     Set a recombination meshing constraint on the entity of dimension
     ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ in the built-in CAD kernel representation.
     Currently only entities of dimension 2 (to recombine triangles into
     quadrangles) are supported; ‘angle’ specifies the threshold angle
     for the simple recombination algorithm.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘angle = 45.’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2458),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2171),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6725),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L5982),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9587)
     Examples:
          C++ (t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L71)),
          Python (t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L70)),
          Julia (t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L68)),
          Fortran (t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L75))

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setSmoothing’
     Set a smoothing meshing constraint on the entity of dimension ‘dim’
     and tag ‘tag’ in the built-in CAD kernel representation.  ‘val’
     iterations of a Laplace smoother are applied.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘val’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2467),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2179),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6751),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6004),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9617)

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setReverse’
     Set a reverse meshing constraint on the entity of dimension ‘dim’
     and tag ‘tag’ in the built-in CAD kernel representation.  If ‘val’
     is true, the mesh orientation will be reversed with respect to the
     natural mesh orientation (i.e.  the orientation consistent with the
     orientation of the geometry).  If ‘val’ is false, the mesh is left
     as-is.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘val = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2478),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2189),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6775),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6028),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9649)

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setAlgorithm’
     Set the meshing algorithm on the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’ in the built-in CAD kernel representation.  Currently only
     supported for ‘dim’ == 2.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘val’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2487),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2197),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6801),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6049),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9679)

‘gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setSizeFromBoundary’
     Force the mesh size to be extended from the boundary, or not, for
     the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’ in the built-in CAD
     kernel representation.  Currently only supported for ‘dim’ == 2.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer), ‘val’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2496),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2205),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6825),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6071),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9709)

6.8 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/occ’: OpenCASCADE CAD kernel functions
================================================================

‘gmsh/model/occ/addPoint’
     Add a geometrical point in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, at
     coordinates (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’).  If ‘meshSize’ is > 0, add a meshing
     constraint at that point.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the point.  (Note that the point will be added in the
     current model only after ‘synchronize’ is called.  This behavior
     holds for all the entities added in the occ module.)

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘meshSize = 0.’
          (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2515),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2216),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6855),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6113),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9742)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L67)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L59),
          bspline_bezier_patches.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_patches.py#L6),
          bspline_bezier_trimmed.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_trimmed.py#L6),
          bspline_filling.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_filling.py#L14),
          circle_arc.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/circle_arc.py#L4),
          ...), Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L56),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L15)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L71))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addLine’
     Add a straight line segment in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation,
     between the two points with tags ‘startTag’ and ‘endTag’.  If ‘tag’
     is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     selected automatically.  Return the tag of the line.

     Input:
          ‘startTag’ (integer), ‘endTag’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2527),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2227),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6889),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6138),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9785)
     Examples:
          Python (crack.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/crack.py#L13),
          naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L67),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L70),
          relocate_nodes.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/relocate_nodes.py#L10),
          stl_to_brep.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_brep.py#L44))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addCircleArc’
     Add a circle arc in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, between the
     two points with tags ‘startTag’ and ‘endTag’, with middle point
     ‘middleTag’.  If ‘center’ is true, the middle point is the center
     of the circle; otherwise the circle goes through the middle point.
     If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag
     is selected automatically.  Return the tag of the circle arc.

     Input:
          ‘startTag’ (integer), ‘middleTag’ (integer), ‘endTag’
          (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘center = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2539),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2238),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6917),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6166),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9820)
     Examples:
          Python (circle_arc.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/circle_arc.py#L8),
          naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L64),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L60))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addCircle’
     Add a circle of center (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and radius ‘r’ in the
     OpenCASCADE CAD representation.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  If
     ‘angle1’ and ‘angle2’ are specified, create a circle arc between
     the two angles.  If a vector ‘zAxis’ of size 3 is provided, use it
     as the normal to the circle plane (z-axis).  If a vector ‘xAxis’ of
     size 3 is provided in addition to ‘zAxis’, use it to define the
     x-axis.  Return the tag of the circle.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘r’ (double), ‘tag =
          -1’ (integer), ‘angle1 = 0.’ (double), ‘angle2 = 2*pi’
          (double), ‘zAxis = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘xAxis = []’
          (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2554),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2252),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6951),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6200),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9866)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L25)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L23),
          bspline_bezier_trimmed.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_trimmed.py#L30),
          closest_point.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/closest_point.py#L7),
          prim_axis.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prim_axis.py#L6),
          trimmed.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/trimmed.py#L9)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L20)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L32))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addEllipseArc’
     Add an ellipse arc in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, between
     the two points ‘startTag’ and ‘endTag’, and with center ‘centerTag’
     and major axis point ‘majorTag’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the ellipse arc.  Note that OpenCASCADE does not allow
     creating ellipse arcs with the major radius smaller than the minor
     radius.

     Input:
          ‘startTag’ (integer), ‘centerTag’ (integer), ‘majorTag’
          (integer), ‘endTag’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2572),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2269),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L6996),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6229),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9937)

‘gmsh/model/occ/addEllipse’
     Add an ellipse of center (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and radii ‘r1’ and ‘r2’
     (with ‘r1’ >= ‘r2’) along the x- and y-axes, respectively, in the
     OpenCASCADE CAD representation.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  If
     ‘angle1’ and ‘angle2’ are specified, create an ellipse arc between
     the two angles.  If a vector ‘zAxis’ of size 3 is provided, use it
     as the normal to the ellipse plane (z-axis).  If a vector ‘xAxis’
     of size 3 is provided in addition to ‘zAxis’, use it to define the
     x-axis.  Return the tag of the ellipse.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘r1’ (double), ‘r2’
          (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘angle1 = 0.’ (double),
          ‘angle2 = 2*pi’ (double), ‘zAxis = []’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘xAxis = []’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2588),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2284),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7030),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6265),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L9984)
     Examples:
          Python (prim_axis.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prim_axis.py#L11))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addSpline’
     Add a spline (C2 b-spline) curve in the OpenCASCADE CAD
     representation, going through the points ‘pointTags’.  If ‘tag’ is
     positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  Create a periodic curve if the first and last
     points are the same.  Return the tag of the spline curve.  If the
     ‘tangents’ vector contains 6 entries, use them as concatenated x,
     y, z components of the initial and final tangents of the b-spline;
     if it contains 3 times as many entries as the number of points, use
     them as concatenated x, y, z components of the tangents at each
     point, unless the norm of the tangent is zero.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘tangents = []’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2610),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2305),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7078),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6295),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10063)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L71)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L62),
          naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L59),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L56),
          pipe.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/pipe.py#L20),
          spline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/spline.py#L12),
          ...), Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L60)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L73))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addBSpline’
     Add a b-spline curve of degree ‘degree’ in the OpenCASCADE CAD
     representation, with ‘pointTags’ control points.  If ‘weights’,
     ‘knots’ or ‘multiplicities’ are not provided, default parameters
     are computed automatically.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Create
     a periodic curve if the first and last points are the same.  Return
     the tag of the b-spline curve.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘degree = 3’ (integer), ‘weights = []’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘knots = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘multiplicities = []’
          (vector of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2622),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2316),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7113),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6325),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10104)
     Examples:
          Python (bspline_filling.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_filling.py#L18),
          spline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/spline.py#L13),
          torus_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/torus_bspline.py#L292))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addBezier’
     Add a Bezier curve in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, with
     ‘pointTags’ control points.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the Bezier curve.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2634),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2327),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7153),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6348),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10163)
     Examples:
          Python (spline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/spline.py#L14))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addWire’
     Add a wire (open or closed) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation,
     formed by the curves ‘curveTags’.  Note that an OpenCASCADE wire
     can be made of curves that share geometrically identical (but
     topologically different) points.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the wire.

     Input:
          ‘curveTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘checkClosed = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2644),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2336),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7179),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6374),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10195)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L74)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L65),
          bspline_bezier_trimmed.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_trimmed.py#L31),
          bspline_filling.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_filling.py#L36),
          pipe.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/pipe.py#L21),
          trimmed.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/trimmed.py#L10)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L63)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L76))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addCurveLoop’
     Add a curve loop (a closed wire) in the OpenCASCADE CAD
     representation, formed by the curves ‘curveTags’.  ‘curveTags’
     should contain tags of curves forming a closed loop.  Negative tags
     can be specified for compatibility with the built-in kernel, but
     are simply ignored: the wire is oriented according to the
     orientation of its first curve.  Note that an OpenCASCADE curve
     loop can be made of curves that share geometrically identical (but
     topologically different) points.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the curve loop.

     Input:
          ‘curveTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2659),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2350),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7209),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6402),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10236)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L26)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L24),
          naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L73),
          relocate_nodes.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/relocate_nodes.py#L15),
          stl_to_brep.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_brep.py#L49),
          surface_filling.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/surface_filling.py#L16),
          ...), Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L21)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L33))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addRectangle’
     Add a rectangle in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, with lower
     left corner at (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and upper right corner at (‘x’ +
     ‘dx’, ‘y’ + ‘dy’, ‘z’).  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Round
     the corners if ‘roundedRadius’ is nonzero.  Return the tag of the
     rectangle.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘roundedRadius = 0.’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2669),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2359),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7241),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6432),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10268)
     Examples:
          C++ (t17.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t17.cpp#L28),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L62),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L39),
          x6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x6.cpp#L20)),
          Python (t17.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t17.py#L27),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L52),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L31),
          x6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x6.py#L19),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L75),
          ...), Julia (t17.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t17.jl#L24),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L49),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L30),
          x6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x6.jl#L18)),
          Fortran (t17.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t17.f90#L32),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L60),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L42))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addDisk’
     Add a disk in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, with center
     (‘xc’, ‘yc’, ‘zc’) and radius ‘rx’ along the x-axis and ‘ry’ along
     the y-axis (‘rx’ >= ‘ry’).  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  If a
     vector ‘zAxis’ of size 3 is provided, use it as the normal to the
     disk (z-axis).  If a vector ‘xAxis’ of size 3 is provided in
     addition to ‘zAxis’, use it to define the x-axis.  Return the tag
     of the disk.

     Input:
          ‘xc’ (double), ‘yc’ (double), ‘zc’ (double), ‘rx’ (double),
          ‘ry’ (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘zAxis = []’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘xAxis = []’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2686),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2375),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7278),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6464),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10324)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L77)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L68),
          pipe.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/pipe.py#L23),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L37),
          prim_axis.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prim_axis.py#L15)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L66)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L79))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addPlaneSurface’
     Add a plane surface in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, defined
     by one or more curve loops (or closed wires) ‘wireTags’.  The first
     curve loop defines the exterior contour; additional curve loop
     define holes.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly;
     otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return the tag of
     the surface.

     Input:
          ‘wireTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2702),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2390),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7321),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6489),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10389)
     Examples:
          Python (naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L118),
          stl_to_brep.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_brep.py#L50),
          torus_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/torus_bspline.py#L276))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addSurfaceFilling’
     Add a surface in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, filling the
     curve loop ‘wireTag’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the surface.  If ‘pointTags’ are provided, force the
     surface to pass through the given points.  The other optional
     arguments are ‘degree’ (the degree of the energy criterion to
     minimize for computing the deformation of the surface),
     ‘numPointsOnCurves’ (the average number of points for
     discretisation of the bounding curves), ‘numIter’ (the maximum
     number of iterations of the optimization process), ‘anisotropic’
     (improve performance when the ratio of the length along the two
     parametric coordinates of the surface is high), ‘tol2d’ (tolerance
     to the constraints in the parametric plane of the surface), ‘tol3d’
     (the maximum distance allowed between the support surface and the
     constraints), ‘tolAng’ (the maximum angle allowed between the
     normal of the surface and the constraints), ‘tolCurv’ (the maximum
     difference of curvature allowed between the surface and the
     constraint), ‘maxDegree’ (the highest degree which the polynomial
     defining the filling surface can have) and, ‘maxSegments’ (the
     largest number of segments which the filling surface can have).

     Input:
          ‘wireTag’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘pointTags = []’
          (vector of integers), ‘degree = 2’ (integer),
          ‘numPointsOnCurves = 15’ (integer), ‘numIter = 2’ (integer),
          ‘anisotropic = False’ (boolean), ‘tol2d = 0.00001’ (double),
          ‘tol3d = 0.0001’ (double), ‘tolAng = 0.01’ (double), ‘tolCurv
          = 0.1’ (double), ‘maxDegree = 8’ (integer), ‘maxSegments = 9’
          (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2726),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2412),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7349),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6537),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10434)
     Examples:
          Python (relocate_nodes.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/relocate_nodes.py#L21),
          surface_filling.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/surface_filling.py#L19))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addBSplineFilling’
     Add a BSpline surface in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation,
     filling the curve loop ‘wireTag’.  The curve loop should be made of
     2, 3 or 4 curves.  The optional ‘type’ argument specifies the type
     of filling: "Stretch" creates the flattest patch, "Curved" (the
     default) creates the most rounded patch, and "Coons" creates a
     rounded patch with less depth than "Curved".  If ‘tag’ is positive,
     set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  Return the tag of the surface.

     Input:
          ‘wireTag’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘type = ""’
          (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2749),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2434),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7412),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6565),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10523)
     Examples:
          Python (bspline_filling.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_filling.py#L39),
          surface_filling.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/surface_filling.py#L22))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addBezierFilling’
     Add a Bezier surface in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, filling
     the curve loop ‘wireTag’.  The curve loop should be made of 2, 3 or
     4 Bezier curves.  The optional ‘type’ argument specifies the type
     of filling: "Stretch" creates the flattest patch, "Curved" (the
     default) creates the most rounded patch, and "Coons" creates a
     rounded patch with less depth than "Curved".  If ‘tag’ is positive,
     set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  Return the tag of the surface.

     Input:
          ‘wireTag’ (integer), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘type = ""’
          (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2762),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2446),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7443),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6593),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10559)

‘gmsh/model/occ/addBSplineSurface’
     Add a b-spline surface of degree ‘degreeU’ x ‘degreeV’ in the
     OpenCASCADE CAD representation, with ‘pointTags’ control points
     given as a single vector [Pu1v1, ...  Pu‘numPointsU’v1, Pu1v2,
     ...].  If ‘weights’, ‘knotsU’, ‘knotsV’, ‘multiplicitiesU’ or
     ‘multiplicitiesV’ are not provided, default parameters are computed
     automatically.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly;
     otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  If ‘wireTags’ is
     provided, trim the b-spline patch using the provided wires: the
     first wire defines the external contour, the others define holes.
     If ‘wire3D’ is set, consider wire curves as 3D curves and project
     them on the b-spline surface; otherwise consider the wire curves as
     defined in the parametric space of the surface.  Return the tag of
     the b-spline surface.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘numPointsU’ (integer), ‘tag
          = -1’ (integer), ‘degreeU = 3’ (integer), ‘degreeV = 3’
          (integer), ‘weights = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘knotsU = []’
          (vector of doubles), ‘knotsV = []’ (vector of doubles),
          ‘multiplicitiesU = []’ (vector of integers), ‘multiplicitiesV
          = []’ (vector of integers), ‘wireTags = []’ (vector of
          integers), ‘wire3D = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2779),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2462),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7474),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6634),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10599)
     Examples:
          Python (bspline_bezier_patches.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_patches.py#L55),
          bspline_bezier_trimmed.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_trimmed.py#L41),
          terrain_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.py#L20),
          torus_bspline.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/torus_bspline.py#L353)),
          Julia (terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L19))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addBezierSurface’
     Add a Bezier surface in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, with
     ‘pointTags’ control points given as a single vector [Pu1v1, ...
     Pu‘numPointsU’v1, Pu1v2, ...].  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  If
     ‘wireTags’ is provided, trim the Bezier patch using the provided
     wires: the first wire defines the external contour, the others
     define holes.  If ‘wire3D’ is set, consider wire curves as 3D
     curves and project them on the Bezier surface; otherwise consider
     the wire curves as defined in the parametric space of the surface.
     Return the tag of the Bezier surface.

     Input:
          ‘pointTags’ (vector of integers), ‘numPointsU’ (integer), ‘tag
          = -1’ (integer), ‘wireTags = []’ (vector of integers), ‘wire3D
          = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2803),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2485),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7534),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6665),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10703)
     Examples:
          Python (bspline_bezier_patches.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_patches.py#L52))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addTrimmedSurface’
     Trim the surface ‘surfaceTag’ with the wires ‘wireTags’, replacing
     any existing trimming curves.  The first wire defines the external
     contour, the others define holes.  If ‘wire3D’ is set, consider
     wire curves as 3D curves and project them on the surface; otherwise
     consider the wire curves as defined in the parametric space of the
     surface.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a
     new tag is selected automatically.  Return the tag of the trimmed
     surface.

     Input:
          ‘surfaceTag’ (integer), ‘wireTags = []’ (vector of integers),
          ‘wire3D = False’ (boolean), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2818),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2499),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7573),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6693),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10755)
     Examples:
          Python (trimmed.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/trimmed.py#L24))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addSurfaceLoop’
     Add a surface loop (a closed shell) in the OpenCASCADE CAD
     representation, formed by ‘surfaceTags’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set
     the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.
     Return the tag of the surface loop.  Setting ‘sewing’ allows one to
     build a shell made of surfaces that share geometrically identical
     (but topologically different) curves.

     Input:
          ‘surfaceTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘sewing = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2831),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2510),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7607),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6719),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10797)
     Examples:
          Python (stl_to_brep.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_brep.py#L59))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addVolume’
     Add a volume (a region) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation,
     defined by one or more surface loops ‘shellTags’.  The first
     surface loop defines the exterior boundary; additional surface loop
     define holes.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly;
     otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return the tag of
     the volume.

     Input:
          ‘shellTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2842),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2520),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7637),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6744),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10834)
     Examples:
          Python (stl_to_brep.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_brep.py#L60))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addSphere’
     Add a sphere of center (‘xc’, ‘yc’, ‘zc’) and radius ‘r’ in the
     OpenCASCADE CAD representation.  The optional ‘angle1’ and ‘angle2’
     arguments define the polar angle opening (from -Pi/2 to Pi/2).  The
     optional ‘angle3’ argument defines the azimuthal opening (from 0 to
     2*Pi).  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a
     new tag is selected automatically.  Return the tag of the sphere.

     Input:
          ‘xc’ (double), ‘yc’ (double), ‘zc’ (double), ‘radius’
          (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘angle1 = -pi/2’ (double),
          ‘angle2 = pi/2’ (double), ‘angle3 = 2*pi’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2853),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2530),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7665),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6776),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10867)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L53),
          t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L61),
          x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L23)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L47),
          t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L59),
          x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L20),
          boolean.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/boolean.py#L21),
          extend_field.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/extend_field.py#L6),
          ...), Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L43),
          t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L56),
          x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L18),
          gui.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.jl#L22),
          julia_exception.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/julia_exception.jl#L3),
          ...), Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L69),
          t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L71))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addBox’
     Add a parallelepipedic box in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation,
     defined by a point (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and the extents along the x-, y-
     and z-axes.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly;
     otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return the tag of
     the box.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘dz’ (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2868),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2544),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7705),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6805),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10925)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L31),
          t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L27),
          x4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp#L58),
          x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L24),
          x7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x7.cpp#L24)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L28),
          t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L26),
          x4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py#L56),
          x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L21),
          x7.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x7.py#L21),
          ...), Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L26),
          t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L23),
          x4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl#L57),
          x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L19),
          x7.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x7.jl#L20),
          ...), Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L40),
          t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L36))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addCylinder’
     Add a cylinder in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, defined by
     the center (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) of its first circular face, the 3
     components (‘dx’, ‘dy’, ‘dz’) of the vector defining its axis and
     its radius ‘r’.  The optional ‘angle’ argument defines the angular
     opening (from 0 to 2*Pi).  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  Return
     the tag of the cylinder.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘dz’ (double), ‘r’ (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘angle = 2*pi’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2884),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2559),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7741),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6838),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L10980)
     Examples:
          Python (boolean.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/boolean.py#L23),
          cylinderFFD.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/cylinderFFD.py#L32),
          gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.py#L24),
          tube_boundary_layer.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/tube_boundary_layer.py#L14)),
          Julia (gui.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.jl#L24))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addCone’
     Add a cone in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, defined by the
     center (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) of its first circular face, the 3 components
     of the vector (‘dx’, ‘dy’, ‘dz’) defining its axis and the two
     radii ‘r1’ and ‘r2’ of the faces (these radii can be zero).  If
     ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is
     selected automatically.  ‘angle’ defines the optional angular
     opening (from 0 to 2*Pi).  Return the tag of the cone.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘dz’ (double), ‘r1’ (double), ‘r2’ (double), ‘tag =
          -1’ (integer), ‘angle = 2*pi’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2902),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2576),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7783),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6872),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11045)
     Examples:
          C++ (x1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x1.cpp#L31)),
          Python (x1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x1.py#L27)),
          Julia (x1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x1.jl#L26))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addWedge’
     Add a right angular wedge in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation,
     defined by the right-angle point (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and the 3 extends
     along the x-, y- and z-axes (‘dx’, ‘dy’, ‘dz’).  If ‘tag’ is
     positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  The optional argument ‘ltx’ defines the top extent
     along the x-axis.  If a vector ‘zAxis’ of size 3 is provided, use
     it to define the z-axis.  Return the tag of the wedge.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘dz’ (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘ltx = 0.’
          (double), ‘zAxis = []’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2922),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2595),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7827),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6905),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11116)
     Examples:
          Python (prim_axis.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prim_axis.py#L21))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addTorus’
     Add a torus in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, defined by its
     center (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and its 2 radii ‘r’ and ‘r2’.  If ‘tag’ is
     positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  The optional argument ‘angle’ defines the angular
     opening (from 0 to 2*Pi).  If a vector ‘zAxis’ of size 3 is
     provided, use it to define the z-axis.  Return the tag of the
     torus.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘r1’ (double), ‘r2’
          (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘angle = 2*pi’ (double),
          ‘zAxis = []’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2940),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2612),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7871),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6936),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11184)
     Examples:
          Python (prim_axis.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prim_axis.py#L18),
          step_header_data.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/step_header_data.py#L10))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addThruSections’
     Add a volume (if the optional argument ‘makeSolid’ is set) or
     surfaces in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, defined through the
     open or closed wires ‘wireTags’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.  The new
     entities are returned in ‘outDimTags’ as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs.  If the optional argument ‘makeRuled’ is set, the surfaces
     created on the boundary are forced to be ruled surfaces.  If
     ‘maxDegree’ is positive, set the maximal degree of resulting
     surface.  The optional argument ‘continuity’ allows to specify the
     continuity of the resulting shape ("C0", "G1", "C1", "G2", "C2",
     "C3", "CN"). The optional argument ‘parametrization’ sets the
     parametrization type ("ChordLength", "Centripetal",
     "IsoParametric").  The optional argument ‘smoothing’ determines if
     smoothing is applied.

     Input:
          ‘wireTags’ (vector of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘makeSolid = True’ (boolean), ‘makeRuled = False’ (boolean),
          ‘maxDegree = -1’ (integer), ‘continuity = ""’ (string),
          ‘parametrization = ""’ (string), ‘smoothing = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2963),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2634),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7912),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L6974),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11253)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L32)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L29)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L26)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L38))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addThickSolid’
     Add a hollowed volume in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, built
     from an initial volume ‘volumeTag’ and a set of faces from this
     volume ‘excludeSurfaceTags’, which are to be removed.  The
     remaining faces of the volume become the walls of the hollowed
     solid, with thickness ‘offset’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag
     explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.

     Input:
          ‘volumeTag’ (integer), ‘excludeSurfaceTags’ (vector of
          integers), ‘offset’ (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2981),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2651),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7962),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7006),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11326)

‘gmsh/model/occ/extrude’
     Extrude the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, using a translation
     along (‘dx’, ‘dy’, ‘dz’).  Return extruded entities in
     ‘outDimTags’.  If the ‘numElements’ vector is not empty, also
     extrude the mesh: the entries in ‘numElements’ give the number of
     elements in each layer.  If the ‘height’ vector is not empty, it
     provides the (cumulative) height of the different layers,
     normalized to 1.  If ‘recombine’ is set, recombine the mesh in the
     layers.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘dz’ (double), ‘numElements = []’ (vector of
          integers), ‘heights = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘recombine =
          False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L2996),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2665),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L7998),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7043),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11380)
     Examples:
          Python (naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L63))

‘gmsh/model/occ/revolve’
     Extrude the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, using a rotation of
     ‘angle’ radians around the axis of revolution defined by the point
     (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) and the direction (‘ax’, ‘ay’, ‘az’).  Return
     extruded entities in ‘outDimTags’.  If the ‘numElements’ vector is
     not empty, also extrude the mesh: the entries in ‘numElements’ give
     the number of elements in each layer.  If the ‘height’ vector is
     not empty, it provides the (cumulative) height of the different
     layers, normalized to 1.  When the mesh is extruded the angle
     should be strictly smaller than 2*Pi.  If ‘recombine’ is set,
     recombine the mesh in the layers.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’
          (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘ax’ (double), ‘ay’ (double), ‘az’
          (double), ‘angle’ (double), ‘numElements = []’ (vector of
          integers), ‘heights = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘recombine =
          False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3017),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2685),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8042),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7087),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11458)
     Examples:
          Python (naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L84))

‘gmsh/model/occ/addPipe’
     Add a pipe in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, by extruding the
     entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs) along
     the wire ‘wireTag’.  The type of sweep can be specified with
     ‘trihedron’ (possible values: "DiscreteTrihedron",
     "CorrectedFrenet", "Fixed", "Frenet", "ConstantNormal", "Darboux",
     "GuideAC", "GuidePlan", "GuideACWithContact",
     "GuidePlanWithContact").  If ‘trihedron’ is not provided,
     "DiscreteTrihedron" is assumed.  Return the pipe in ‘outDimTags’.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘wireTag’ (integer),
          ‘trihedron = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3039),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2706),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8097),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7121),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11553)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L82)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L73),
          pipe.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/pipe.py#L29)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L71)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L84))

‘gmsh/model/occ/fillet’
     Fillet the volumes ‘volumeTags’ on the curves ‘curveTags’ with
     radii ‘radii’.  The ‘radii’ vector can either contain a single
     radius, as many radii as ‘curveTags’, or twice as many as
     ‘curveTags’ (in which case different radii are provided for the
     begin and end points of the curves).  Return the filleted entities
     in ‘outDimTags’ as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  Remove the
     original volume if ‘removeVolume’ is set.

     Input:
          ‘volumeTags’ (vector of integers), ‘curveTags’ (vector of
          integers), ‘radii’ (vector of doubles), ‘removeVolume = True’
          (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3052),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2718),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8132),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7156),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11601)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L55)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L47)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L44)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L59))

‘gmsh/model/occ/chamfer’
     Chamfer the volumes ‘volumeTags’ on the curves ‘curveTags’ with
     distances ‘distances’ measured on surfaces ‘surfaceTags’.  The
     ‘distances’ vector can either contain a single distance, as many
     distances as ‘curveTags’ and ‘surfaceTags’, or twice as many as
     ‘curveTags’ and ‘surfaceTags’ (in which case the first in each pair
     is measured on the corresponding surface in ‘surfaceTags’, the
     other on the other adjacent surface).  Return the chamfered
     entities in ‘outDimTags’.  Remove the original volume if
     ‘removeVolume’ is set.

     Input:
          ‘volumeTags’ (vector of integers), ‘curveTags’ (vector of
          integers), ‘surfaceTags’ (vector of integers), ‘distances’
          (vector of doubles), ‘removeVolume = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3068),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2733),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8169),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7190),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11662)

‘gmsh/model/occ/defeature’
     Defeature the volumes ‘volumeTags’ by removing the surfaces
     ‘surfaceTags’.  Return the defeatured entities in ‘outDimTags’.
     Remove the original volume if ‘removeVolume’ is set.

     Input:
          ‘volumeTags’ (vector of integers), ‘surfaceTags’ (vector of
          integers), ‘removeVolume = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3080),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2744),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8211),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7218),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11726)

‘gmsh/model/occ/fillet2D’
     Create a fillet edge between edges ‘edgeTag1’ and ‘edgeTag2’ with
     radius ‘radius’.  The modifed edges keep their tag.  If ‘tag’ is
     positive, set the tag explicitly; otherwise a new tag is selected
     automatically.  If ‘pointTag’ is positive, set the point on the
     edge at which the fillet is created.  If ‘reverse’ is set, the
     normal of the plane through the two planes is reversed before the
     fillet is created.

     Input:
          ‘edgeTag1’ (integer), ‘edgeTag2’ (integer), ‘radius’ (double),
          ‘tag = -1’ (integer), ‘pointTag = -1’ (integer), ‘reverse =
          False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3093),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2756),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8242),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7251),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11777)

‘gmsh/model/occ/chamfer2D’
     Create a chamfer edge between edges ‘edgeTag1’ and ‘edgeTag2’ with
     distance1 ‘distance1’ and distance2 ‘distance2’.  The modifed edges
     keep their tag.  If ‘tag’ is positive, set the tag explicitly;
     otherwise a new tag is selected automatically.

     Input:
          ‘edgeTag1’ (integer), ‘edgeTag2’ (integer), ‘distance1’
          (double), ‘distance2’ (double), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3106),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2768),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8278),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7278),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11825)

‘gmsh/model/occ/offsetCurve’
     Create an offset curve based on the curve loop ‘curveLoopTag’ with
     offset ‘offset’.  Return the offset curves in ‘outDimTags’ as a
     vector of (dim, tag) pairs.

     Input:
          ‘curveLoopTag’ (integer), ‘offset’ (double)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3117),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2778),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8310),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7302),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11867)

‘gmsh/model/occ/getDistance’
     Find the minimal distance between shape with ‘dim1’ and ‘tag1’ and
     shape with ‘dim2’ and ‘tag2’ and the according coordinates.  Return
     the distance in ‘distance’ and the coordinates of the points as
     ‘x1’, ‘y1’, ‘z1’ and ‘x2’, ‘y2’, ‘z2’.  A negative ‘distance’
     indicates failure.

     Input:
          ‘dim1’ (integer), ‘tag1’ (integer), ‘dim2’ (integer), ‘tag2’
          (integer)
     Output:
          ‘distance’ (double), ‘x1’ (double), ‘y1’ (double), ‘z1’
          (double), ‘x2’ (double), ‘y2’ (double), ‘z2’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3127),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2787),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8338),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7339),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11905)

‘gmsh/model/occ/getClosestEntities’
     Find the ‘n’ closest entities to point (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) amongst the
     entities ‘dimTags’.  Return the entities in ‘outDimTags’ sorted by
     increasing distance, the corresponding distances in ‘distances’,
     and the correspdonding closest x, y, z coordinates, concatenated,
     in ‘coord’.

     Input:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘dimTags’ (vector of
          pairs of integers), ‘n = 1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘distances’
          (vector of doubles), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3145),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2804),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8396),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7376),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L11976)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L116)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L97)),
          Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L98)),
          Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L123))

‘gmsh/model/occ/fuse’
     Compute the boolean union (the fusion) of the entities
     ‘objectDimTags’ and ‘toolDimTags’ (vectors of (dim, tag) pairs) in
     the OpenCASCADE CAD representation.  Return the resulting entities
     in ‘outDimTags’, and the correspondance between input and resulting
     entities in ‘outDimTagsMap’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, try to set the
     tag explicitly (only valid if the boolean operation results in a
     single entity).  Remove the object if ‘removeObject’ is set.
     Remove the tool if ‘removeTool’ is set.

     Input:
          ‘objectDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘toolDimTags’
          (vector of pairs of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘removeObject = True’ (boolean), ‘removeTool = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘outDimTagsMap’
          (vector of vectors of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3163),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2821),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8441),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7420),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12059)
     Examples:
          C++ (x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L27)),
          Python (x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L22),
          boolean.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/boolean.py#L26),
          gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.py#L27),
          tube_boundary_layer.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/tube_boundary_layer.py#L16)),
          Julia (x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L20),
          gui.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.jl#L27))

‘gmsh/model/occ/intersect’
     Compute the boolean intersection (the common parts) of the entities
     ‘objectDimTags’ and ‘toolDimTags’ (vectors of (dim, tag) pairs) in
     the OpenCASCADE CAD representation.  Return the resulting entities
     in ‘outDimTags’, and the correspondance between input and resulting
     entities in ‘outDimTagsMap’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, try to set the
     tag explicitly (only valid if the boolean operation results in a
     single entity).  Remove the object if ‘removeObject’ is set.
     Remove the tool if ‘removeTool’ is set.

     Input:
          ‘objectDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘toolDimTags’
          (vector of pairs of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘removeObject = True’ (boolean), ‘removeTool = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘outDimTagsMap’
          (vector of vectors of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3181),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2838),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8485),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7470),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12142)
     Examples:
          Python (boolean.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/boolean.py#L22),
          gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.py#L23)),
          Julia (gui.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.jl#L23))

‘gmsh/model/occ/cut’
     Compute the boolean difference between the entities ‘objectDimTags’
     and ‘toolDimTags’ (given as vectors of (dim, tag) pairs) in the
     OpenCASCADE CAD representation.  Return the resulting entities in
     ‘outDimTags’, and the correspondance between input and resulting
     entities in ‘outDimTagsMap’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, try to set the
     tag explicitly (only valid if the boolean operation results in a
     single entity).  Remove the object if ‘removeObject’ is set.
     Remove the tool if ‘removeTool’ is set.

     Input:
          ‘objectDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘toolDimTags’
          (vector of pairs of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘removeObject = True’ (boolean), ‘removeTool = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘outDimTagsMap’
          (vector of vectors of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3198),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2854),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8530),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7520),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12224)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L41)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L32),
          boolean.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/boolean.py#L27),
          extend_field.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/extend_field.py#L7),
          gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.py#L28),
          spherical_surf.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/spherical_surf.py#L13)),
          Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L30),
          gui.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.jl#L28),
          spherical_surf.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/spherical_surf.jl#L11)),
          Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L44))

‘gmsh/model/occ/fragment’
     Compute the boolean fragments (general fuse) resulting from the
     intersection of the entities ‘objectDimTags’ and ‘toolDimTags’
     (given as vectors of (dim, tag) pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD
     representation, making all interfaces conformal.  When applied to
     entities of different dimensions, the lower dimensional entities
     will be automatically embedded in the higher dimensional entities
     if they are not on their boundary.  Return the resulting entities
     in ‘outDimTags’, and the correspondance between input and resulting
     entities in ‘outDimTagsMap’.  If ‘tag’ is positive, try to set the
     tag explicitly (only valid if the boolean operation results in a
     single entity).  Remove the object if ‘removeObject’ is set.
     Remove the tool if ‘removeTool’ is set.

     Input:
          ‘objectDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘toolDimTags’
          (vector of pairs of integers), ‘tag = -1’ (integer),
          ‘removeObject = True’ (boolean), ‘removeTool = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘outDimTagsMap’
          (vector of vectors of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3219),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2874),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8574),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7573),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12310)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L61),
          t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L75),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L85),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L43)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L54),
          t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L70),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L68),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L33),
          bspline_bezier_patches.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_patches.py#L70),
          ...), Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L52),
          t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L67),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L67),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L32),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L25)),
          Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L76),
          t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L83),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L81),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L44))

‘gmsh/model/occ/translate’
     Translate the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation along (‘dx’, ‘dy’,
     ‘dz’).

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘dx’ (double), ‘dy’
          (double), ‘dz’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3231),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2885),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8622),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7613),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12387)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L47),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L72)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L44),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L60)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L41),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L58)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L55),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L70))

‘gmsh/model/occ/rotate’
     Rotate the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation by ‘angle’ radians
     around the axis of revolution defined by the point (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’)
     and the direction (‘ax’, ‘ay’, ‘az’).

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’
          (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘ax’ (double), ‘ay’ (double), ‘az’
          (double), ‘angle’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3242),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2895),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8647),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7641),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12426)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L78),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L64)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L69),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L54),
          fractures.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/fractures.py#L18),
          naca_boundary_layer_2d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_2d.py#L71),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L92),
          ...), Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L67),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L51)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L80),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L63))

‘gmsh/model/occ/dilate’
     Scale the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation by factors ‘a’, ‘b’
     and ‘c’ along the three coordinate axes; use (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’) as the
     center of the homothetic transformation.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’
          (double), ‘z’ (double), ‘a’ (double), ‘b’ (double), ‘c’
          (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3257),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2909),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8682),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7669),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12485)

‘gmsh/model/occ/mirror’
     Mirror the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, with respect to the
     plane of equation ‘a’ * x + ‘b’ * y + ‘c’ * z + ‘d’ = 0.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘a’ (double), ‘b’
          (double), ‘c’ (double), ‘d’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3270),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2921),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8715),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7694),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12538)

‘gmsh/model/occ/symmetrize’
     Mirror the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, with respect to the
     plane of equation ‘a’ * x + ‘b’ * y + ‘c’ * z + ‘d’ = 0.  (This is
     a deprecated synonym for ‘mirror’.)

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘a’ (double), ‘b’
          (double), ‘c’ (double), ‘d’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3282),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2932),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8743),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7719),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12582)

‘gmsh/model/occ/affineTransform’
     Apply a general affine transformation matrix ‘affineTransform’ (16
     entries of a 4x4 matrix, by row; only the 12 first can be provided
     for convenience) to the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of
     (dim, tag) pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘affineTransform’
          (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3294),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2943),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8772),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7742),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12626)

‘gmsh/model/occ/copy’
     Copy the entities ‘dimTags’ in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation;
     the new entities are returned in ‘outDimTags’.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3301),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2949),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8797),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7766),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12656)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L46),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L77)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L43),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L64)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L40),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L62)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L54),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L74))

‘gmsh/model/occ/remove’
     Remove the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a vector of (dim, tag)
     pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation, provided that they
     are not on the boundary of higher-dimensional entities.  If
     ‘recursive’ is true, remove all the entities on their boundaries,
     down to dimension 0.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘recursive = False’
          (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3310),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2957),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8822),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7793),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12692)
     Examples:
          C++ (t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L86),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L91)),
          Python (t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L77),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L73),
          pipe.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/pipe.py#L31),
          trimmed.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/trimmed.py#L28),
          tube_boundary_layer.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/tube_boundary_layer.py#L17)),
          Julia (t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L75),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L72)),
          Fortran (t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L89),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L88))

‘gmsh/model/occ/removeAllDuplicates’
     Remove all duplicate entities in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation
     (different entities at the same geometrical location) after
     intersecting (using boolean fragments) all highest dimensional
     entities.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3318),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2964),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8845),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7811),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12720)
     Examples:
          Python (bspline_bezier_patches.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_patches.py#L75),
          hybrid_order.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/hybrid_order.py#L7),
          stl_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/stl_to_mesh.py#L11))

‘gmsh/model/occ/healShapes’
     Apply various healing procedures to the entities ‘dimTags’ (given
     as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs), or to all the entities in the
     model if ‘dimTags’ is empty, in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation.
     Return the healed entities in ‘outDimTags’.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags = []’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘tolerance =
          1e-8’ (double), ‘fixDegenerated = True’ (boolean),
          ‘fixSmallEdges = True’ (boolean), ‘fixSmallFaces = True’
          (boolean), ‘sewFaces = True’ (boolean), ‘makeSolids = True’
          (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3326),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2970),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8861),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7840),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12736)
     Examples:
          Python (bspline_bezier_patches.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_patches.py#L65),
          heal.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/heal.py#L13))

‘gmsh/model/occ/convertToNURBS’
     Convert the entities ‘dimTags’ to NURBS.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3338),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2981),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8901),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7864),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12799)

‘gmsh/model/occ/importShapes’
     Import BREP, STEP or IGES shapes from the file ‘fileName’ in the
     OpenCASCADE CAD representation.  The imported entities are returned
     in ‘outDimTags’, as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If the optional
     argument ‘highestDimOnly’ is set, only import the highest
     dimensional entities in the file.  The optional argument ‘format’
     can be used to force the format of the file (currently "brep",
     "step" or "iges").

     Input:
          ‘fileName’ (string), ‘highestDimOnly = True’ (boolean),
          ‘format = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3348),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L2990),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8920),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7894),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12825)
     Examples:
          C++ (t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L28)),
          Python (t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L24)),
          Julia (t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L21)),
          Fortran (t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L34))

‘gmsh/model/occ/importShapesNativePointer’
     Import an OpenCASCADE ‘shape’ by providing a pointer to a native
     OpenCASCADE ‘TopoDS_Shape’ object (passed as a pointer to void).
     The imported entities are returned in ‘outDimTags’ as a vector of
     (dim, tag) pairs.  If the optional argument ‘highestDimOnly’ is
     set, only import the highest dimensional entities in ‘shape’.  In
     Python, this function can be used for integration with PythonOCC,
     in which the SwigPyObject pointer of ‘TopoDS_Shape’ must be passed
     as an int to ‘shape’, i.e., ‘shape = int(pythonocc_shape.this)’.
     Warning: this function is unsafe, as providing an invalid pointer
     will lead to undefined behavior.

     Input:
          ‘shape’ (pointer), ‘highestDimOnly = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘outDimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3364),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3005),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8953),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7927),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12873)

‘gmsh/model/occ/getEntities’
     Get all the OpenCASCADE entities.  If ‘dim’ is >= 0, return only
     the entities of the specified dimension (e.g.  points if ‘dim’ ==
     0).  The entities are returned as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3373),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3013),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L8987),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7954),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12910)
     Examples:
          C++ (t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L90)),
          Python (t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L73),
          bspline_bezier_patches.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/bspline_bezier_patches.py#L70),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L74),
          tube_boundary_layer.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/tube_boundary_layer.py#L17)),
          Julia (t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L72)),
          Fortran (t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L87))

‘gmsh/model/occ/getEntitiesInBoundingBox’
     Get the OpenCASCADE entities in the bounding box defined by the two
     points (‘xmin’, ‘ymin’, ‘zmin’) and (‘xmax’, ‘ymax’, ‘zmax’).  If
     ‘dim’ is >= 0, return only the entities of the specified dimension
     (e.g.  points if ‘dim’ == 0).

     Input:
          ‘xmin’ (double), ‘ymin’ (double), ‘zmin’ (double), ‘xmax’
          (double), ‘ymax’ (double), ‘zmax’ (double), ‘dim = -1’
          (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3382),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3021),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9013),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L7987),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L12943)

‘gmsh/model/occ/getBoundingBox’
     Get the bounding box (‘xmin’, ‘ymin’, ‘zmin’), (‘xmax’, ‘ymax’,
     ‘zmax’) of the OpenCASCADE entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘xmin’ (double), ‘ymin’ (double), ‘zmin’ (double), ‘xmax’
          (double), ‘ymax’ (double), ‘zmax’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3395),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3033),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9052),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8019),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13004)
     Examples:
          C++ (t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L44)),
          Python (t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L34),
          naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L67)),
          Julia (t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L31)),
          Fortran (t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L44))

‘gmsh/model/occ/getCurveLoops’
     Get the tags ‘curveLoopTags’ of the curve loops making up the
     surface of tag ‘surfaceTag’, as well as the tags ‘curveTags’ of the
     curves making up each curve loop.

     Input:
          ‘surfaceTag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘curveLoopTags’ (vector of integers), ‘curveTags’ (vector of
          vectors of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3409),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3046),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9100),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8049),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13059)

‘gmsh/model/occ/getSurfaceLoops’
     Get the tags ‘surfaceLoopTags’ of the surface loops making up the
     volume of tag ‘volumeTag’, as well as the tags ‘surfaceTags’ of the
     surfaces making up each surface loop.

     Input:
          ‘volumeTag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘surfaceLoopTags’ (vector of integers), ‘surfaceTags’ (vector
          of vectors of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3418),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3054),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9131),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8082),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13111)

‘gmsh/model/occ/getMass’
     Get the mass of the OpenCASCADE entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.  If no density is attached to the entity (the default), the
     value corresponds respectively to the length, area and volume for
     ‘dim’ = 1, 2 and 3.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘mass’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3428),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3062),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9162),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8115),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13163)
     Examples:
          Python (step_assembly.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/step_assembly.py#L28),
          volume.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/volume.py#L9))

‘gmsh/model/occ/getCenterOfMass’
     Get the center of mass of the OpenCASCADE entity of dimension ‘dim’
     and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3436),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3069),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9190),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8141),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13192)

‘gmsh/model/occ/getMatrixOfInertia’
     Get the matrix of inertia (by row) of the OpenCASCADE entity of
     dimension ‘dim’ and tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘mat’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3446),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3078),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9226),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8167),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13231)

‘gmsh/model/occ/getMaxTag’
     Get the maximum tag of entities of dimension ‘dim’ in the
     OpenCASCADE CAD representation.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3454),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3085),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9253),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8191),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13267)

‘gmsh/model/occ/setMaxTag’
     Set the maximum tag ‘maxTag’ for entities of dimension ‘dim’ in the
     OpenCASCADE CAD representation.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘maxTag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3460),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3090),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9275),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8211),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13288)

‘gmsh/model/occ/synchronize’
     Synchronize the OpenCASCADE CAD representation with the current
     Gmsh model.  This can be called at any time, but since it involves
     a non trivial amount of processing, the number of synchronization
     points should normally be minimized.  Without synchronization the
     entities in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation are not available to
     any function outside of the OpenCASCADE CAD kernel functions.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3471),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3100),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9296),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8230),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13316)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L84),
          t17.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t17.cpp#L29),
          t18.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t18.cpp#L28),
          t19.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t19.cpp#L33),
          t20.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t20.cpp#L93),
          ...), Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L67),
          t17.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t17.py#L28),
          t18.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t18.py#L27),
          t19.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t19.py#L30),
          t20.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t20.py#L75),
          ...), Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L67),
          t17.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t17.jl#L25),
          t18.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t18.jl#L24),
          t19.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t19.jl#L27),
          t20.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t20.jl#L74),
          ...), Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L90),
          t17.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t17.f90#L33),
          t18.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t18.f90#L37),
          t19.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t19.f90#L39),
          t20.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t20.f90#L90),
          ...)

6.9 Namespace ‘gmsh/model/occ/mesh’: OpenCASCADE CAD kernel meshing constraints
===============================================================================

‘gmsh/model/occ/mesh/setSize’
     Set a mesh size constraint on the entities ‘dimTags’ (given as a
     vector of (dim, tag) pairs) in the OpenCASCADE CAD representation.
     Currently only entities of dimension 0 (points) are handled.

     Input:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers), ‘size’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3480),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3105),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9320),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8259),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13331)
     Examples:
          Python (naca_boundary_layer_3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/naca_boundary_layer_3d.py#L89))

6.10 Namespace ‘gmsh/view’: post-processing view functions
==========================================================

‘gmsh/view/add’
     Add a new post-processing view, with name ‘name’.  If ‘tag’ is
     positive use it (and remove the view with that tag if it already
     exists), otherwise associate a new tag.  Return the view tag.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘tag = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3496),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3112),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9349),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8299),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13359)
     Examples:
          C++ (t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L111),
          x3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp#L28),
          x4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp#L33),
          x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L80)),
          Python (t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L119),
          x3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py#L25),
          x4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py#L31),
          x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L68),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L89),
          ...), Julia (t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L107),
          x3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl#L24),
          x4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl#L30),
          x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L62)),
          Fortran (t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L121))

‘gmsh/view/remove’
     Remove the view with tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3502),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3117),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9373),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8316),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13384)
     Examples:
          Python (plugin.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/plugin.py#L28))

‘gmsh/view/getIndex’
     Get the index of the view with tag ‘tag’ in the list of currently
     loaded views.  This dynamic index (it can change when views are
     removed) is used to access view options.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3509),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3123),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9390),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8337),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13404)
     Examples:
          Python (adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L103))

‘gmsh/view/getTags’
     Get the tags of all views.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘tags’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3514),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3127),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9413),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8357),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13424)
     Examples:
          C++ (t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L81),
          t9.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t9.cpp#L37)),
          Python (t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L77),
          t9.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t9.py#L27),
          plugin.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/plugin.py#L31)),
          Julia (t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L75),
          t9.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t9.jl#L25)),
          Fortran (t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L84),
          t9.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t9.f90#L32))

‘gmsh/view/addModelData’
     Add model-based post-processing data to the view with tag ‘tag’.
     ‘modelName’ identifies the model the data is attached to.
     ‘dataType’ specifies the type of data, currently either "NodeData",
     "ElementData" or "ElementNodeData".  ‘step’ specifies the
     identifier (>= 0) of the data in a sequence.  ‘tags’ gives the tags
     of the nodes or elements in the mesh to which the data is
     associated.  ‘data’ is a vector of the same length as ‘tags’: each
     entry is the vector of double precision numbers representing the
     data associated with the corresponding tag.  The optional ‘time’
     argument associate a time value with the data.  ‘numComponents’
     gives the number of data components (1 for scalar data, 3 for
     vector data, etc.)  per entity; if negative, it is automatically
     inferred (when possible) from the input data.  ‘partition’ allows
     one to specify data in several sub-sets.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘step’ (integer), ‘modelName’ (string),
          ‘dataType’ (string), ‘tags’ (vector of sizes), ‘data’ (vector
          of vectors of doubles), ‘time = 0.’ (double), ‘numComponents =
          -1’ (integer), ‘partition = 0’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3530),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3142),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9435),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8397),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13460)
     Examples:
          Python (adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L90),
          plugin.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/plugin.py#L16),
          poisson.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/poisson.py#L229),
          view.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view.py#L19))

‘gmsh/view/addHomogeneousModelData’
     Add homogeneous model-based post-processing data to the view with
     tag ‘tag’.  The arguments have the same meaning as in
     ‘addModelData’, except that ‘data’ is supposed to be homogeneous
     and is thus flattened in a single vector.  For data types that can
     lead to different data sizes per tag (like "ElementNodeData"), the
     data should be padded.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘step’ (integer), ‘modelName’ (string),
          ‘dataType’ (string), ‘tags’ (vector of sizes), ‘data’ (vector
          of doubles), ‘time = 0.’ (double), ‘numComponents = -1’
          (integer), ‘partition = 0’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3547),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3158),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9482),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8428),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13541)
     Examples:
          C++ (x4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp#L35)),
          Python (x4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py#L33),
          copy_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/copy_mesh.py#L41),
          view_element_size.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_element_size.py#L20),
          view_renumbering.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_renumbering.py#L18)),
          Julia (x4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl#L32))

‘gmsh/view/getModelData’
     Get model-based post-processing data from the view with tag ‘tag’
     at step ‘step’.  Return the ‘data’ associated to the nodes or the
     elements with tags ‘tags’, as well as the ‘dataType’ and the number
     of components ‘numComponents’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘step’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dataType’ (string), ‘tags’ (vector of sizes), ‘data’ (vector
          of vectors of doubles), ‘time’ (double), ‘numComponents’
          (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3563),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3173),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9522),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8456),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13608)
     Examples:
          Python (get_data_perf.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/get_data_perf.py#L20),
          mesh_quality.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/mesh_quality.py#L19),
          plugin.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/plugin.py#L20))

‘gmsh/view/getHomogeneousModelData’
     Get homogeneous model-based post-processing data from the view with
     tag ‘tag’ at step ‘step’.  The arguments have the same meaning as
     in ‘getModelData’, except that ‘data’ is returned flattened in a
     single vector, with the appropriate padding if necessary.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘step’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dataType’ (string), ‘tags’ (vector of sizes), ‘data’ (vector
          of doubles), ‘time’ (double), ‘numComponents’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3577),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3186),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9568),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8498),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13683)
     Examples:
          Python (get_data_perf.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/get_data_perf.py#L25))

‘gmsh/view/addListData’
     Add list-based post-processing data to the view with tag ‘tag’.
     List-based datasets are independent from any model and any mesh.
     ‘dataType’ identifies the data by concatenating the field type ("S"
     for scalar, "V" for vector, "T" for tensor) and the element type
     ("P" for point, "L" for line, "T" for triangle, "S" for
     tetrahedron, "I" for prism, "H" for hexaHedron, "Y" for pyramid).
     For example ‘dataType’ should be "ST" for a scalar field on
     triangles.  ‘numEle’ gives the number of elements in the data.
     ‘data’ contains the data for the ‘numEle’ elements, concatenated,
     with node coordinates followed by values per node, repeated for
     each step: [e1x1, ..., e1xn, e1y1, ..., e1yn, e1z1, ..., e1zn,
     e1v1..., e1vN, e2x1, ...].

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘dataType’ (string), ‘numEle’ (integer),
          ‘data’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3597),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3205),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9614),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8538),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13756)
     Examples:
          C++ (x3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp#L56),
          x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L81)),
          Python (x3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py#L47),
          x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L69),
          normals.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/normals.py#L42),
          view_adaptive_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_adaptive_to_mesh.py#L42),
          view_combine.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_combine.py#L18),
          ...), Julia (x3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl#L47),
          x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L63))

‘gmsh/view/getListData’
     Get list-based post-processing data from the view with tag ‘tag’.
     Return the types ‘dataTypes’, the number of elements ‘numElements’
     for each data type and the ‘data’ for each data type.  If
     ‘returnAdaptive’ is set, return the data obtained after adaptive
     refinement, if available.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘returnAdaptive = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          ‘dataType’ (vector of strings), ‘numElements’ (vector of
          integers), ‘data’ (vector of vectors of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3608),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3215),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9648),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8565),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13795)
     Examples:
          Python (plugin.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/plugin.py#L35),
          view_adaptive_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_adaptive_to_mesh.py#L50),
          volume.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/volume.py#L19))

‘gmsh/view/addListDataString’
     Add a string to a list-based post-processing view with tag ‘tag’.
     If ‘coord’ contains 3 coordinates the string is positioned in the
     3D model space ("3D string"); if it contains 2 coordinates it is
     positioned in the 2D graphics viewport ("2D string").  ‘data’
     contains one or more (for multistep views) strings.  ‘style’
     contains key-value pairs of styling parameters, concatenated.
     Available keys are "Font" (possible values: "Times-Roman",
     "Times-Bold", "Times-Italic", "Times-BoldItalic", "Helvetica",
     "Helvetica-Bold", "Helvetica-Oblique", "Helvetica-BoldOblique",
     "Courier", "Courier-Bold", "Courier-Oblique",
     "Courier-BoldOblique", "Symbol", "ZapfDingbats", "Screen"),
     "FontSize" and "Align" (possible values: "Left" or "BottomLeft",
     "Center" or "BottomCenter", "Right" or "BottomRight", "TopLeft",
     "TopCenter", "TopRight", "CenterLeft", "CenterCenter",
     "CenterRight").

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘coord’ (vector of doubles), ‘data’ (vector
          of strings), ‘style = []’ (vector of strings)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3628),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3235),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9686),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8610),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13874)
     Examples:
          C++ (t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L115),
          x3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp#L80)),
          Python (t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L123),
          x3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py#L72)),
          Julia (t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L111),
          x3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl#L73)),
          Fortran (t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L125))

‘gmsh/view/getListDataStrings’
     Get list-based post-processing data strings (2D strings if ‘dim’ ==
     2, 3D strings if ‘dim’ = 3) from the view with tag ‘tag’.  Return
     the coordinates in ‘coord’, the strings in ‘data’ and the styles in
     ‘style’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘dim’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘coord’ (vector of doubles), ‘data’ (vector of strings),
          ‘style’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3638),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3244),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9725),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8636),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13928)

‘gmsh/view/setInterpolationMatrices’
     Set interpolation matrices for the element family ‘type’ ("Line",
     "Triangle", "Quadrangle", "Tetrahedron", "Hexahedron", "Prism",
     "Pyramid") in the view ‘tag’.  The approximation of the values over
     an element is written as a linear combination of ‘d’ basis
     functions f_i(u, v, w) = sum_(j = 0, ..., ‘d’ - 1) ‘coef’[i][j]
     u^‘exp’[j][0] v^‘exp’[j][1] w^‘exp’[j][2], i = 0, ..., ‘d’-1, with
     u, v, w the coordinates in the reference element.  The ‘coef’
     matrix (of size ‘d’ x ‘d’) and the ‘exp’ matrix (of size ‘d’ x 3)
     are stored as vectors, by row.  If ‘dGeo’ is positive, use
     ‘coefGeo’ and ‘expGeo’ to define the interpolation of the x, y, z
     coordinates of the element in terms of the u, v, w coordinates, in
     exactly the same way.  If ‘d’ < 0, remove the interpolation
     matrices.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘type’ (string), ‘d’ (integer), ‘coef’
          (vector of doubles), ‘exp’ (vector of doubles), ‘dGeo = 0’
          (integer), ‘coefGeo = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘expGeo = []’
          (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3657),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3262),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9762),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8681),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L13997)
     Examples:
          C++ (x3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp#L126)),
          Python (x3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py#L110),
          view_adaptive_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_adaptive_to_mesh.py#L22),
          view_list_isoparametric.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_list_isoparametric.py#L33),
          view_list_subparametric.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_list_subparametric.py#L35),
          view_list_superparametric.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_list_superparametric.py#L35)),
          Julia (x3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl#L111))

‘gmsh/view/addAlias’
     Add a post-processing view as an ‘alias’ of the reference view with
     tag ‘refTag’.  If ‘copyOptions’ is set, copy the options of the
     reference view.  If ‘tag’ is positive use it (and remove the view
     with that tag if it already exists), otherwise associate a new tag.
     Return the view tag.

     Input:
          ‘refTag’ (integer), ‘copyOptions = False’ (boolean), ‘tag =
          -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3672),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3276),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9808),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8706),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14065)
     Examples:
          Python (view_combine.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_combine.py#L27))

‘gmsh/view/combine’
     Combine elements (if ‘what’ == "elements") or steps (if ‘what’ ==
     "steps") of all views (‘how’ == "all"), all visible views (‘how’ ==
     "visible") or all views having the same name (‘how’ == "name").
     Remove original views if ‘remove’ is set.

     Input:
          ‘what’ (string), ‘how’ (string), ‘remove = True’ (boolean),
          ‘copyOptions = True’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3682),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3285),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9836),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8730),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14098)
     Examples:
          Python (view_combine.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_combine.py#L23))

‘gmsh/view/probe’
     Probe the view ‘tag’ for its ‘values’ at point (‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’).  If
     no match is found, ‘value’ is returned empty.  Return only the
     value at step ‘step’ is ‘step’ is positive.  Return only values
     with ‘numComp’ if ‘numComp’ is positive.  Return the gradient of
     the ‘values’ if ‘gradient’ is set.  If ‘distanceMax’ is zero, only
     return a result if an exact match inside an element in the view is
     found; if ‘distanceMax’ is positive and an exact match is not
     found, return the value at the closest node if it is closer than
     ‘distanceMax’; if ‘distanceMax’ is negative and an exact match is
     not found, always return the value at the closest node.  The
     distance to the match is returned in ‘distance’.  Return the result
     from the element described by its coordinates if ‘xElementCoord’,
     ‘yElementCoord’ and ‘zElementCoord’ are provided.  If ‘dim’ is >=
     0, return only matches from elements of the specified dimension.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘x’ (double), ‘y’ (double), ‘z’ (double),
          ‘step = -1’ (integer), ‘numComp = -1’ (integer), ‘gradient =
          False’ (boolean), ‘distanceMax = 0.’ (double), ‘xElemCoord =
          []’ (vector of doubles), ‘yElemCoord = []’ (vector of
          doubles), ‘zElemCoord = []’ (vector of doubles), ‘dim = -1’
          (integer)
     Output:
          ‘values’ (vector of doubles), ‘distance’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3702),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3304),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9862),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8773),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14143)
     Examples:
          C++ (x3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp#L98)),
          Python (x3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py#L86)),
          Julia (x3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl#L87))

‘gmsh/view/write’
     Write the view to a file ‘fileName’.  The export format is
     determined by the file extension.  Append to the file if ‘append’
     is set.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘fileName’ (string), ‘append = False’
          (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3721),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3322),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9927),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8797),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14243)
     Examples:
          C++ (x3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp#L104),
          x4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x4.cpp#L88)),
          Python (x3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py#L89),
          x4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x4.py#L81),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L92),
          normals.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/normals.py#L43),
          plugin.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/plugin.py#L33),
          ...), Julia (x3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl#L90),
          x4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x4.jl#L83))

‘gmsh/view/setVisibilityPerWindow’
     Set the global visibility of the view ‘tag’ per window to ‘value’,
     where ‘windowIndex’ identifies the window in the window list.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘value’ (integer), ‘windowIndex = 0’
          (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3729),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3329),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9949),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8817),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14272)

6.11 Namespace ‘gmsh/view/option’: view option handling functions
=================================================================

‘gmsh/view/option/setNumber’
     Set the numerical option ‘name’ to value ‘value’ for the view with
     tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3739),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3336),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L9978),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8846),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14301)
     Examples:
          C++ (t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L88),
          t9.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t9.cpp#L78),
          x3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp#L87),
          x5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x5.cpp#L82)),
          Python (t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L84),
          t9.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t9.py#L67),
          x3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py#L79),
          x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L70),
          view_adaptive_to_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/view_adaptive_to_mesh.py#L45),
          ...), Julia (t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L83),
          t9.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t9.jl#L66),
          x3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl#L80),
          x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L64)),
          Fortran (t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L92),
          t9.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t9.f90#L73))

‘gmsh/view/option/getNumber’
     Get the ‘value’ of the numerical option ‘name’ for the view with
     tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (double)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3747),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3342),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10001),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8868),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14329)
     Examples:
          C++ (t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L125),
          x3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/x3.cpp#L90)),
          Python (t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L125),
          x3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x3.py#L81)),
          Julia (t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L127),
          x3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x3.jl#L82)),
          Fortran (t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L134))

‘gmsh/view/option/setString’
     Set the string option ‘name’ to value ‘value’ for the view with tag
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3754),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3348),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10027),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8889),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14357)
     Examples:
          C++ (t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L151),
          t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L100)),
          Python (t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L161),
          t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L96)),
          Julia (t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L148),
          t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L95)),
          Fortran (t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L163),
          t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L104))

‘gmsh/view/option/getString’
     Get the ‘value’ of the string option ‘name’ for the view with tag
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3761),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3354),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10049),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8911),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14385)

‘gmsh/view/option/setColor’
     Set the color option ‘name’ to the RGBA value (‘r’, ‘g’, ‘b’, ‘a’)
     for the view with tag ‘tag’, where where ‘r’, ‘g’, ‘b’ and ‘a’
     should be integers between 0 and 255.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘name’ (string), ‘r’ (integer), ‘g’
          (integer), ‘b’ (integer), ‘a = 255’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3770),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3362),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10075),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8938),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14417)

‘gmsh/view/option/getColor’
     Get the ‘r’, ‘g’, ‘b’, ‘a’ value of the color option ‘name’ for the
     view with tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘tag’ (integer), ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘r’ (integer), ‘g’ (integer), ‘b’ (integer), ‘a’ (integer)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3781),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3372),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10105),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8964),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14461)

‘gmsh/view/option/copy’
     Copy the options from the view with tag ‘refTag’ to the view with
     tag ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘refTag’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3792),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3382),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10145),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L8987),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14505)

6.12 Namespace ‘gmsh/algorithm’: raw algorithms
===============================================

‘gmsh/algorithm/triangulate’
     Triangulate the points given in the ‘coordinates’ vector as
     concatenated pairs of u, v coordinates, with (optional) constrained
     edges given in the ‘edges’ vector as pairs of indexes (with
     numbering starting at 1), and return the triangles as concatenated
     triplets of point indexes (with numbering starting at 1) in
     ‘triangles’.

     Input:
          ‘coordinates’ (vector of doubles), ‘edges = []’ (vector of
          sizes)
     Output:
          ‘triangles’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3808),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3391),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10171),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9025),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14532)
     Examples:
          Python (raw_triangulation.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/raw_triangulation.py#L14))

‘gmsh/algorithm/tetrahedralize’
     Tetrahedralize the points given in the ‘coordinates’ vector as
     concatenated triplets of x, y, z coordinates, with (optional)
     constrained triangles given in the ‘triangles’ vector as triplets
     of indexes (with numbering starting at 1), and return the
     tetrahedra as concatenated quadruplets of point indexes (with
     numbering starting at 1) in ‘tetrahedra’.  Steiner points might be
     added in the ‘steiner’ vector.

     Input:
          ‘coordinates’ (vector of doubles), ‘triangles = []’ (vector of
          sizes)
     Output:
          ‘tetrahedra’ (vector of sizes), ‘steiner’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3820),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3402),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10202),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9055),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14578)
     Examples:
          Python (raw_tetrahedralization.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/raw_tetrahedralization.py#L16))

6.13 Namespace ‘gmsh/plugin’: plugin functions
==============================================

‘gmsh/plugin/setNumber’
     Set the numerical option ‘option’ to the value ‘value’ for plugin
     ‘name’.  Plugins available in the official Gmsh release are listed
     in the "Gmsh plugins" chapter of the Gmsh reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-plugins).

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘option’ (string), ‘value’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3835),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3412),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10245),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9094),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14634)
     Examples:
          C++ (t9.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t9.cpp#L46),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L144)),
          Python (t9.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t9.py#L35),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L131),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L103),
          crack3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/crack3d.py#L29),
          crack.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/crack.py#L33),
          ...), Julia (t9.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t9.jl#L34),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L130)),
          Fortran (t9.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t9.f90#L41),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L157))

‘gmsh/plugin/setString’
     Set the string option ‘option’ to the value ‘value’ for plugin
     ‘name’.  Plugins available in the official Gmsh release are listed
     in the "Gmsh plugins" chapter of the Gmsh reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-plugins).

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘option’ (string), ‘value’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3845),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3421),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10270),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9117),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14665)
     Examples:
          C++ (t9.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t9.cpp#L62)),
          Python (t9.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t9.py#L51)),
          Julia (t9.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t9.jl#L50)),
          Fortran (t9.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t9.f90#L57))

‘gmsh/plugin/run’
     Run the plugin ‘name’.  Return the tag of the created view (if
     any).  Plugins available in the official Gmsh release are listed in
     the "Gmsh plugins" chapter of the Gmsh reference manual
     (https://gmsh.info/doc/texinfo/gmsh.html#Gmsh-plugins).

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3855),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3430),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10295),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9140),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14696)
     Examples:
          C++ (t9.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t9.cpp#L48),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L147)),
          Python (t9.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t9.py#L37),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L134),
          adapt_mesh.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/adapt_mesh.py#L104),
          crack3d.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/crack3d.py#L32),
          crack.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/crack.py#L36),
          ...), Julia (t9.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t9.jl#L36),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L133)),
          Fortran (t9.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t9.f90#L43),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L160))

6.14 Namespace ‘gmsh/graphics’: graphics functions
==================================================

‘gmsh/graphics/draw’
     Draw all the OpenGL scenes.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3864),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3434),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10324),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9165),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14716)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L129),
          t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L155),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L129),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L192)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L120),
          t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L153),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L115),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L162),
          test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/test.py#L9),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L120),
          t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L156),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L113),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L164)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L169),
          t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L165),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L146),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L195))

6.15 Namespace ‘gmsh/fltk’: FLTK graphical user interface functions
===================================================================

‘gmsh/fltk/initialize’
     Create the FLTK graphical user interface.  Can only be called in
     the main thread.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3874),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3438),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10343),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9190),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14730)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L136),
          t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L71),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L136),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L199)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L124),
          t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L68),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L119),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L166),
          test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/test.py#L8),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L126),
          t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L65),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L119),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L170),
          gui.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/gui.jl#L11),
          ...), Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L58),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L50),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L109))

‘gmsh/fltk/finalize’
     Close the FLTK graphical user interface.  Can only be called in the
     main thread.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3880),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3442),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10357),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9204),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14744)

‘gmsh/fltk/wait’
     Wait at most ‘time’ seconds for user interface events and return.
     If ‘time’ < 0, wait indefinitely.  First automatically create the
     user interface if it has not yet been initialized.  Can only be
     called in the main thread.

     Input:
          ‘time = -1.’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3887),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3447),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10371),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9223),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14759)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L138),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L138),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L201)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L126),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L121),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L168),
          custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L115),
          prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L225),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L128),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L121),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L172),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L73)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L60),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L52),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L111))

‘gmsh/fltk/update’
     Update the user interface (potentially creating new widgets and
     windows).  First automatically create the user interface if it has
     not yet been initialized.  Can only be called in the main thread:
     use ‘awake("update")’ to trigger an update of the user interface
     from another thread.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3895),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3454),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10390),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9240),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14780)
     Examples:
          Python (custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L84),
          prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L191))

‘gmsh/fltk/awake’
     Awake the main user interface thread and process pending events,
     and optionally perform an action (currently the only ‘action’
     allowed is "update").

     Input:
          ‘action = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3902),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3459),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10406),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9258),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14795)
     Examples:
          Python (custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L66))

‘gmsh/fltk/lock’
     Block the current thread until it can safely modify the user
     interface.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3907),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3463),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10425),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9272),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14813)
     Examples:
          Python (custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L59))

‘gmsh/fltk/unlock’
     Release the lock that was set using lock.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3912),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3466),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10438),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9286),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14826)
     Examples:
          Python (custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L61))

‘gmsh/fltk/run’
     Run the event loop of the graphical user interface, i.e.
     repeatedly call ‘wait()’.  First automatically create the user
     interface if it has not yet been initialized.  If an
     ‘optionFileName’ is given, load it before entering the loop, and
     save all options and visibility information into it after exiting
     the loop.  Can only be called in the main thread.

     Input:
          ‘optionFileName = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3921),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3473),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10451),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9307),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14843)
     Examples:
          C++ (t1.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t1.cpp#L150),
          t2.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t2.cpp#L158),
          t4.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t4.cpp#L171),
          t5.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t5.cpp#L225),
          t6.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t6.cpp#L104),
          ...), Python (t1.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t1.py#L149),
          t2.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t2.py#L150),
          t4.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t4.py#L180),
          t5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t5.py#L219),
          t6.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t6.py#L104),
          ...), Julia (t1.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t1.jl#L149),
          t2.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t2.jl#L148),
          t4.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t4.jl#L166),
          t5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t5.jl#L216),
          t6.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t6.jl#L103),
          ...), Fortran (t1.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t1.f90#L151),
          t2.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t2.f90#L164),
          t4.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t4.f90#L181),
          t5.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t5.f90#L170),
          t6.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t6.f90#L110),
          ...)

‘gmsh/fltk/isAvailable’
     Check if the user interface is available (e.g.  to detect if it has
     been closed).

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3927),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3478),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10472),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9323),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14862)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L137),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L137),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L200)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L125),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L120),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L167),
          custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L114),
          prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L211),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L127),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L120),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L171),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L72)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L59),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L51),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L110))

‘gmsh/fltk/selectEntities’
     Select entities in the user interface.  Return the selected
     entities as a vector of (dim, tag) pairs.  If ‘dim’ is >= 0, return
     only the entities of the specified dimension (e.g.  points if ‘dim’
     == 0).

     Input:
          ‘dim = -1’ (integer)
     Output:
          ‘dimTags’ (vector of pairs of integers)
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3934),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3483),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10490),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9346),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14879)
     Examples:
          Python (prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L207))

‘gmsh/fltk/selectElements’
     Select elements in the user interface.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘elementTags’ (vector of sizes)
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3940),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3488),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10518),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9370),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14911)
     Examples:
          Python (select_elements.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/select_elements.py#L14))

‘gmsh/fltk/selectViews’
     Select views in the user interface.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘viewTags’ (vector of integers)
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3945),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3492),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10542),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9393),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14938)

‘gmsh/fltk/splitCurrentWindow’
     Split the current window horizontally (if ‘how’ == "h") or
     vertically (if ‘how’ == "v"), using ratio ‘ratio’.  If ‘how’ ==
     "u", restore a single window.

     Input:
          ‘how = "v"’ (string), ‘ratio = 0.5’ (double)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3952),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3498),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10566),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9416),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14967)
     Examples:
          Python (split_window.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/split_window.py#L21))

‘gmsh/fltk/setCurrentWindow’
     Set the current window by speficying its index (starting at 0) in
     the list of all windows.  When new windows are created by splits,
     new windows are appended at the end of the list.

     Input:
          ‘windowIndex = 0’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3960),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3505),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10588),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9436),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L14992)
     Examples:
          Python (split_window.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/split_window.py#L36))

‘gmsh/fltk/setStatusMessage’
     Set a status message in the current window.  If ‘graphics’ is set,
     display the message inside the graphic window instead of the status
     bar.

     Input:
          ‘message’ (string), ‘graphics = False’ (boolean)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3966),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3510),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10608),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9456),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15011)
     Examples:
          Python (prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L204),
          select_elements.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/select_elements.py#L13))

‘gmsh/fltk/showContextWindow’
     Show context window for the entity of dimension ‘dim’ and tag
     ‘tag’.

     Input:
          ‘dim’ (integer), ‘tag’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3972),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3515),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10629),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9475),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15034)
     Examples:
          Python (prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L213))

‘gmsh/fltk/openTreeItem’
     Open the ‘name’ item in the menu tree.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3978),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3520),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10649),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9493),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15057)
     Examples:
          Python (prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L223))

‘gmsh/fltk/closeTreeItem’
     Close the ‘name’ item in the menu tree.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3983),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3524),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10667),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9511),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15075)

6.16 Namespace ‘gmsh/parser’: parser functions
==============================================

‘gmsh/parser/getNames’
     Get the names of the variables in the Gmsh parser matching the
     ‘search’ regular expression.  If ‘search’ is empty, return all the
     names.

     Input:
          ‘search = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘names’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L3993),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3529),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10691),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9544),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15094)

‘gmsh/parser/setNumber’
     Set the value of the number variable ‘name’ in the Gmsh parser.
     Create the variable if it does not exist; update the value if the
     variable exists.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4000),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3535),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10716),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9568),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15125)

‘gmsh/parser/setString’
     Set the value of the string variable ‘name’ in the Gmsh parser.
     Create the variable if it does not exist; update the value if the
     variable exists.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (vector of strings)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4007),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3541),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10738),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9588),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15152)

‘gmsh/parser/getNumber’
     Get the value of the number variable ‘name’ from the Gmsh parser.
     Return an empty vector if the variable does not exist.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4014),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3547),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10760),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9610),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15184)

‘gmsh/parser/getString’
     Get the value of the string variable ‘name’ from the Gmsh parser.
     Return an empty vector if the variable does not exist.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4021),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3553),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10785),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9635),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15215)

‘gmsh/parser/clear’
     Clear all the Gmsh parser variables, or remove a single variable if
     ‘name’ is given.

     Input:
          ‘name = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4028),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3559),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10810),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9658),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15246)

‘gmsh/parser/parse’
     Parse the file ‘fileName’ with the Gmsh parser.

     Input:
          ‘fileName’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4033),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3563),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10828),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9675),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15264)

6.17 Namespace ‘gmsh/onelab’: ONELAB server functions
=====================================================

‘gmsh/onelab/set’
     Set one or more parameters in the ONELAB database, encoded in
     ‘format’.

     Input:
          ‘data’ (string), ‘format = "json"’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4042),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3567),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10851),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9704),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15282)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L106),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L95),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L57)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L99),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L82),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L45),
          custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L33),
          onelab_test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.py#L9),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L99),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L80),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L44),
          onelab_test.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.jl#L7),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L29)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L43),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L22),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L57))

‘gmsh/onelab/get’
     Get all the parameters (or a single one if ‘name’ is specified)
     from the ONELAB database, encoded in ‘format’.

     Input:
          ‘name = ""’ (string), ‘format = "json"’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘data’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4049),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3573),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10870),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9726),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15306)
     Examples:
          Python (onelab_run_auto.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_run_auto.py#L31),
          onelab_test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.py#L35),
          prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L173)),
          Julia (onelab_test.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.jl#L33))

‘gmsh/onelab/getNames’
     Get the names of the parameters in the ONELAB database matching the
     ‘search’ regular expression.  If ‘search’ is empty, return all the
     names.

     Input:
          ‘search = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘names’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4057),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3580),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10896),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9749),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15337)
     Examples:
          Python (prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L175))

‘gmsh/onelab/setNumber’
     Set the value of the number parameter ‘name’ in the ONELAB
     database.  Create the parameter if it does not exist; update the
     value if the parameter exists.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (vector of doubles)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4065),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3587),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10921),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9773),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15369)
     Examples:
          Python (custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L67),
          onelab_run.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_run.py#L18),
          onelab_test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.py#L40)),
          Julia (onelab_test.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.jl#L38))

‘gmsh/onelab/setString’
     Set the value of the string parameter ‘name’ in the ONELAB
     database.  Create the parameter if it does not exist; update the
     value if the parameter exists.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (vector of strings)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4073),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3594),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10944),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9793),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15397)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L127),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L127),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L190)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L118),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L113),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L160),
          custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L56),
          onelab_test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.py#L41),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L118),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L111),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L162),
          onelab_test.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.jl#L39),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L64)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L167),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L144),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L193))

‘gmsh/onelab/getNumber’
     Get the value of the number parameter ‘name’ from the ONELAB
     database.  Return an empty vector if the parameter does not exist.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (vector of doubles)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4080),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3600),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10967),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9815),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15429)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L69),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L37),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L109)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L64),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L29),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L95),
          custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L41),
          prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L177),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L63),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L25),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L94),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L40)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L135),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L77),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L123))

‘gmsh/onelab/getString’
     Get the value of the string parameter ‘name’ from the ONELAB
     database.  Return an empty vector if the parameter does not exist.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          ‘value’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4087),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3606),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L10992),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9840),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15460)
     Examples:
          C++ (t3.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t3.cpp#L125),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L125),
          t21.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t21.cpp#L188)),
          Python (t3.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t3.py#L116),
          t13.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t13.py#L111),
          t21.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t21.py#L158),
          custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L75),
          prepro.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py#L181),
          ...), Julia (t3.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t3.jl#L116),
          t13.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t13.jl#L109),
          t21.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t21.jl#L160),
          terrain_bspline.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_bspline.jl#L62)),
          Fortran (t3.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t3.f90#L164),
          t13.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t13.f90#L141),
          t21.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t21.f90#L190))

‘gmsh/onelab/getChanged’
     Check if any parameters in the ONELAB database used by the client
     ‘name’ have been changed.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          integer
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4094),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3612),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11017),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9865),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15491)

‘gmsh/onelab/setChanged’
     Set the changed flag to value ‘value’ for all the parameters in the
     ONELAB database used by the client ‘name’.

     Input:
          ‘name’ (string), ‘value’ (integer)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4100),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3617),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11039),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9885),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15512)

‘gmsh/onelab/clear’
     Clear the ONELAB database, or remove a single parameter if ‘name’
     is given.

     Input:
          ‘name = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4106),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3622),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11060),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9903),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15535)
     Examples:
          Python (onelab_test.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.py#L44)),
          Julia (onelab_test.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_test.jl#L42))

‘gmsh/onelab/run’
     Run a ONELAB client.  If ‘name’ is provided, create a new ONELAB
     client with name ‘name’ and executes ‘command’.  If not, try to run
     a client that might be linked to the processed input files.

     Input:
          ‘name = ""’ (string), ‘command = ""’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4113),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3628),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11077),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9923),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15555)
     Examples:
          Python (onelab_run.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_run.py#L24),
          onelab_run_auto.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/onelab_run_auto.py#L29))

6.18 Namespace ‘gmsh/logger’: information logging functions
===========================================================

‘gmsh/logger/write’
     Write a ‘message’.  ‘level’ can be "info", "warning" or "error".

     Input:
          ‘message’ (string), ‘level = "info"’ (string)
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4123),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3633),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11104),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9952),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15578)
     Examples:
          C++ (t7.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t7.cpp#L23),
          t8.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t8.cpp#L41),
          t9.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t9.cpp#L31),
          t13.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t13.cpp#L26),
          t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L34),
          ...), Python (t8.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t8.py#L79),
          t9.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t9.py#L29),
          x5.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/x5.py#L91),
          custom_gui.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py#L60),
          terrain_stl.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/terrain_stl.py#L26)),
          Julia (t8.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t8.jl#L77),
          t9.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t9.jl#L27),
          x5.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/x5.jl#L85)),
          Fortran (t8.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t8.f90#L86),
          t9.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t9.f90#L34))

‘gmsh/logger/start’
     Start logging messages.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4129),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3638),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11123),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9966),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15601)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L27)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L25)),
          Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L23)),
          Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L37))

‘gmsh/logger/get’
     Get logged messages.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘log’ (vector of strings)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4134),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3641),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11136),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L9985),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15614)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L148)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L127)),
          Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L129)),
          Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L159))

‘gmsh/logger/stop’
     Stop logging messages.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4139),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3645),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11157),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L10003),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15639)
     Examples:
          C++ (t16.cpp
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/c++/t16.cpp#L150)),
          Python (t16.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/python/t16.py#L129)),
          Julia (t16.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/julia/t16.jl#L131)),
          Fortran (t16.f90
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/tutorials/fortran/t16.f90#L162))

‘gmsh/logger/getWallTime’
     Return wall clock time (in s).

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          double
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4144),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3648),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11170),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L10019),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15652)
     Examples:
          Python (import_perf.py
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/import_perf.py#L8)),
          Julia (import_perf.jl
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/import_perf.jl#L7))

‘gmsh/logger/getCpuTime’
     Return CPU time (in s).

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          double
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4149),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3651),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11188),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L10036),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15667)

‘gmsh/logger/getMemory’
     Return memory usage (in Mb).

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          double
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4154),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3654),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11206),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L10053),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15682)

‘gmsh/logger/getTotalMemory’
     Return total available memory (in Mb).

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          -
     Return:
          double
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4159),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3657),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11224),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L10070),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15697)

‘gmsh/logger/getLastError’
     Return last error message, if any.

     Input:
          -
     Output:
          ‘error’ (string)
     Return:
          -
     Language-specific definition:
          C++
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.h#L4164),
          C
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmshc.h#L3660),
          Python
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.py#L11242),
          Julia
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.jl#L10090),
          Fortran
          (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api/gmsh.f90#L15712)

7 Gmsh options
**************

This chapter lists all the Gmsh options.  Options can be specified in
script files (see General scripting commands) or using the API (see
Namespace gmsh/option): see t3 for an example.  They can also be
specified on the command line using the ‘-setnumber’ and ‘-setstring’
switches: see Gmsh command-line interface.  Many options can also be
changed interactively in the GUI (see Gmsh graphical user interface): to
see which option corresponds to which widget in the GUI, leave your
mouse on the widget and a tooltip with the option name will appear.
Note that some options can affect the GUI in real time: loading a script
file that sets ‘General.GraphicsWidth’ for example (see General options)
will change the width of the graphic window at runtime.

Gmsh's default behavior is to save some of these options in a per-user
"session resource" file (cf.  "Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’" in
the option descriptions below) every time Gmsh is shut down.  This
permits for example to automatically remember the size and location of
the windows or which fonts to use.  A second set of options can be saved
(automatically or manually with the 'File->Save Options As Default'
menu) in a per-user "option" file (cf.  "Saved in:
‘General.OptionsFileName’" in the descriptions below), automatically
loaded by Gmsh every time it starts up.  Finally, other options are only
saved to disk manually, either by explicitly saving an option file with
'File->Export', or when saving per-model options with 'File->Save Model
Options' (cf.  "Saved in: ‘-’" in the lists below).  Per-model options
are saved in a file name matching the model file, but with an extra
‘.opt’ extension appended: the option file will be automatically opened
after Gmsh opens the model file.

Gmsh will attempt to save and load the session and option files first in
the ‘$GMSH_HOME’ directory, then in ‘$APPDATA’ (on Windows) or ‘$HOME’
(on other OSes), then in ‘$TMP’, and finally in ‘$TEMP’, in that order.
If none of these variables are defined, Gmsh will try to save and load
the files from the current working directory.

To reset all options to their default values, either delete the
‘General.SessionFileName’ and ‘General.OptionsFileName’ files by hand,
use 'Help->Restore All Options to Default Settings', or click on
'Restore all options to default settings' button in the
'Tools->Options->General->Advanced' window.

7.1 General options
===================

‘General.AxesFormatX’
     Number format for X-axis (in standard C form)
     Default value: ‘"%.3g"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesFormatY’
     Number format for Y-axis (in standard C form)
     Default value: ‘"%.3g"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesFormatZ’
     Number format for Z-axis (in standard C form)
     Default value: ‘"%.3g"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesLabelX’
     X-axis label
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesLabelY’
     Y-axis label
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesLabelZ’
     Z-axis label
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BackgroundImageFileName’
     Background image file in JPEG, PNG or PDF format
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BuildInfo’
     Gmsh build information (read-only)
     Default value: ‘"Version: 4.14.2-git-d027dcef5; License: GNU
     General Public License; Build OS: MacOSARM-sdk; Build date:
     20251013; Build host: MacBook-Pro-M2-7.local; Build options: 64Bit
     ALGLIB[contrib] ANN[contrib] Bamg Blossom Cairo Cgns DIntegration
     Dlopen DomHex Eigen[contrib] Fltk GMP Gmm[contrib] Hxt Jpeg Kbipack
     MathEx[contrib] Med Mesh Metis[contrib] Mmg Mpeg Netgen Nii2mesh
     ONELAB ONELABMetamodel OpenCASCADE OpenCASCADE-CAF OpenGL
     OpenMP[Homebrew] OptHom Parser Plugins Png Post QuadMeshingTools
     QuadTri Solver TetGen/BR TinyXML2[contrib] TouchBar Untangle
     Voro++[contrib] WinslowUntangler Zlib tinyobjloader; FLTK version:
     1.5.0; OCC version: 8.0.0; MED version: 4.1.1; Packaged by:
     geuzaine; Web site: https://gmsh.info; Issue tracker:
     https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/issues"’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.BuildOptions’
     Gmsh build options (read-only)
     Default value: ‘"64Bit ALGLIB[contrib] ANN[contrib] Bamg Blossom
     Cairo Cgns DIntegration Dlopen DomHex Eigen[contrib] Fltk GMP
     Gmm[contrib] Hxt Jpeg Kbipack MathEx[contrib] Med Mesh
     Metis[contrib] Mmg Mpeg Netgen Nii2mesh ONELAB ONELABMetamodel
     OpenCASCADE OpenCASCADE-CAF OpenGL OpenMP[Homebrew] OptHom Parser
     Plugins Png Post QuadMeshingTools QuadTri Solver TetGen/BR
     TinyXML2[contrib] TouchBar Untangle Voro++[contrib]
     WinslowUntangler Zlib tinyobjloader"’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.DefaultFileName’
     Default project file name
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Display’
     X server to use (only for Unix versions)
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.ErrorFileName’
     File into which the log is saved if a fatal error occurs
     Default value: ‘".gmsh-errors"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ExecutableFileName’
     File name of the Gmsh executable (read-only)
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FileName’
     Current project file name (read-only)
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.FltkTheme’
     FLTK user interface theme (try e.g.  plastic or gtk+)
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.GraphicsFont’
     Font used in the graphic window
     Default value: ‘"Helvetica"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.GraphicsFontEngine’
     Set graphics font engine (Native, StringTexture, Cairo)
     Default value: ‘"Native"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.GraphicsFontTitle’
     Font used in the graphic window for titles
     Default value: ‘"Helvetica"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.LogFileName’
     Name of log file into which all messages are saved
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.NumberFormat’
     Number format (in standard C form)
     Default value: ‘"%.3g"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.OptionsFileName’
     Option file created with 'Tools->Options->Save'; automatically read
     on startup
     Default value: ‘".gmsh-options"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile0’
     Most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile1’
     2nd most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile2’
     3rd most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile3’
     4th most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile4’
     5th most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile5’
     6th most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile6’
     7th most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile7’
     8th most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile8’
     9th most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.RecentFile9’
     10th most recent opened file
     Default value: ‘"untitled.geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ScriptingLanguages’
     Language(s) in which scripting commands generated by the GUI are
     written
     Default value: ‘"geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.SessionFileName’
     Option file into which session specific information is saved;
     automatically read on startup
     Default value: ‘".gmshrc"’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.ScriptingLanguages’
     Language(s) in which scripting commands generated by the GUI are
     written
     Default value: ‘"geo"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.TextEditor’
     System command to launch a text editor
     Default value: ‘"open -t %s"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.TmpFileName’
     Temporary file used by the geometry module
     Default value: ‘".gmsh-tmp"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.Version’
     Gmsh version (read-only)
     Default value: ‘"4.14.2-git-d027dcef5"’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.WatchFilePattern’
     Pattern of files to merge as they become available
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.AbortOnError’
     Abort on error?  (0: no, 1: abort meshing, 2: throw an exception
     unless in interactive mode, 3: throw an exception always, 4: exit)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AlphaBlending’
     Enable alpha blending (transparency) in post-processing views
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Antialiasing’
     Use multisample antialiasing (will slow down rendering)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ArrowHeadRadius’
     Relative radius of arrow head
     Default value: ‘0.12’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ArrowStemLength’
     Relative length of arrow stem
     Default value: ‘0.56’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ArrowStemRadius’
     Relative radius of arrow stem
     Default value: ‘0.02’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Axes’
     Axes (0: none, 1: simple axes, 2: box, 3: full grid, 4: open grid,
     5: ruler)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesMikado’
     Mikado axes style
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesAutoPosition’
     Position the axes automatically
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesForceValue’
     Force values on axes (otherwise use natural coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesMaxX’
     Maximum X-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesMaxY’
     Maximum Y-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesMaxZ’
     Maximum Z-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesMinX’
     Minimum X-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesMinY’
     Minimum Y-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesMinZ’
     Minimum Z-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesTicsX’
     Number of tics on the X-axis
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesTicsY’
     Number of tics on the Y-axis
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesTicsZ’
     Number of tics on the Z-axis
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesValueMaxX’
     Maximum X-axis forced value
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesValueMaxY’
     Maximum Y-axis forced value
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesValueMaxZ’
     Maximum Z-axis forced value
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesValueMinX’
     Minimum X-axis forced value
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesValueMinY’
     Minimum Y-axis forced value
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.AxesValueMinZ’
     Minimum Z-axis forced value
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BackgroundGradient’
     Draw background gradient (0: none, 1: vertical, 2: horizontal, 3:
     radial)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BackgroundImage3D’
     Create background image in the 3D model (units = model units) or as
     2D background (units = pixels)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BackgroundImagePage’
     Page to render in the background image (for multi-page PDFs)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BackgroundImagePositionX’
     X position of background image (for 2D background: < 0: measure
     from right window edge; >= 1e5: centered)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BackgroundImagePositionY’
     Y position of background image (for 2D background: < 0: measure
     from bottom window edge; >= 1e5: centered)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BackgroundImageWidth’
     Width of background image (0: actual width if height = 0, natural
     scaling if not; -1: graphic window width)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BackgroundImageHeight’
     Height of background image (0: actual height if width = 0, natural
     scaling if not; -1: graphic window height)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.BoundingBoxSize’
     Overall bounding box size (read-only)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Camera’
     Enable camera view mode
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.CameraAperture’
     Camera aperture in degrees
     Default value: ‘40’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.CameraEyeSeparationRatio’
     Eye separation ratio in % for stereo rendering
     Default value: ‘1.5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.CameraFocalLengthRatio’
     Camera Focal length ratio
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Clip0A’
     First coefficient in equation for clipping plane 0 ('A' in
     'AX+BY+CZ+D=0')
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip0B’
     Second coefficient in equation for clipping plane 0 ('B' in
     'AX+BY+CZ+D=0')
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip0C’
     Third coefficient in equation for clipping plane 0 ('C' in
     'AX+BY+CZ+D=0')
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip0D’
     Fourth coefficient in equation for clipping plane 0 ('D' in
     'AX+BY+CZ+D=0')
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip1A’
     First coefficient in equation for clipping plane 1
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip1B’
     Second coefficient in equation for clipping plane 1
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip1C’
     Third coefficient in equation for clipping plane 1
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip1D’
     Fourth coefficient in equation for clipping plane 1
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip2A’
     First coefficient in equation for clipping plane 2
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip2B’
     Second coefficient in equation for clipping plane 2
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip2C’
     Third coefficient in equation for clipping plane 2
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip2D’
     Fourth coefficient in equation for clipping plane 2
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip3A’
     First coefficient in equation for clipping plane 3
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip3B’
     Second coefficient in equation for clipping plane 3
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip3C’
     Third coefficient in equation for clipping plane 3
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip3D’
     Fourth coefficient in equation for clipping plane 3
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip4A’
     First coefficient in equation for clipping plane 4
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip4B’
     Second coefficient in equation for clipping plane 4
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip4C’
     Third coefficient in equation for clipping plane 4
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip4D’
     Fourth coefficient in equation for clipping plane 4
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip5A’
     First coefficient in equation for clipping plane 5
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip5B’
     Second coefficient in equation for clipping plane 5
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip5C’
     Third coefficient in equation for clipping plane 5
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Clip5D’
     Fourth coefficient in equation for clipping plane 5
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.ClipFactor’
     Near and far clipping plane distance factor (decrease value for
     better z-buffer resolution)
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.ClipOnlyDrawIntersectingVolume’
     Only draw layer of elements that intersect the clipping plane
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ClipOnlyVolume’
     Only clip volume elements
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ClipPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     clipping planes window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ClipPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     clipping planes window
     Default value: ‘150’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ClipWholeElements’
     Clip whole elements
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ColorScheme’
     Default color scheme for graphics (0: light, 1: default, 2:
     grayscale, 3: dark)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ConfirmOverwrite’
     Ask confirmation before overwriting files?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ContextPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     contextual windows
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ContextPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     contextual windows
     Default value: ‘150’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.DetachedMenu’
     Should the menu window be detached from the graphic window?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.DetachedProcess’
     On Windows, should processes created by Gmsh be detached?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.DisplayBorderFactor’
     Border factor for model display (0: model fits window size exactly)
     Default value: ‘0.2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.DoubleBuffer’
     Use a double buffered graphic window (on Unix, should be set to 0
     when working on a remote host without GLX)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.DrawBoundingBoxes’
     Draw bounding boxes
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ExpertMode’
     Enable expert mode (to disable all the messages meant for
     inexperienced users)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ExtraPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     generic extra window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ExtraPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     generic extra window
     Default value: ‘350’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ExtraHeight’
     Height (in pixels) of the generic extra window
     Default value: ‘100’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ExtraWidth’
     Width (in pixels) of the generic extra window
     Default value: ‘100’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FastRedraw’
     Draw simplified model while rotating, panning and zooming
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.FieldPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     field window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FieldPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the field
     window
     Default value: ‘550’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FieldHeight’
     Height (in pixels) of the field window
     Default value: ‘320’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FieldWidth’
     Width (in pixels) of the field window
     Default value: ‘420’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FileChooserPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     file chooser windows
     Default value: ‘200’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FileChooserPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the file
     chooser windows
     Default value: ‘200’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FltkColorScheme’
     FLTK user interface color theme (0: standard, 1:dark)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.FltkRefreshRate’
     FLTK user interface maximum refresh rate, per second (0: no limit)
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.FontSize’
     Size of the font in the user interface, in pixels (-1: automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.GraphicsFontSize’
     Size of the font in the graphic window, in pixels
     Default value: ‘15’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.GraphicsFontSizeTitle’
     Size of the font in the graphic window for titles, in pixels
     Default value: ‘18’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.GraphicsHeight’
     Height (in pixels) of the graphic window
     Default value: ‘600’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.GraphicsPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     graphic window
     Default value: ‘50’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.GraphicsPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     graphic window
     Default value: ‘50’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.GraphicsWidth’
     Width (in pixels) of the graphic window
     Default value: ‘800’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.HighOrderToolsPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     high-order tools window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.HighOrderToolsPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     high-order tools window
     Default value: ‘150’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.HighResolutionGraphics’
     Use high-resolution OpenGL graphics (e.g.  for Macs with retina
     displays)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.InitialModule’
     Module launched on startup (0: automatic, 1: geometry, 2: mesh, 3:
     solver, 4: post-processing)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.InputScrolling’
     Enable numerical input scrolling in user interface (moving the
     mouse to change numbers)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light0’
     Enable light source 0
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light0X’
     X position of light source 0
     Default value: ‘0.65’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light0Y’
     Y position of light source 0
     Default value: ‘0.65’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light0Z’
     Z position of light source 0
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light0W’
     Divisor of the X, Y and Z coordinates of light source 0 (W=0 means
     infinitely far source)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light1’
     Enable light source 1
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light1X’
     X position of light source 1
     Default value: ‘0.5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light1Y’
     Y position of light source 1
     Default value: ‘0.3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light1Z’
     Z position of light source 1
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light1W’
     Divisor of the X, Y and Z coordinates of light source 1 (W=0 means
     infinitely far source)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light2’
     Enable light source 2
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light2X’
     X position of light source 2
     Default value: ‘0.5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light2Y’
     Y position of light source 2
     Default value: ‘0.3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light2Z’
     Z position of light source 2
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light2W’
     Divisor of the X, Y and Z coordinates of light source 2 (W=0 means
     infinitely far source)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light3’
     Enable light source 3
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light3X’
     X position of light source 3
     Default value: ‘0.5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light3Y’
     Y position of light source 3
     Default value: ‘0.3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light3Z’
     Z position of light source 3
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light3W’
     Divisor of the X, Y and Z coordinates of light source 3 (W=0 means
     infinitely far source)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light4’
     Enable light source 4
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light4X’
     X position of light source 4
     Default value: ‘0.5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light4Y’
     Y position of light source 4
     Default value: ‘0.3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light4Z’
     Z position of light source 4
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light4W’
     Divisor of the X, Y and Z coordinates of light source 4 (W=0 means
     infinitely far source)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light5’
     Enable light source 5
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light5X’
     X position of light source 5
     Default value: ‘0.5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light5Y’
     Y position of light source 5
     Default value: ‘0.3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light5Z’
     Z position of light source 5
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Light5W’
     Divisor of the X, Y and Z coordinates of light source 5 (W=0 means
     infinitely far source)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.LineWidth’
     Display width of lines (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ManipulatorPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     manipulator window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ManipulatorPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     manipulator window
     Default value: ‘150’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.MaxX’
     Maximum model coordinate along the X-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.MaxY’
     Maximum model coordinate along the Y-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.MaxZ’
     Maximum model coordinate along the Z-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.MenuWidth’
     Width (in pixels) of the menu tree
     Default value: ‘200’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.MenuHeight’
     Height (in pixels) of the (detached) menu tree
     Default value: ‘200’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.MenuPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the (detached) menu tree
     Default value: ‘400’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.MenuPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the (detached) menu tree
     Default value: ‘400’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.MessageFontSize’
     Size of the font in the message window, in pixels (-1: automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.MessageHeight’
     Height (in pixels) of the message console when it is visible
     (should be > 0)
     Default value: ‘300’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.MinX’
     Minimum model coordinate along the X-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.MinY’
     Minimum model coordinate along the Y-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.MinZ’
     Minimum model coordinate along the Z-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.MouseHoverMeshes’
     Enable mouse hover on meshes
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.MouseSelection’
     Enable mouse selection
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.MouseInvertZoom’
     Invert mouse wheel zoom direction
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.NativeFileChooser’
     Use the native file chooser?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.NonModalWindows’
     Force all control windows to be on top of the graphic window
     ("non-modal")
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.NoPopup’
     Disable interactive dialog windows in scripts (and use default
     values instead)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.NumThreads’
     Maximum number of threads used by Gmsh when compiled with OpenMP
     support (0: use system default, i.e.  OMP_NUM_THREADS)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.OptionsPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     option window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.OptionsPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     option window
     Default value: ‘150’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.Orthographic’
     Orthographic projection mode (0: perspective projection)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.PluginPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     plugin window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.PluginPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     plugin window
     Default value: ‘550’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.PluginHeight’
     Height (in pixels) of the plugin window
     Default value: ‘320’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.PluginWidth’
     Width (in pixels) of the plugin window
     Default value: ‘420’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.PointSize’
     Display size of points (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.PolygonOffsetAlwaysOn’
     Always apply polygon offset, instead of trying to detect when it is
     required
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.PolygonOffsetFactor’
     Polygon offset factor (offset = factor * DZ + r * units)
     Default value: ‘0.5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.PolygonOffsetUnits’
     Polygon offset units (offset = factor * DZ + r * units)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ProgressMeterStep’
     Increment (in percent) of the progress meter bar
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.QuadricSubdivisions’
     Number of subdivisions used to draw points or lines as spheres or
     cylinders
     Default value: ‘6’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.RotationX’
     First Euler angle (used if Trackball=0)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.RotationY’
     Second Euler angle (used if Trackball=0)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.RotationZ’
     Third Euler angle (used if Trackball=0)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.RotationCenterGravity’
     Rotate around the (pseudo) center of mass instead of
     (RotationCenterX, RotationCenterY, RotationCenterZ)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.RotationCenterX’
     X coordinate of the center of rotation
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.RotationCenterY’
     Y coordinate of the center of rotation
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.RotationCenterZ’
     Z coordinate of the center of rotation
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.SaveOptions’
     Automatically save current options in General.OptionsFileName (1)
     or per model (2)when the graphical user interface is closed?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.SaveSession’
     Automatically save session specific information in
     General.SessionFileName when the graphical user interface is
     closed?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ScaleX’
     X-axis scale factor
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.ScaleY’
     Y-axis scale factor
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.ScaleZ’
     Z-axis scale factor
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.Shininess’
     Material shininess
     Default value: ‘0.4’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ShininessExponent’
     Material shininess exponent (between 0 and 128)
     Default value: ‘40’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ShowModuleMenu’
     Show the standard Gmsh menu in the tree
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ShowOptionsOnStartup’
     Show option window on startup
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.ShowMessagesOnStartup’
     Show message window on startup
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.SmallAxes’
     Display the small axes
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.SmallAxesPositionX’
     X position (in pixels) of small axes (< 0: measure from right
     window edge; >= 1e5: centered)
     Default value: ‘-60’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.SmallAxesPositionY’
     Y position (in pixels) of small axes (< 0: measure from bottom
     window edge; >= 1e5: centered)
     Default value: ‘-40’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.SmallAxesSize’
     Size (in pixels) of small axes
     Default value: ‘30’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.StatisticsPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     statistic window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.StatisticsPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     statistic window
     Default value: ‘150’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.Stereo’
     Use stereo rendering
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.SystemMenuBar’
     Use the system menu bar on macOS?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.Terminal’
     Should information be printed on the terminal (if available)?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Tooltips’
     Show tooltips in the user interface
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Trackball’
     Use trackball rotation mode
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.TrackballHyperbolicSheet’
     Use hyperbolic sheet away from trackball center for z-rotations
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.TrackballQuaternion0’
     First trackball quaternion component (used if General.Trackball=1)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.TrackballQuaternion1’
     Second trackball quaternion component (used if General.Trackball=1)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.TrackballQuaternion2’
     Third trackball quaternion component (used if General.Trackball=1)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.TrackballQuaternion3’
     Fourth trackball quaternion component (used if General.Trackball=1)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.TranslationX’
     X-axis translation (in model units)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.TranslationY’
     Y-axis translation (in model units)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.TranslationZ’
     Z-axis translation (in model units)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘General.VectorType’
     Default vector display type (for normals, etc.)
     Default value: ‘4’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Verbosity’
     Level of information printed on the terminal and the message
     console (0: silent except for fatal errors, 1: +errors, 2:
     +warnings, 3: +direct, 4: +information, 5: +status, 99: +debug)
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.VisibilityPositionX’
     Horizontal position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     visibility window
     Default value: ‘650’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.VisibilityPositionY’
     Vertical position (in pixels) of the upper left corner of the
     visibility window
     Default value: ‘150’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘General.ZoomFactor’
     Middle mouse button zoom acceleration factor
     Default value: ‘4’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.Background’
     Background color
     Default value: ‘{255,255,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.BackgroundGradient’
     Background gradient color
     Default value: ‘{208,215,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.Foreground’
     Foreground color
     Default value: ‘{85,85,85}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.Text’
     Text color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.Axes’
     Axes color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.SmallAxes’
     Small axes color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.AmbientLight’
     Ambient light color
     Default value: ‘{25,25,25}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.DiffuseLight’
     Diffuse light color
     Default value: ‘{255,255,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘General.Color.SpecularLight’
     Specular light color
     Default value: ‘{255,255,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

7.2 Print options
=================

‘Print.ParameterCommand’
     Command parsed when the print parameter is changed
     Default value: ‘"Mesh.Clip=1; View.Clip=1;
     General.ClipWholeElements=1; General.Clip0D=Print.Parameter;
     SetChanged;"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.Parameter’
     Current value of the print parameter
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.ParameterFirst’
     First value of print parameter in loop
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.ParameterLast’
     Last value of print parameter in loop
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.ParameterSteps’
     Number of steps in loop over print parameter
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.Background’
     Print background (gradient and image)?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.CompositeWindows’
     Composite all window tiles in the same output image (for bitmap
     output only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.DeleteTemporaryFiles’
     Delete temporary files used during printing
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.EpsBestRoot’
     Try to minimize primitive splitting in BSP tree sorted
     PostScript/PDF output
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.EpsCompress’
     Compress PostScript/PDF output using zlib
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.EpsLineWidthFactor’
     Width factor for lines in PostScript/PDF output
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.EpsOcclusionCulling’
     Cull occluded primitives (to reduce PostScript/PDF file size)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.EpsPointSizeFactor’
     Size factor for points in PostScript/PDF output
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.EpsPS3Shading’
     Enable PostScript Level 3 shading
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.EpsQuality’
     PostScript/PDF quality (0: bitmap, 1: vector (simple sort), 2:
     vector (accurate sort), 3: vector (unsorted)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.Format’
     File format (10: automatic)
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.GeoLabels’
     Save labels in unrolled Gmsh geometries
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.GeoOnlyPhysicals’
     Only save entities that belong to physical groups
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.GifDither’
     Apply dithering to GIF output
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.GifInterlace’
     Interlace GIF output
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.GifSort’
     Sort the colormap in GIF output
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.GifTransparent’
     Output transparent GIF image
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.Height’
     Height of printed image; use (possibly scaled) current height if <
     0
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.JpegQuality’
     JPEG quality (between 1 and 100)
     Default value: ‘100’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.JpegSmoothing’
     JPEG smoothing (between 0 and 100)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PgfTwoDim’
     Output PGF format for two dimensions.  Mostly irrelevant if
     'PgfExportAxis=0'.  Default '1' (yes).
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PgfExportAxis’
     Include axis in export pgf code (not in the png).  Default '0'
     (no).
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PgfHorizontalBar’
     Use a horizontal color bar in the pgf output.  Default '0' (no).
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PostElementary’
     Save elementary region tags in mesh statistics exported as
     post-processing views
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PostElement’
     Save element tags in mesh statistics exported as post-processing
     views
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PostGamma’
     Save Gamma quality measure in mesh statistics exported as
     post-processing views
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PostEta’
     Save Eta quality measure in mesh statistics exported as
     post-processing views
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PostSICN’
     Save SICN (signed inverse condition number) quality measure in mesh
     statistics exported as post-processing views
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PostSIGE’
     Save SIGE (signed inverse gradient error) quality measure in mesh
     statistics exported as post-processing views
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.PostDisto’
     Save Disto quality measure in mesh statistics exported as
     post-processing views
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.TexAsEquation’
     Print all TeX strings as equations
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.TexForceFontSize’
     Force font size of TeX strings to fontsize in the graphic window
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.TexWidthInMm’
     Width of tex graphics in mm (use 0 for the natural width inferred
     from the image width in pixels)
     Default value: ‘150’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.Text’
     Print text strings?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dCompatibility’
     Produce highly compatible X3D output (no scale bar)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dPrecision’
     Precision of X3D output
     Default value: ‘1e-09’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dRemoveInnerBorders’
     Remove inner borders in X3D output
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dTransparency’
     Transparency for X3D output
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dSurfaces’
     Save surfaces in CAD X3D output (0: no, 1: yes in a single X3D
     object,2: one X3D object per geometrical surface, 3: one X3D object
     perphysical surface)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dEdges’
     Save edges in CAD X3D output (0: no, 1: yes in a single X3D
     object,2: one X3D object per geometrical edge, 3: one X3D object
     perphysical edge)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dVertices’
     Save vertices in CAD X3D output (0: no, 1: yes)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dVolumes’
     Save separate volumes in CAD X3D output (0: no, 1: yes)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.X3dColorize’
     Apply colors to faces (0: no, 1: yes)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Print.Width’
     Width of printed image; use (possibly scaled) current width if < 0)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

7.3 Geometry options
====================

‘Geometry.DoubleClickedPointCommand’
     Command parsed when double-clicking on a point, or 'ONELAB' to edit
     associated ONELAB parameters
     Default value: ‘"ONELAB"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.DoubleClickedCurveCommand’
     Command parsed when double-clicking on a curve, or 'ONELAB' to edit
     associated ONELAB parameters
     Default value: ‘"ONELAB"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.DoubleClickedSurfaceCommand’
     Command parsed when double-clicking on a surface, or 'ONELAB' to
     edit associated ONELAB parameters
     Default value: ‘"ONELAB"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.DoubleClickedVolumeCommand’
     Command parsed when double-clicking on a volume, or 'ONELAB' to
     edit associated ONELAB parameters
     Default value: ‘"ONELAB"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCTargetUnit’
     Length unit to which coordinates from STEP and IGES files are
     converted to when imported by OpenCASCADE, e.g.  'M' for meters
     (leave empty to use the default OpenCASCADE behavior); the option
     should be set before importing the STEP or IGES file
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPDescription’
     Description of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE. If left
     empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPImplementationLevel’
     Implementation level of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE.
     If left empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPModelName’
     Model name of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE. If left
     empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPTimeStamp’
     Time stamp for the creation of the STEP file.  If left empty, the
     default value is current time.
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPAuthor’
     Author of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE. If left
     empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPOrganization’
     Organization of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE. If left
     empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPPreprocessorVersion’
     Preprocessor version of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE.
     If left empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPOriginatingSystem’
     Originating system of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE.
     If left empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPAuthorization’
     Authorization of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE. If
     left empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSTEPSchemaIdentifier’
     Schema identifier of the STEP file to be written by OpenCASCADE. If
     left empty, the default value is set by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.PipeDefaultTrihedron’
     Default trihedron type when creating pipes
     Default value: ‘"DiscreteTrihedron"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.AutoCoherence’
     Should all duplicate entities be automatically removed with the
     built-in geometry kernel?  If Geometry.AutoCoherence = 2, also
     remove degenerate entities.  The option has no effect with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Clip’
     Enable clipping planes?  (Plane[i]=2^i, i=0,...,5)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.CopyMeshingMethod’
     Copy meshing method (unstructured or transfinite) when duplicating
     geometrical entities with built-in geometry kernel?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Curves’
     Display geometry curves?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.CurveLabels’
     Display curve labels?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.CurveSelectWidth’
     Display width of selected curves (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.CurveType’
     Display curves as solid color segments (0) or 3D cylinders (1)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.CurveWidth’
     Display width of lines (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.DoubleClickedEntityTag’
     Tag of last double-clicked geometrical entity
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.ExactExtrusion’
     Use exact extrusion formula in interpolations (set to 0 to allow
     geometrical transformations of extruded entities)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.ExtrudeReturnLateralEntities’
     Add lateral entities in lists returned by extrusion commands?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.ExtrudeSplinePoints’
     Number of control points for splines created during extrusion
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.FirstEntityTag’
     First tag (>= 1) of entities when creating a model
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.FirstPhysicalTag’
     First tag (>= 1) of physicall groups when creating a model
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.HighlightOrphans’
     Highlight orphan and boundary entities?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.LabelType’
     Type of entity label (0: description, 1: elementary entity tag, 2:
     physical group tag, 3: elementary name, 4: physical name, 5:
     coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Light’
     Enable lighting for the geometry
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.LightTwoSide’
     Light both sides of surfaces (leads to slower rendering)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.MatchGeomAndMesh’
     Matches geometries and meshes
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.MatchMeshScaleFactor’
     Rescaling factor for the mesh to correspond to size of the geometry
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.MatchMeshTolerance’
     Tolerance for matching mesh and geometry
     Default value: ‘1e-06’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Normals’
     Display size of normal vectors (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.NumSubEdges’
     Number of subdivisions used to draw curves
     Default value: ‘100’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCAutoEmbed’
     Automatically embed points, curves and faces in higher dimensional
     entities if they are marked as 'internal' by OpenCASCADE
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCAutoFix’
     Automatically fix orientation of wires, faces, shells and volumes
     when creating new entities with the OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCBooleanCheckInverted’
     Check input solid in boolean operations for inverted status?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCBooleanGlue’
     Try to speed up boolean operation by speeding up the interference
     between shapes that do overlap but do not have real intersections
     (0: off, 1: allow shapes with partial overlaps, 2: only allow
     shapes with full coincidence)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCBooleanNonDestructive’
     Do not modify the argument shapes during boolean operations?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCBooleanPreserveNumbering’
     Try to preserve the numbering of entities through OpenCASCADE
     boolean operations
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCBooleanSimplify’
     Try to simplify the shape resulting from boolean operations (0:
     none, 1: only for unions, 2: for all boolean operations
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCBoundsUseStl’
     Use STL mesh for computing bounds of OpenCASCADE shapes (more
     accurate, but slower)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCBrepFormatVersion’
     Version of BREP format used when saving BREP and XAO files (0:
     current, 1, 2, 3: currently supported versions)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCDisableStl’
     Disable STL creation in OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCFixDegenerated’
     Fix degenerated edges/faces when importing STEP, IGES and BRep
     models with the OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCFixSmallEdges’
     Fix small edges when importing STEP, IGES and BRep models with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCFixSmallFaces’
     Fix small faces when importing STEP, IGES and BRep models with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCExportOnlyVisible’
     Only consider visible shapes when exporting STEP or BREP models
     with the OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCImportLabels’
     Import labels and colors when importing STEP models with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel (0: no, 1: yes, 2: use slow workaround for bad
     shape locations)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCMakeSolids’
     Fix shells and make solids when importing STEP, IGES and BRep
     models with the OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCParallel’
     Use multi-threaded OpenCASCADE boolean operators
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCFastUnbind’
     Use fast (i.e.  without recursive checks on boundaries) unbinding
     of entities in geometrical transformations (1), as well as in
     boolean operations (2)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCScaling’
     Scale STEP, IGES and BRep models by the given factor when importing
     them with the OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCSewFaces’
     Sew faces when importing STEP, IGES and BRep models with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCThruSectionsDegree’
     Maximum degree of surfaces generated by thrusections with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel, if not explicitly specified (default OCC value
     if negative)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OCCUseGenericClosestPoint’
     Use generic algrithm to compute point projections in the
     OpenCASCADE kernel (less robust, but significally faster in some
     configurations)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OffsetX’
     Model display offset along X-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.OffsetY’
     Model display offset along Y-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.OffsetZ’
     Model display offset along Z-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.OldCircle’
     Use old circle description (compatibility option for old Gmsh
     geometries)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OldRuledSurface’
     Use old 3-sided ruled surface interpolation (compatibility option
     for old Gmsh geometries)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OldNewReg’
     Use old newreg definition for geometrical transformations
     (compatibility option for old Gmsh geometries)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.OrientedPhysicals’
     Use sign of elementary entity in physical definition as orientation
     indicator
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Points’
     Display geometry points?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.PointLabels’
     Display points labels?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.PointSelectSize’
     Display size of selected points (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘6’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.PointSize’
     Display size of points (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘4’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.PointType’
     Display points as solid color dots (0) or 3D spheres (1)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.ReparamOnFaceRobust’
     Use projection for reparametrization of a point classified on GEdge
     on a GFace
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.ScalingFactor’
     Global geometry scaling factor
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.SnapPoints’
     Snap points on curves if their evaluation using the parametrization
     is larger than the geometrical tolerance (currently only with the
     OpenCASCADE kernel)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.SnapX’
     Snapping grid spacing along the X-axis
     Default value: ‘0.1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.SnapY’
     Snapping grid spacing along the Y-axis
     Default value: ‘0.1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.SnapZ’
     Snapping grid spacing along the Z-axis
     Default value: ‘0.1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Surfaces’
     Display geometry surfaces?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.SurfaceLabels’
     Display surface labels?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.SurfaceType’
     Surface display type (0: cross, 1: wireframe, 2: solid).  Wireframe
     and solid are not available with the built-in geometry kernel.
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Tangents’
     Display size of tangent vectors (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Tolerance’
     Geometrical tolerance
     Default value: ‘1e-08’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.ToleranceBoolean’
     Geometrical tolerance for boolean operations
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Transform’
     Transform model display coordinates (0: no, 1: scale)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformXX’
     Element (1,1) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformXY’
     Element (1,2) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformXZ’
     Element (1,3) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformYX’
     Element (2,1) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformYY’
     Element (2,2) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformYZ’
     Element (2,3) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformZX’
     Element (3,1) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformZY’
     Element (3,2) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.TransformZZ’
     Element (3,3) of the 3x3 model display transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Geometry.Volumes’
     Display geometry volumes?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.VolumeLabels’
     Display volume labels?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.VolumeType’
     Volume display type (0: sphere, 1: diamond)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.Points’
     Normal geometry point color
     Default value: ‘{90,90,90}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.Curves’
     Normal geometry curve color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.Surfaces’
     Normal geometry surface color
     Default value: ‘{128,128,128}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.Volumes’
     Normal geometry volume color
     Default value: ‘{200,200,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.Selection’
     Selected geometry color
     Default value: ‘{255,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.HighlightZero’
     Highlight 0 color
     Default value: ‘{255,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.HighlightOne’
     Highlight 1 color
     Default value: ‘{255,150,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.HighlightTwo’
     Highlight 2 color
     Default value: ‘{255,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.Tangents’
     Tangent geometry vectors color
     Default value: ‘{255,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.Normals’
     Normal geometry vectors color
     Default value: ‘{255,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Geometry.Color.Projection’
     Projection surface color
     Default value: ‘{0,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

7.4 Mesh options
================

‘Mesh.Algorithm’
     2D mesh algorithm (1: MeshAdapt, 2: Automatic, 3: Initial mesh
     only, 5: Delaunay, 6: Frontal-Delaunay, 7: BAMG, 8:
     Frontal-Delaunay for Quads, 9: Packing of Parallelograms, 11:
     Quasi-structured Quad)
     Default value: ‘6’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Algorithm3D’
     3D mesh algorithm (1: Delaunay, 3: Initial mesh only, 4: Frontal,
     7: MMG3D, 9: R-tree, 10: HXT)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.AlgorithmSwitchOnFailure’
     Switch meshing algorithm on failure?  (Currently only for 2D
     Delaunay-based algorithms, switching to MeshAdapt)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.AngleSmoothNormals’
     Threshold angle below which normals are not smoothed
     Default value: ‘30’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.AngleToleranceFacetOverlap’
     Consider connected facets as overlapping when the dihedral angle
     between the facets is smaller than the user's defined tolerance (in
     degrees)
     Default value: ‘0.1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.AnisoMax’
     Maximum anisotropy of the mesh
     Default value: ‘1e+33’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.AllowSwapAngle’
     Threshold angle (in degrees) between faces normals under which we
     allow an edge swap
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.AvgQuality’
     Average mesh quality (inverse conditioning number, ICN) after the
     generation of the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.BdfFieldFormat’
     Field format for Nastran BDF files (0: free, 1: small, 2: large)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Binary’
     Write mesh files in binary format (if possible)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.BoundaryLayerFanElements’
     Number of elements (per Pi radians) for 2D boundary layer fans
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CgnsImportOrder’
     Order of the mesh to be created by coarsening CGNS structured zones
     (1 to 4)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CgnsImportIgnoreBC’
     Ignore information in ZoneBC structures when reading a CGNS file
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CgnsImportIgnoreSolution’
     Ignore solution when reading a CGNS file
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CgnsConstructTopology’
     Reconstruct the model topology (BREP) after reading a CGNS file
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CgnsExportCPEX0045’
     Use the CPEX0045 convention when exporting a high-order mesh to
     CGNS
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CgnsExportStructured’
     Export transfinite meshes as structured CGNS grids
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CheckSurfaceNormalValidity’
     Check surface mesh validity according to the geometry normal
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Clip’
     Enable clipping planes?  (Plane[i]=2^i, i=0,...,5)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.ColorCarousel’
     Mesh coloring (0: by element type, 1: by elementary entity, 2: by
     physical group, 3: by mesh partition)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CompoundClassify’
     How are surface mesh elements classified on compounds?  (0: on the
     new discrete surface, 1: on the original geometrical surfaces -
     incompatible with e.g.  high-order meshing)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CompoundMeshSizeFactor’
     Mesh size factor applied to compound parts
     Default value: ‘0.5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CpuTime’
     CPU time (in seconds) for the generation of the current mesh
     (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.CreateTopologyMsh2’
     Attempt to (re)create the model topology when reading MSH2 files
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.DrawSkinOnly’
     Draw only the skin of 3D meshes?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Dual’
     Display the dual mesh obtained by barycentric subdivision
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.ElementOrder’
     Element order (1: first order elements)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Explode’
     Element shrinking factor (between 0 and 1)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.FirstElementTag’
     First tag (>= 1) of mesh elements when generating or renumbering a
     mesh
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.FirstNodeTag’
     First tag (>= 1) of mesh nodes when generating or renumbering a
     mesh
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.FlexibleTransfinite’
     Allow transfinite constraints to be modified for recombination
     (e.g.  Blossom) or by global mesh size factor
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Format’
     Mesh output format (1: msh, 2: unv, 10: auto, 16: vtk, 19: vrml,
     21: mail, 26: pos stat, 27: stl, 28: p3d, 30: mesh, 31: bdf, 32:
     cgns, 33: med, 34: diff, 38: ir3, 39: inp, 40: ply2, 41: celum, 42:
     su2, 47: tochnog, 49: neu, 50: matlab)
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Hexahedra’
     Display mesh hexahedra?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderDistCAD’
     Try to optimize distance to CAD in high-order optimizer?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderFixBoundaryNodes’
     Fix all (1) or periodic (2) boundary nodes during high-order
     optimization?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderIterMax’
     Maximum number of iterations in high-order optimization pass
     Default value: ‘100’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderNumLayers’
     Number of layers around a problematic element to consider for
     high-order optimization, or number of element layers to consider in
     the boundary layer mesh for high-order fast curving
     Default value: ‘6’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderOptimize’
     Optimize high-order meshes?  (0: none, 1: optimization, 2:
     elastic+optimization, 3: elastic, 4: fast curving)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderPassMax’
     Maximum number of high-order optimization passes (moving barrier)
     Default value: ‘25’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderPeriodic’
     Force location of nodes for periodic meshes using periodicity
     transform (0: assume identical parametrisations, 1: invert
     parametrisations, 2: compute closest point
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderPoissonRatio’
     Poisson ratio of the material used in the elastic smoother for
     high-order meshes (between -1.0 and 0.5, excluded)
     Default value: ‘0.33’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderSavePeriodic’
     Save high-order nodes in periodic section of MSH files?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderPrimSurfMesh’
     Try to fix flipped surface mesh elements in high-order optimizer?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderThresholdMin’
     Minimum threshold for high-order element optimization
     Default value: ‘0.1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderThresholdMax’
     Maximum threshold for high-order element optimization
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderFastCurvingNewAlgo’
     Curve boundary layer with new "fast curving" algorithm
     (experimental)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderCurveOuterBL’
     Curve also the outer surface of the boundary layer in the fast
     curving algorithm (0 = do not curve, 1 = curve according to
     boundary, 2 = curve without breaking outer elements)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderMaxRho’
     Maximum min/max ratio of edge/face size for the detection of BL
     element columns in the fast curving algorithm
     Default value: ‘0.3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderMaxAngle’
     Maximum angle between layers of BL elements for the detection of
     columns in the fast curving algorithm
     Default value: ‘0.174533’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderMaxInnerAngle’
     Maximum angle between edges/faces within layers of BL
     triangles/tets for the detection of columns in the fast curving
     algorithm
     Default value: ‘0.523599’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.HighOrderSkipQualityCheck’
     Skip element quality check after high-order mesh generation
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.IgnoreUnknownSections’
     Skip unknown sections when reading meshes in the MSH4 format
     (otherwise the contents of these sections are stored as model
     attributes)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.IgnoreParametrization’
     Skip parametrization section when reading meshes in the MSH4 format
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.IgnorePeriodicity’
     Skip periodic node section and skip periodic boundary alignment
     step when reading meshes in the MSH2 format
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.LabelSampling’
     Label sampling rate (display one label every 'LabelSampling'
     elements)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.LabelType’
     Type of element label (0: node/element tag, 1: elementary entity
     tag, 2: physical entity tag, 3: partition, 4: coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.LcIntegrationPrecision’
     Accuracy of evaluation of the LC field for 1D mesh generation
     Default value: ‘1e-09’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Light’
     Enable lighting for the mesh
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.LightLines’
     Enable lighting for mesh edges (0: no, 1: surfaces, 2:
     surfaces+volumes
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.LightTwoSide’
     Light both sides of surfaces (leads to slower rendering)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Lines’
     Display mesh lines (1D elements)?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.LineLabels’
     Display mesh line labels?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.LineWidth’
     Display width of mesh lines (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MaxIterDelaunay3D’
     Maximum number of point insertion iterations in 3D Delaunay mesher
     (0: unlimited)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MaxNumThreads1D’
     Maximum number of threads for 1D meshing (0: use
     General.NumThreads)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MaxNumThreads2D’
     Maximum number of threads for 2D meshing (0: use
     General.NumThreads)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MaxNumThreads3D’
     Maximum number of threads for 3D meshing (0: use
     General.NumThreads)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MaxRetries’
     Maximum number of times meshing is retried on curves and surfaces
     with a pending mesh; also controls maximum number of recursive
     subdivisions when self-intersecting 1D meshes are detected
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshOnlyVisible’
     Mesh only visible entities (experimental)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshOnlyEmpty’
     Mesh only entities that have no existing mesh
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary’
     Extend computation of mesh element sizes from the boundaries into
     the interior (0: never; 1: for surfaces and volumes; 2: for
     surfaces and volumes, but use smallest surface element edge length
     instead of longest length in 3D Delaunay; -2: only for surfaces;
     -3: only for volumes)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshSizeFactor’
     Factor applied to all mesh element sizes
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshSizeMin’
     Minimum mesh element size
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshSizeMax’
     Maximum mesh element size
     Default value: ‘1e+22’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature’
     Automatically compute mesh element sizes from curvature, using the
     value as the target number of elements per 2 * Pi radians
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvatureIsotropic’
     Force isotropic curvature estimation when the mesh size is computed
     from curvature
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints’
     Compute mesh element sizes from values given at geometry points
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MeshSizeFromParametricPoints’
     Compute mesh element sizes from values given at geometry points
     defining parametric curves
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MetisAlgorithm’
     METIS partitioning algorithm 'ptype' (1: Recursive, 2: K-way)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MetisEdgeMatching’
     METIS edge matching type 'ctype' (1: Random, 2: Sorted Heavy-Edge)
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MetisMaxLoadImbalance’
     METIS maximum load imbalance 'ufactor' (-1: default, i.e.  30 for
     K-way and 1 for Recursive)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MetisObjective’
     METIS objective type 'objtype' (1: min.  edge-cut, 2: min.
     communication volume)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MetisMinConn’
     METIS minimize maximum connectivity of partitions 'minconn' (-1:
     default)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MetisRefinementAlgorithm’
     METIS algorithm for k-way refinement 'rtype' (1: FM-based cut, 2:
     Greedy, 3: Two-sided node FM, 4: One-sided node FM)
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MinLineNodes’
     Minimum number of nodes used to mesh (straight) lines
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MinCircleNodes’
     Minimum number of nodes used to mesh circles and ellipses
     Default value: ‘7’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MinCurveNodes’
     Minimum number of nodes used to mesh curves other than lines,
     circles and ellipses
     Default value: ‘3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MinQuality’
     Minimum mesh quality (inverse conditioning number, ICN) after the
     generation of the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MshFileVersion’
     Version of the MSH file format to use
     Default value: ‘4.1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MedFileMinorVersion’
     Minor version of the MED file format to use (-1: use minor version
     of the MED library)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MedImportGroupsOfNodes’
     Import groups of nodes (0: no; 1: create geometrical point for each
     node)?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.MedSingleModel’
     Import MED meshes in the current model, even if several MED mesh
     names exist
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.NbHexahedra’
     Number of hexahedra in the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.NbNodes’
     Number of nodes in the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.NbPartitions’
     Number of partitions
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.NbPrisms’
     Number of prisms in the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.NbPyramids’
     Number of pyramids in the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.NbTrihedra’
     Number of trihedra in the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.NbQuadrangles’
     Number of quadrangles in the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.NbTetrahedra’
     Number of tetrahedra in the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.NbTriangles’
     Number of triangles in the current mesh (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.NewtonConvergenceTestXYZ’
     Force inverse surface mapping algorithm (Newton-Raphson) to
     converge in real coordinates (experimental)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Nodes’
     Display mesh nodes?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.NodeLabels’
     Display mesh node labels?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.NodeSize’
     Display size of mesh nodes (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘4’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.NodeType’
     Display mesh nodes as solid color dots (0) or 3D spheres (1)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Normals’
     Display size of normal vectors (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.NumSubEdges’
     Number of edge subdivisions used to draw high-order mesh elements
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.OldInitialDelaunay2D’
     Use old initial 2D Delaunay code
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Optimize’
     Optimize the mesh to improve the quality of tetrahedral elements
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.OptimizeThreshold’
     Optimize tetrahedra that have a quality below ...
     Default value: ‘0.3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.OptimizeNetgen’
     Optimize the mesh using Netgen to improve the quality of
     tetrahedral elements
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.OptimizePyramids’
     Optimize pyramids in hybrid 3D meshes (0: smoother; 1: untangler)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionHexWeight’
     Weight of hexahedral element for METIS load balancing (-1:
     automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionLineWeight’
     Weight of line element for METIS load balancing (-1: automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionPrismWeight’
     Weight of prismatic element (wedge) for METIS load balancing (-1:
     automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionPyramidWeight’
     Weight of pyramidal element for METIS load balancing (-1:
     automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionQuadWeight’
     Weight of quadrangle for METIS load balancing (-1: automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionTrihedronWeight’
     Weight of trihedron element for METIS load balancing (-1:
     automatic)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionTetWeight’
     Weight of tetrahedral element for METIS load balancing (-1:
     automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionTriWeight’
     Weight of triangle element for METIS load balancing (-1: automatic)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionCreateTopology’
     Create boundary representation of partitions
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionCreatePhysicals’
     Create physical groups for partitions, based on existing physical
     groups
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionCreateGhostCells’
     Create ghost cells, i.e.  create for each partition a ghost entity
     containing elements connected to neighboring partitions by at least
     one node.
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionSplitMeshFiles’
     Write one file for each mesh partition
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionTopologyFile’
     Write a .pro file with the partition topology
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionOldStyleMsh2’
     Write partitioned meshes in MSH2 format using old style (i.e.  by
     not referencing new partitioned entities, except on partition
     boundaries), for backward compatibility
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PartitionConvertMsh2’
     When reading partitioned meshes in MSH2 format, create new
     partition entities
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.PreserveNumberingMsh2’
     Preserve node and element numbering in MSH2 format (will break
     meshes with multiple physical groups for a single elementary
     entity)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Prisms’
     Display mesh prisms?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Pyramids’
     Display mesh pyramids?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.QuadqsSizemapMethod’
     Size map method in QuadQuasiStructured.  0: default, 1:
     cross-field,2: cross-field + CAD small features adaptation,3: from
     background mesh (e.g.  sizes in current triangulation),4:
     cross-field + CAD small features adaptation (clamped by background
     mesh)
     Default value: ‘3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.QuadqsTopologyOptimizationMethods’
     Topology optimization methods in QuadQuasiStructured.  0: default
     (all),100: pattern-based CAD faces,010: disk quadrangulation
     remeshing,001: cavity remeshing,xxx: combination of multiple
     methods (e.g.  111 for all)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.QuadqsRemeshingBoldness’
     Controls how much cavity remeshing is allowed to distort the quad
     mesh.  From 0 (no quality decrease during remeshing) to 1 (quality
     can tend to 0 during remeshing).
     Default value: ‘0.66’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.QuadqsScalingOnTriangulation’
     Ratio on the edge length between the triangulation and the
     quadrangulation.  Use a small ratio (e.g.  0.5) to get a background
     triangulation finer than the quad mesh.  Useful to get a more
     accurate cross-field.
     Default value: ‘0.75’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Quadrangles’
     Display mesh quadrangles?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.QualityInf’
     Only display elements whose quality measure is greater than
     QualityInf
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.QualitySup’
     Only display elements whose quality measure is smaller than
     QualitySup
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.QualityType’
     Type of quality measure (0: SICN~signed inverse condition number,
     1: SIGE~signed inverse gradient error, 2:
     gamma~vol/sum_face/max_edge, 3: Disto~minJ/maxJ
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.QuasiTransfinite’
     Allow quasi-transfinite meshing of surfaces with non-matching
     number of nodes on opposite sides
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RadiusInf’
     Only display elements whose longest edge is greater than RadiusInf
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RadiusSup’
     Only display elements whose longest edge is smaller than RadiusSup
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RandomFactor’
     Random factor used in the 2D meshing algorithm (should be increased
     if RandomFactor * size(triangle)/size(model) approaches machine
     accuracy)
     Default value: ‘1e-09’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RandomFactor3D’
     Random factor used in the 3D meshing algorithm
     Default value: ‘1e-12’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RandomSeed’
     Seed of pseudo-random number generator
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.ReadGroupsOfElements’
     Read groups of elements in UNV meshes (this will discard the
     elementary entity tags inferred from the element section)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RecombinationAlgorithm’
     Mesh recombination algorithm (0: simple, 1: blossom, 2: simple
     full-quad, 3: blossom full-quad)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RecombineAll’
     Apply recombination algorithm to all surfaces, ignoring per-surface
     spec
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RecombineOptimizeTopology’
     Number of topological optimization passes (removal of diamonds,
     ...)  of recombined surface meshes
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RecombineNodeRepositioning’
     Allow repositioning of nodes during recombination of surface meshes
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RecombineMinimumQuality’
     Minimum quality for quadrangle generated by recombination
     Default value: ‘0.01’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Recombine3DAll’
     Apply recombination3D algorithm to all volumes, ignoring per-volume
     spec (experimental)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Recombine3DLevel’
     3d recombination level (0: hex, 1: hex+prisms, 2:
     hex+prism+pyramids) (experimental)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Recombine3DConformity’
     3d recombination conformity type (0: nonconforming, 1: trihedra, 2:
     pyramids+trihedra, 3:pyramids+hexSplit+trihedra,
     4:hexSplit+trihedra)(experimental)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.RefineSteps’
     Number of refinement steps in the MeshAdapt-based 2D algorithms
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Renumber’
     Renumber nodes and elements in a continuous sequence after mesh
     generation
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.ReparamMaxTriangles’
     Maximum number of triangles in a single parametrization patch
     Default value: ‘250000’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Reproducible’
     Try to produce reproducible meshes even when multi-threaded
     (experimental)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SaveAll’
     Save all elements, even if they don't belong to physical groups
     (for some mesh formats, this removes physical groups altogether)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘Mesh.SaveElementTagType’
     Type of the element tag saved in mesh formats that don't support
     saving physical or partition ids (1: elementary, 2: physical, 3:
     partition)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SaveGroupsOfElements’
     Save groups of elements for each physical group (for UNV and INP
     mesh format) if value is positive; if negative, save groups of
     elements for physical groups of dimension dim if the (dim+1)^th
     least significant digit of -Mesh.SaveGroupsOfElements is 1 (for
     example: -100 will only savesurfaces, while -1010 will save volumes
     and curves), and for INP skip saving elements of dimension dim
     altogether if the (dim+1)^th least significant digit of
     -Mesh.SaveGroupsOfElements is 0
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SaveGroupsOfNodes’
     Save groups of nodes for each physical group (for UNV, INP and
     Tochnog mesh formats) if value is positive; if negative, save
     groups of nodes for physical groups of dimension dim if the
     (dim+1)^th least significant digit of -Mesh.SaveGroupsOfNodes is 1
     (for example: -100 will only save surfaces, while -1010 will save
     volumes and curves); for INP, save groups of nodes for all entities
     of dimension dim if the (dim+1)^th least significant digit of
     -Mesh.SaveGroupsOfNodes is 2
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SaveParametric’
     Save parametric coordinates of nodes
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SaveWithoutOrphans’
     Don't save orphan entities (not connected to any highest
     dimensional entity in the model) in MSH4 files
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SaveTopology’
     Save model topology in MSH2 output files (this is always saved in
     MSH3 and above)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.ScalingFactor’
     Global scaling factor applied to the saved mesh
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SecondOrderIncomplete’
     Create incomplete second order elements?  (8-node quads, 20-node
     hexas, etc.)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SecondOrderLinear’
     Should second order nodes (as well as nodes generated with
     subdivision algorithms) simply be created by linear interpolation?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Smoothing’
     Number of smoothing steps applied to the final mesh
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SmoothCrossField’
     Apply n barycentric smoothing passes to the 3D cross field
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.CrossFieldClosestPoint’
     Use closest point to compute 2D crossfield
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SmoothNormals’
     Smooth the mesh normals?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SmoothRatio’
     Ratio between mesh sizes at nodes of a same edge (used in BAMG)
     Default value: ‘1.8’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.StlAngularDeflection’
     Maximum angular deflection when creating STL representations of
     entities (currently only used with the OpenCASCADE kernel)
     Default value: ‘0.3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.StlLinearDeflection’
     Maximum relative linear deflection when creating STL representation
     of entities (currently only used with the OpenCASCADE kernel)
     Default value: ‘0.001’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.StlLinearDeflectionRelative’
     Compute the linear deflection for STL representations relative to
     the length of curves (currently only used with the OpenCASCADE
     kernel)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.StlOneSolidPerSurface’
     Create one solid per surface when exporting STL files?  (0: single
     solid, 1: one solid per face, 2: one solid per physical surface)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.StlRemoveBadTriangles’
     Remove bad triangles when importing STL files (1: remove
     duplicates; 2: remove duplicate and zero-area triangles)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SubdivisionAlgorithm’
     Mesh subdivision algorithm (0: none, 1: all quadrangles, 2: all
     hexahedra, 3: barycentric)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SurfaceEdges’
     Display edges of surface mesh?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SurfaceFaces’
     Display faces of surface mesh?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SurfaceLabels’
     Display surface mesh element labels?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.SwitchElementTags’
     Invert elementary and physical tags when reading the mesh
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Tangents’
     Display size of tangent vectors (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Tetrahedra’
     Display mesh tetrahedra?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.ToleranceEdgeLength’
     Skip a model edge in mesh generation if its length is less than
     user's defined tolerance
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.ToleranceInitialDelaunay’
     Tolerance for initial 3D Delaunay mesher
     Default value: ‘1e-12’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.ToleranceReferenceElement’
     Tolerance for classifying a point inside a reference element (of
     size 1)
     Default value: ‘1e-06’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Triangles’
     Display mesh triangles?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Trihedra’
     Display mesh trihedra?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.TransfiniteTri’
     Use alternative transfinite arrangement when meshing 3-sided
     surfaces
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.UnvStrictFormat’
     Use strict format specification for UNV files, with 'D' for
     exponents (instead of 'E' as used by some tools)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.VolumeEdges’
     Display edges of volume mesh?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.VolumeFaces’
     Display faces of volume mesh?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.VolumeLabels’
     Display volume mesh element labels?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Voronoi’
     Display the voronoi diagram
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.ZoneDefinition’
     Method for defining a zone (0: single zone, 1: by partition, 2: by
     physical)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Nodes’
     Mesh node color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.NodesSup’
     Second order mesh node color
     Default value: ‘{255,0,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Lines’
     Mesh line color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Triangles’
     Mesh triangle color (if Mesh.ColorCarousel=0)
     Default value: ‘{160,150,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Quadrangles’
     Mesh quadrangle color (if Mesh.ColorCarousel=0)
     Default value: ‘{130,120,225}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Tetrahedra’
     Mesh tetrahedron color (if Mesh.ColorCarousel=0)
     Default value: ‘{160,150,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Hexahedra’
     Mesh hexahedron color (if Mesh.ColorCarousel=0)
     Default value: ‘{130,120,225}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Prisms’
     Mesh prism color (if Mesh.ColorCarousel=0)
     Default value: ‘{232,210,23}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Pyramids’
     Mesh pyramid color (if Mesh.ColorCarousel=0)
     Default value: ‘{217,113,38}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Trihedra’
     Mesh trihedron color (if Mesh.ColorCarousel=0)
     Default value: ‘{20,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Tangents’
     Tangent mesh vector color
     Default value: ‘{255,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Normals’
     Normal mesh vector color
     Default value: ‘{255,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Zero’
     Color 0 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{255,120,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.One’
     Color 1 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{0,255,132}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Two’
     Color 2 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{255,160,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Three’
     Color 3 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{0,255,192}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Four’
     Color 4 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{255,200,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Five’
     Color 5 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{0,216,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Six’
     Color 6 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{255,240,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Seven’
     Color 7 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{0,176,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Eight’
     Color 8 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{228,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Nine’
     Color 9 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{0,116,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Ten’
     Color 10 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{188,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Eleven’
     Color 11 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{0,76,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Twelve’
     Color 12 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{148,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Thirteen’
     Color 13 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{24,0,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Fourteen’
     Color 14 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{108,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Fifteen’
     Color 15 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{84,0,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Sixteen’
     Color 16 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{68,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Seventeen’
     Color 17 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{104,0,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Eighteen’
     Color 18 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{0,255,52}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Mesh.Color.Nineteen’
     Color 19 in color carousel
     Default value: ‘{184,0,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

7.5 Solver options
==================

‘Solver.Executable0’
     System command to launch solver 0
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable1’
     System command to launch solver 1
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable2’
     System command to launch solver 2
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable3’
     System command to launch solver 3
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable4’
     System command to launch solver 4
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable5’
     System command to launch solver 5
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable6’
     System command to launch solver 6
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable7’
     System command to launch solver 7
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable8’
     System command to launch solver 8
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Executable9’
     System command to launch solver 9
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name0’
     Name of solver 0
     Default value: ‘"GetDP"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name1’
     Name of solver 1
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name2’
     Name of solver 2
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name3’
     Name of solver 3
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name4’
     Name of solver 4
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name5’
     Name of solver 5
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name6’
     Name of solver 6
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name7’
     Name of solver 7
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name8’
     Name of solver 8
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Name9’
     Name of solver 9
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension0’
     File extension for solver 0
     Default value: ‘".pro"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension1’
     File extension for solver 1
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension2’
     File extension for solver 2
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension3’
     File extension for solver 3
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension4’
     File extension for solver 4
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension5’
     File extension for solver 5
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension6’
     File extension for solver 6
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension7’
     File extension for solver 7
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension8’
     File extension for solver 8
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.Extension9’
     File extension for solver 9
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.OctaveInterpreter’
     Name of the Octave interpreter (used to run .m files)
     Default value: ‘"octave"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.PythonInterpreter’
     Name of the Python interpreter (used to run .py files if they are
     not executable)
     Default value: ‘"python"’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin0’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 0
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin1’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 1
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin2’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 2
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin3’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 3
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin4’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 4
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin5’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 5
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin6’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 6
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin7’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 7
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin8’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 8
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.RemoteLogin9’
     Command to login to a remote host to launch solver 9
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.SessionFileName’

‘Solver.SocketName’
     Base name of socket (UNIX socket if the name does not contain a
     colon, TCP/IP otherwise, in the form 'host:baseport'; the actual
     name/port is constructed by appending the unique client id.  If
     baseport is 0 or is not provided, the port is chosen automatically
     (recommended))
     Default value: ‘".gmshsock"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AlwaysListen’
     Always listen to incoming connection requests?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AutoArchiveOutputFiles’
     Automatically archive output files after each computation
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AutoCheck’
     Automatically check model every time a parameter is changed
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AutoLoadDatabase’
     Automatically load the ONELAB database when launching a solver
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AutoSaveDatabase’
     Automatically save the ONELAB database after each computation
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AutoMesh’
     Automatically mesh (0: never; 1: if geometry changed, but use
     existing mesh on disk if available; 2: if geometry changed; -1: the
     geometry script creates the mesh)
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AutoMergeFile’
     Automatically merge result files
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AutoShowViews’
     Automcatically show newly merged results (0: none; 1: all; 2: last
     one)
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.AutoShowLastStep’
     Automatically show the last step in newly merged results, if there
     are more than 2 steps
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.Plugins’
     Enable default solver plugins?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.ShowInvisibleParameters’
     Show all parameters, even those marked invisible
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘Solver.Timeout’
     Time (in seconds) before closing the socket if no connection is
     happening
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

7.6 Post-processing options
===========================

‘PostProcessing.DoubleClickedGraphPointCommand’
     Command parsed when double-clicking on a graph data point (e.g.
     Merge Sprintf('file_%g.pos', PostProcessing.GraphPointX);)
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.GraphPointCommand’
     Synonym for 'DoubleClickedGraphPointCommand'
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.AnimationDelay’
     Delay (in seconds) between frames in automatic animation mode
     Default value: ‘0.1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.AnimationCycle’
     Cycle through time steps (0) or views (1) for animations
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.AnimationStep’
     Step increment for animations
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.Binary’
     Write post-processing files in binary format (if possible)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.CombineRemoveOriginal’
     Remove original views after a Combine operation
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.CombineCopyOptions’
     Copy options during Combine operation
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.DoubleClickedGraphPointX’
     Abscissa of last double-clicked graph point
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘PostProcessing.DoubleClickedGraphPointY’
     Ordinate of last double-clicked graph point
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘PostProcessing.DoubleClickedView’
     Index of last double-clicked view
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘PostProcessing.ForceElementData’
     Try to force saving datasets as ElementData
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.ForceNodeData’
     Try to force saving datasets as NodeData
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.Format’
     Default file format for post-processing views (0: ASCII view, 1:
     binary view, 2: parsed view, 3: STL triangulation, 4: raw text, 5:
     Gmsh mesh, 6: MED file, 10: automatic)
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.GraphPointX’
     Synonym for 'DoubleClickedGraphPointX'
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘PostProcessing.GraphPointY’
     Synonym for 'DoubleClickedGraphPointY'
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘PostProcessing.HorizontalScales’
     Display value scales horizontally
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.Link’
     Post-processing view links (0: apply next option changes to
     selected views, 1: force same options for all selected views)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.NbViews’
     Current number of views merged (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘PostProcessing.Plugins’
     Enable default post-processing plugins?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.SaveInterpolationMatrices’
     Save the interpolation matrices when exporting model-based data
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.SaveMesh’
     Save the mesh when exporting model-based data
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘PostProcessing.Smoothing’
     Apply (non-reversible) smoothing to post-processing view when
     merged
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

7.7 Post-processing view options
================================

Options related to post-processing views take two forms.

  1. options that should apply to all views can be set through
     '‘View.STRING’', _before any view is loaded_;
  2. options that should apply only to the N-th view take the form
     '‘View[N].STRING’' (N = 0, 1, 2, ...), _after the N-th view is
     loaded_.

‘View.Attributes’
     Optional string attached to the view.  If the string contains
     'AlwaysVisible', the view will not be hidden when new ones are
     merged.
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesFormatX’
     Number format for X-axis (in standard C form)
     Default value: ‘"%.3g"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesFormatY’
     Number format for Y-axis (in standard C form)
     Default value: ‘"%.3g"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesFormatZ’
     Number format for Z-axis (in standard C form)
     Default value: ‘"%.3g"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesLabelX’
     X-axis label
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesLabelY’
     Y-axis label
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesLabelZ’
     Z-axis label
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DoubleClickedCommand’
     Command parsed when double-clicking on the view
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.FileName’
     Default post-processing view file name
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.GeneralizedRaiseX’
     Generalized elevation of the view along X-axis (in model
     coordinates, using formula possibly containing x, y, z, s[tep],
     t[ime], v0, ...  v8)
     Default value: ‘"v0"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.GeneralizedRaiseY’
     Generalized elevation of the view along Y-axis (in model
     coordinates, using formula possibly containing x, y, z, s[tep],
     t[ime], v0, ...  v8)
     Default value: ‘"v1"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.GeneralizedRaiseZ’
     Generalized elevation of the view along Z-axis (in model
     coordinates, using formula possibly containing x, y, z, s[tep],
     t[ime], v0, ...  v8)
     Default value: ‘"v2"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Group’
     Group to which this view belongs
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Name’
     Default post-processing view name
     Default value: ‘""’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.NumberFormat’
     Number format (in standard C form)
     Default value: ‘"%.3g"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple0’
     First stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"1*0x1F1F"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple1’
     Second stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"1*0x3333"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple2’
     Third stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"1*0x087F"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple3’
     Fourth stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"1*0xCCCF"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple4’
     Fifth stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"2*0x1111"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple5’
     Sixth stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"2*0x0F0F"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple6’
     Seventh stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"1*0xCFFF"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple7’
     Eighth stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"2*0x0202"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple8’
     Ninth stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"2*0x087F"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple9’
     Tenth stippling pattern
     Default value: ‘"1*0xFFFF"’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AbscissaRangeType’
     Ascissa scale range type (1: default, 2: custom)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AdaptVisualizationGrid’
     Use adaptive visualization grid (for high-order elements)?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AngleSmoothNormals’
     Threshold angle below which normals are not smoothed
     Default value: ‘30’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ArrowSizeMax’
     Maximum display size of arrows (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘60’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ArrowSizeMin’
     Minimum display size of arrows (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AutoPosition’
     Position the scale or 2D plot automatically (0: manual, 1:
     automatic, 2: top left, 3: top right, 4: bottom left, 5: bottom
     right, 6: top, 7: bottom, 8: left, 9: right, 10: full, 11: top
     third, 12: in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Axes’
     Axes (0: none, 1: simple axes, 2: box, 3: full grid, 4: open grid,
     5: ruler)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesMikado’
     Mikado axes style
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesAutoPosition’
     Position the axes automatically
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesMaxX’
     Maximum X-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesMaxY’
     Maximum Y-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesMaxZ’
     Maximum Z-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesMinX’
     Minimum X-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesMinY’
     Minimum Y-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesMinZ’
     Minimum Z-axis coordinate
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesTicsX’
     Number of tics on the X-axis
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesTicsY’
     Number of tics on the Y-axis
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.AxesTicsZ’
     Number of tics on the Z-axis
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Boundary’
     Draw the 'N minus b'-dimensional boundary of the element (N:
     element dimension, b: option value)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.CenterGlyphs’
     Center glyphs (arrows, numbers, etc.)?  (0: left, 1: centered, 2:
     right)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Clip’
     Enable clipping planes?  (Plane[i]=2^i, i=0,...,5)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.Closed’
     Close the subtree containing this view
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapAlpha’
     Colormap alpha channel value (used only if != 1)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapAlphaPower’
     Colormap alpha channel power
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapBeta’
     Colormap beta parameter (gamma = 1-beta)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapBias’
     Colormap bias
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapCurvature’
     Colormap curvature or slope coefficient
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapInvert’
     Invert the color values, i.e., replace x with (255-x) in the
     colormap?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapNumber’
     Default colormap number (0: black, 1: vis5d, 2: jet, 3: lucie, 4:
     rainbow, 5: emc2000, 6: incadescent, 7: hot, 8: pink, 9: grayscale,
     10: french, 11: hsv, 12: spectrum, 13: bone, 14: spring, 15:
     summer, 16: autumm, 17: winter, 18: cool, 19: copper, 20: magma,
     21: inferno, 22: plasma, 23: viridis, 24: turbo)
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapRotation’
     Incremental colormap rotation
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColormapSwap’
     Swap the min/max values in the colormap?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap0’
     Forced component 0 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap1’
     Forced component 1 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap2’
     Forced component 2 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap3’
     Forced component 3 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap4’
     Forced component 4 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘4’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap5’
     Forced component 5 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘5’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap6’
     Forced component 6 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘6’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap7’
     Forced component 7 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘7’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ComponentMap8’
     Forced component 8 (if View.ForceNumComponents > 0)
     Default value: ‘8’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.CustomAbscissaMax’
     User-defined maximum abscissa value
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.CustomAbscissaMin’
     User-defined minimum abscissa value
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.CustomMax’
     User-defined maximum value to be displayed
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.CustomMin’
     User-defined minimum value to be displayed
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.DisplacementFactor’
     Displacement amplification
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawHexahedra’
     Display post-processing hexahedra?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawLines’
     Display post-processing lines?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawPoints’
     Display post-processing points?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawPrisms’
     Display post-processing prisms?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawPyramids’
     Display post-processing pyramids?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawTrihedra’
     Display post-processing trihedra?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawQuadrangles’
     Display post-processing quadrangles?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawScalars’
     Display scalar values?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawSkinOnly’
     Draw only the skin of 3D scalar views?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawStrings’
     Display post-processing annotation strings?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawTensors’
     Display tensor values?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawTetrahedra’
     Display post-processing tetrahedra?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawTriangles’
     Display post-processing triangles?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.DrawVectors’
     Display vector values?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Explode’
     Element shrinking factor (between 0 and 1)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ExternalView’
     Index of the view used to color vector fields (-1: self)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.FakeTransparency’
     Use fake transparency (cheaper than the real thing, but incorrect)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ForceNumComponents’
     Force number of components to display (see View.ComponentMapN for
     mapping)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.GeneralizedRaiseFactor’
     Generalized raise amplification factor
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.GeneralizedRaiseView’
     Index of the view used for generalized raise (-1: self)
     Default value: ‘-1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.GlyphLocation’
     Glyph (arrow, number, etc.)  location (1: center of gravity, 2:
     node)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Height’
     Height (in pixels) of the scale or 2D plot
     Default value: ‘200’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.IntervalsType’
     Type of interval display (1: iso, 2: continuous, 3: discrete, 4:
     numeric)
     Default value: ‘2’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Light’
     Enable lighting for the view
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.LightLines’
     Light element edges
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.LightTwoSide’
     Light both sides of surfaces (leads to slower rendering)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.LineType’
     Display lines as solid color segments (0), 3D cylinders (1) or
     tapered cylinders (2)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.LineWidth’
     Display width of lines (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.MaxRecursionLevel’
     Maximum recursion level for adaptive views
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Max’
     Maximum value in the view (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.MaxVisible’
     Maximum value in the visible parts of the view, taking current time
     step and tensor display type into account (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.MaxX’
     Maximum view coordinate along the X-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.MaxY’
     Maximum view coordinate along the Y-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.MaxZ’
     Maximum view coordinate along the Z-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.Min’
     Minimum value in the view (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.MinVisible’
     Minimum value in the visible parts of the view, taking current time
     step and tensor display type into account (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.MinX’
     Minimum view coordinate along the X-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.MinY’
     Minimum view coordinate along the Y-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.MinZ’
     Minimum view coordinate along the Z-axis (read-only)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.NbIso’
     Number of intervals
     Default value: ‘10’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.NbTimeStep’
     Number of time steps in the view (do not change this!)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.NormalRaise’
     Elevation of the view along the normal (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.Normals’
     Display size of normal vectors (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.OffsetX’
     Translation of the view along X-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.OffsetY’
     Translation of the view along Y-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.OffsetZ’
     Translation of the view along Z-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.PointSize’
     Display size of points (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.PointType’
     Display points as solid color dots (0), 3D spheres (1), scaled dots
     (2) or scaled spheres (3)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.PositionX’
     X position (in pixels) of the scale or 2D plot (< 0: measure from
     right edge; >= 1e5: centered)
     Default value: ‘100’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.PositionY’
     Y position (in pixels) of the scale or 2D plot (< 0: measure from
     bottom edge; >= 1e5: centered)
     Default value: ‘50’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.RaiseX’
     Elevation of the view along X-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.RaiseY’
     Elevation of the view along Y-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.RaiseZ’
     Elevation of the view along Z-axis (in model coordinates)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.RangeType’
     Value scale range type (1: default, 2: custom, 3: per time step)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Sampling’
     Element sampling rate (draw one out every 'Sampling' elements)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.SaturateValues’
     Saturate the view values to custom min and max (1: true, 0: false)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ScaleType’
     Value scale type (1: linear, 2: logarithmic, 3: double logarithmic)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ShowElement’
     Show element boundaries?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ShowScale’
     Show value scale?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ShowTime’
     Time display mode (0: none, 1: time series, 2: harmonic data, 3:
     automatic, 4: step data, 5: multi-step data, 6: real eigenvalues,
     7: complex eigenvalues)
     Default value: ‘3’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.SmoothNormals’
     Smooth the normals?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Stipple’
     Stipple curves in 2D and line plots?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Tangents’
     Display size of tangent vectors (in pixels)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.TargetError’
     Target representation error for adaptive views
     Default value: ‘0.0001’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.TensorType’
     Tensor display type (1: Von-Mises, 2: maximum eigenvalue, 3:
     minimum eigenvalue, 4: eigenvectors, 5: ellipse, 6: ellipsoid, 7:
     frame (box), 8: frame (vectors))
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.TimeStep’
     Current time step displayed
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.Time’
     Current time displayed (if positive, sets the time step
     corresponding the given time value)
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformXX’
     Element (1,1) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformXY’
     Element (1,2) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformXZ’
     Element (1,3) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformYX’
     Element (2,1) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformYY’
     Element (2,2) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformYZ’
     Element (2,3) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformZX’
     Element (3,1) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformZY’
     Element (3,2) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.TransformZZ’
     Element (3,3) of the 3x3 coordinate transformation matrix
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.Type’
     Type of plot (1: 3D, 2: 2D space, 3: 2D time, 4: 2D)
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.UseGeneralizedRaise’
     Use generalized raise?
     Default value: ‘0’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.VectorType’
     Vector display type (1: segment, 2: arrow, 3: pyramid, 4: 3D arrow,
     5: displacement, 6: comet)
     Default value: ‘4’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Visible’
     Is the view visible?
     Default value: ‘1’
     Saved in: ‘-’

‘View.Width’
     Width (in pixels) of the scale or 2D plot
     Default value: ‘300’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Points’
     Point color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Lines’
     Line color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Triangles’
     Triangle color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Quadrangles’
     Quadrangle color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Tetrahedra’
     Tetrahedron color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Hexahedra’
     Hexahedron color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Prisms’
     Prism color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Pyramids’
     Pyramid color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Trihedra’
     Trihedron color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Tangents’
     Tangent vector color
     Default value: ‘{255,255,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Normals’
     Normal vector color
     Default value: ‘{255,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Text2D’
     2D text color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Text3D’
     3D text color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Axes’
     Axes color
     Default value: ‘{0,0,0}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.Color.Background2D’
     Bacground color for 2D plots
     Default value: ‘{255,255,255}’
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

‘View.ColorTable’
     Color table used to draw the view
     Saved in: ‘General.OptionsFileName’

8 Gmsh mesh size fields
***********************

This chapter lists all the Gmsh mesh size fields (see Specifying mesh
element sizes).  Fields can be specified in script files (see Mesh
element sizes) or using the API (see Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field).
See t10 for an example on how to use fields.

‘AttractorAnisoCurve’
     Compute the distance to the given curves and specify the mesh size
     independently in the direction normal and parallel to the nearest
     curve.  For efficiency each curve is replaced by a set of Sampling
     points, to which the distance is actually computed.

     Options:
     ‘CurvesList’
          Tags of curves in the geometric model
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘DistMax’
          Maxmium distance, above this distance from the curves,
          prescribe the maximum mesh sizes
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.5’
     ‘DistMin’
          Minimum distance, below this distance from the curves,
          prescribe the minimum mesh sizes
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.1’
     ‘Sampling’
          Number of sampling points on each curve
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘SizeMaxNormal’
          Maximum mesh size in the direction normal to the closest curve
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.5’
     ‘SizeMaxTangent’
          Maximum mesh size in the direction tangeant to the closest
          curve
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.5’
     ‘SizeMinNormal’
          Minimum mesh size in the direction normal to the closest curve
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.05’
     ‘SizeMinTangent’
          Minimum mesh size in the direction tangeant to the closest
          curve
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.5’

‘AutomaticMeshSizeField’
     Compute a mesh size field that is quite automatic Takes into
     account surface curvatures and closeness of objects

     Options:
     ‘features’
          Enable computation of local feature size (thin channels)
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘gradation’
          Maximum growth ratio for the edges lengths
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1.1’
     ‘hBulk’
          Default size where it is not prescribed
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘hMax’
          Maximum size
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘hMin’
          Minimum size
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘nPointsPerCircle’
          Number of points per circle (adapt to curvature of surfaces)
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘nPointsPerGap’
          Number of layers of elements in thin layers
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘p4estFileToLoad’
          p4est file containing the size field
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘smoothing’
          Enable size smoothing (should always be true)
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Ball’
     Return VIn inside a spherical ball, and VOut outside.  The ball is
     defined by

     ||dX||^2 < R^2 &&
     dX = (X - XC)^2 + (Y-YC)^2 + (Z-ZC)^2

     If Thickness is > 0, the mesh size is interpolated between VIn and
     VOut in a layer around the ball of the prescribed thickness.

     Options:
     ‘Radius’
          Radius
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Thickness’
          Thickness of a transition layer outside the ball
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘VIn’
          Value inside the ball
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘VOut’
          Value outside the ball
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘XCenter’
          X coordinate of the ball center
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘YCenter’
          Y coordinate of the ball center
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ZCenter’
          Z coordinate of the ball center
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’

‘BoundaryLayer’
     Insert a 2D boundary layer mesh next to some curves in the model.

     Options:
     ‘AnisoMax’
          Threshold angle for creating a mesh fan in the boundary layer
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘10000000000’
     ‘Beta’
          Beta coefficient of the Beta Law
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1.01’
     ‘BetaLaw’
          Use Beta Law instead of geometric progression
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘CurvesList’
          Tags of curves in the geometric model for which a boundary
          layer is needed
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘ExcludedSurfacesList’
          Tags of surfaces in the geometric model where the boundary
          layer should not be constructed
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘FanPointsList’
          Tags of points in the geometric model for which a fan is
          created
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘FanPointsSizesList’
          Number of elements in the fan for each fan point.  If not
          present default value Mesh.BoundaryLayerFanElements
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘IntersectMetrics’
          Intersect metrics of all surfaces
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘NbLayers’
          Number of Layers in theBeta Law
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘10’
     ‘PointsList’
          Tags of points in the geometric model for which a boundary
          layer ends
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘Quads’
          Generate recombined elements in the boundary layer
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Ratio’
          Size ratio between two successive layers
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1.1’
     ‘Size’
          Mesh size normal to the curve
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.1’
     ‘SizeFar’
          Mesh size far from the curves
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘SizesList’
          Mesh size normal to the curve, per point (overwrites Size when
          defined)
          Type: list_double
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘Thickness’
          Maximal thickness of the boundary layer
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.01’

‘Box’
     Return VIn inside the box, and VOut outside.  The box is defined by

     Xmin <= x <= XMax &&
     YMin <= y <= YMax &&
     ZMin <= z <= ZMax

     If Thickness is > 0, the mesh size is interpolated between VIn and
     VOut in a layer around the box of the prescribed thickness.

     Options:
     ‘Thickness’
          Thickness of a transition layer outside the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘VIn’
          Value inside the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘VOut’
          Value outside the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘XMax’
          Maximum X coordinate of the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘XMin’
          Minimum X coordinate of the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘YMax’
          Maximum Y coordinate of the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘YMin’
          Minimum Y coordinate of the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ZMax’
          Maximum Z coordinate of the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ZMin’
          Minimum Z coordinate of the box
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Constant’
     Return VIn when inside the entities (and on their boundary if
     IncludeBoundary is set, and on their embedded entities if
     IncludeEmbedded is set), and VOut outside.

     Options:
     ‘CurvesList’
          Curve tags
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘IncludeBoundary’
          Include the boundary of the entities
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘IncludeEmbedded’
          Include embedded entities
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘PointsList’
          Point tags
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘SurfacesList’
          Surface tags
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘VIn’
          Value inside the entities
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘VOut’
          Value outside the entities
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘VolumesList’
          Volume tags
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’

‘Curvature’
     Compute the curvature of Field[InField]:

     F = div(norm(grad(Field[InField])))

     Options:
     ‘Delta’
          Step of the finite differences
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.0003464101615137755’
     ‘InField’
          Input field tag
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Cylinder’
     Return VIn inside a frustrated cylinder, and VOut outside.  The
     cylinder is defined by

     ||dX||^2 < R^2 &&
     (X-X0).A < ||A||^2
     dX = (X - X0) - ((X - X0).A)/(||A||^2) .  A

     Options:
     ‘Radius’
          Radius
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘VIn’
          Value inside the cylinder
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘VOut’
          Value outside the cylinder
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘XAxis’
          X component of the cylinder axis
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘XCenter’
          X coordinate of the cylinder center
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘YAxis’
          Y component of the cylinder axis
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘YCenter’
          Y coordinate of the cylinder center
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ZAxis’
          Z component of the cylinder axis
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘ZCenter’
          Z coordinate of the cylinder center
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Distance’
     Compute the distance to the given points, curves or surfaces.  For
     efficiency, curves and surfaces are replaced by a set of points
     (sampled according to Sampling), to which the distance is actually
     computed.

     Options:
     ‘CurvesList’
          Tags of curves in the geometric model
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘PointsList’
          Tags of points in the geometric model
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘Sampling’
          Linear (i.e.  per dimension) number of sampling points to
          discretize each curve and surface
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘SurfacesList’
          Tags of surfaces in the geometric model (only OpenCASCADE and
          discrete surfaces are currently supported)
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’

‘Extend’
     Compute an extension of the mesh sizes from the given boundary
     curves (resp.  surfaces) inside the surfaces (resp.  volumes) being
     meshed.  If the mesh size on the boundary, computed as the local
     average length of the edges of the boundary elements, is denoted by
     SizeBnd, the extension is computed as:

     F = f * SizeBnd + (1 - f) * SizeMax, if d < DistMax

     F = SizeMax, if d >= DistMax

     where d denotes the distance to the boundary and f = ((DistMax - d)
     / DistMax)^Power.

     Options:
     ‘CurvesList’
          Tags of curves in the geometric model
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘DistMax’
          Maximum distance of the size extension
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Power’
          Power exponent used to interpolate the mesh size
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘SizeMax’
          Mesh size outside DistMax
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘SurfacesList’
          Tags of surfaces in the geometric model
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’

‘ExternalProcess’
     **This Field is experimental**
     Call an external process that received coordinates triple (x,y,z)
     as binary double precision numbers on stdin and is supposed to
     write the field value on stdout as a binary double precision
     number.
     NaN,NaN,NaN is sent as coordinate to indicate the end of the
     process.

     Example of client (python2):
     import os
     import struct
     import math
     import sys
     if sys.platform == "win32" :
     import msvcrt
     msvcrt.setmode(0, os.O_BINARY)
     msvcrt.setmode(1, os.O_BINARY)
     while(True):
     xyz = struct.unpack("ddd", os.read(0,24))
     if math.isnan(xyz[0]):
     break
     f = 0.001 + xyz[1]*0.009
     os.write(1,struct.pack("d",f))

     Example of client (python3):
     import struct
     import sys
     import math
     while(True):
     xyz = struct.unpack("ddd", sys.stdin.buffer.read(24))
     if math.isnan(xyz[0]):
     break
     f = 0.001 + xyz[1]*0.009
     sys.stdout.buffer.write(struct.pack("d",f))
     sys.stdout.flush()

     Example of client (c, unix):
     #include <unistd.h>
     int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     double xyz[3];
     while(read(STDIN_FILENO, &xyz, 3*sizeof(double)) ==
     3*sizeof(double)) {
     if (xyz[0] != xyz[0]) break; //nan
     double f = 0.001 + 0.009 * xyz[1];
     write(STDOUT_FILENO, &f, sizeof(double));
     }
     return 0;
     }

     Example of client (c, windows):
     #include <stdio.h>
     #include <io.h>
     #include <fcntl.h>
     int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     double xyz[3];
     setmode(fileno(stdin),O_BINARY);
     setmode(fileno(stdout),O_BINARY);
     while(read(fileno(stdin), &xyz, 3*sizeof(double)) ==
     3*sizeof(double)) {
     if (xyz[0] != xyz[0])
     break;
     double f = f = 0.01 + 0.09 * xyz[1];
     write(fileno(stdout), &f, sizeof(double));
     }
     }


     Options:
     ‘CommandLine’
          Command line to launch
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘""’

‘Frustum’
     Interpolate mesh sizes on a extended cylinder frustrum defined by
     inner (R1i and R2i) and outer (R1o and R2o) radii and two endpoints
     P1 and P2.The field value F for a point P is given by :

     u = P1P .  P1P2 / ||P1P2||
     r = || P1P - u*P1P2 ||
     Ri = (1 - u) * R1i + u * R2i
     Ro = (1 - u) * R1o + u * R2o
     v = (r - Ri) / (Ro - Ri)
     F = (1 - v) * ((1 - u) * v1i + u * v2i) + v * ((1 - u) * v1o + u *
     v2o)
     with (u, v) in [0, 1] x [0, 1].

     Options:
     ‘InnerR1’
          Inner radius of Frustum at endpoint 1
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘InnerR2’
          Inner radius of Frustum at endpoint 2
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘InnerV1’
          Mesh size at point 1, inner radius
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.1’
     ‘InnerV2’
          Mesh size at point 2, inner radius
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.1’
     ‘OuterR1’
          Outer radius of Frustum at endpoint 1
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘OuterR2’
          Outer radius of Frustum at endpoint 2
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘OuterV1’
          Mesh size at point 1, outer radius
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘OuterV2’
          Mesh size at point 2, outer radius
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘X1’
          X coordinate of endpoint 1
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X2’
          X coordinate of endpoint 2
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y1’
          Y coordinate of endpoint 1
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y2’
          Y coordinate of endpoint 2
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z1’
          Z coordinate of endpoint 1
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Z2’
          Z coordinate of endpoint 2
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Gradient’
     Compute the finite difference gradient of Field[InField]:

     F = (Field[InField](X + Delta/2) - Field[InField](X - Delta/2)) /
     Delta

     Options:
     ‘Delta’
          Finite difference step
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.0003464101615137755’
     ‘InField’
          Input field tag
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Kind’
          Component of the gradient to evaluate: 0 for X, 1 for Y, 2 for
          Z, 3 for the norm
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘3’

‘IntersectAniso’
     Take the intersection of 2 anisotropic fields according to Alauzet.

     Options:
     ‘FieldsList’
          Field indices
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’

‘Laplacian’
     Compute finite difference the Laplacian of Field[InField]:

     F = G(x+d,y,z) + G(x-d,y,z) +
     G(x,y+d,z) + G(x,y-d,z) +
     G(x,y,z+d) + G(x,y,z-d) - 6 * G(x,y,z),

     where G = Field[InField] and d = Delta.

     Options:
     ‘Delta’
          Finite difference step
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.0003464101615137755’
     ‘InField’
          Input field tag
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’

‘LonLat’
     Evaluate Field[InField] in geographic coordinates (longitude,
     latitude):

     F = Field[InField](atan(y / x), asin(z / sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + z^2))

     Options:
     ‘FromStereo’
          If = 1, the mesh is in stereographic coordinates: xi =
          2Rx/(R+z), eta = 2Ry/(R+z)
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘InField’
          Tag of the field to evaluate
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘RadiusStereo’
          Radius of the sphere of the stereograpic coordinates
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘6371000’

‘MathEval’
     Evaluate a mathematical expression.  The expression can contain x,
     y, z for spatial coordinates, F0, F1, ...  for field values, and
     mathematical functions.

     Options:
     ‘F’
          Mathematical function to evaluate.
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘"F2 + Sin(z)"’

‘MathEvalAniso’
     Evaluate a metric expression.  The expressions can contain x, y, z
     for spatial coordinates, F0, F1, ...  for field values, and
     mathematical functions.

     Options:
     ‘M11’
          Element 11 of the metric tensor
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘"F2 + Sin(z)"’
     ‘M12’
          Element 12 of the metric tensor
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘"F2 + Sin(z)"’
     ‘M13’
          Element 13 of the metric tensor
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘"F2 + Sin(z)"’
     ‘M22’
          Element 22 of the metric tensor
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘"F2 + Sin(z)"’
     ‘M23’
          Element 23 of the metric tensor
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘"F2 + Sin(z)"’
     ‘M33’
          Element 33 of the metric tensor
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘"F2 + Sin(z)"’

‘Max’
     Take the maximum value of a list of fields.

     Options:
     ‘FieldsList’
          Field indices
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’

‘MaxEigenHessian’
     Compute the maximum eigenvalue of the Hessian matrix of
     Field[InField], with the gradients evaluated by finite differences:

     F = max(eig(grad(grad(Field[InField]))))

     Options:
     ‘Delta’
          Step used for the finite differences
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.0003464101615137755’
     ‘InField’
          Input field tag
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Mean’
     Return the mean value

     F = (G(x + delta, y, z) + G(x - delta, y, z) +
     G(x, y + delta, z) + G(x, y - delta, z) +
     G(x, y, z + delta) + G(x, y, z - delta) +
     G(x, y, z)) / 7,

     where G = Field[InField].

     Options:
     ‘Delta’
          Distance used to compute the mean value
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.0003464101615137755’
     ‘InField’
          Input field tag
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Min’
     Take the minimum value of a list of fields.

     Options:
     ‘FieldsList’
          Field indices
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’

‘MinAniso’
     Take the intersection of a list of possibly anisotropic fields.

     Options:
     ‘FieldsList’
          Field indices
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’

‘Octree’
     Pre compute another field on an octree to speed-up evalution.

     Options:
     ‘InField’
          Id of the field to represent on the octree
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Param’
     Evaluate Field[InField] in parametric coordinates:

     F = Field[InField](FX,FY,FZ)

     See the MathEval Field help to get a description of valid FX, FY
     and FZ expressions.

     Options:
     ‘FX’
          X component of parametric function
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘FY’
          Y component of parametric function
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘FZ’
          Z component of parametric function
          Type: string
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘InField’
          Input field tag
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’

‘PostView’
     Evaluate the post processing view with index ViewIndex, or with tag
     ViewTag if ViewTag is positive.

     Options:
     ‘CropNegativeValues’
          return MAX_LC instead of a negative value (this option is
          needed for backward compatibility with the BackgroundMesh
          option
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘UseClosest’
          Use value at closest node if no exact match is found
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘ViewIndex’
          Post-processing view index
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ViewTag’
          Post-processing view tag
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Restrict’
     Restrict the application of a field to a given list of geometrical
     points, curves, surfaces or volumes (as well as their boundaries if
     IncludeBoundary is set, and their embedded entities if
     IncludeEmbedded is set).

     Options:
     ‘CurvesList’
          Curve tags
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘InField’
          Input field tag
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘IncludeBoundary’
          Include the boundary of the entities
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘IncludeEmbedded’
          Include embedded entities
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘PointsList’
          Point tags
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘SurfacesList’
          Surface tags
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’
     ‘VolumesList’
          Volume tags
          Type: list
          Default value: ‘{}’

‘Structured’
     Linearly interpolate between data provided on a 3D rectangular
     structured grid.

     The format of the input file is:

     Ox Oy Oz
     Dx Dy Dz
     nx ny nz
     v(0,0,0) v(0,0,1) v(0,0,2) ...
     v(0,1,0) v(0,1,1) v(0,1,2) ...
     v(0,2,0) v(0,2,1) v(0,2,2) ...
     ...  ...  ...
     v(1,0,0) ...  ...

     where O are the coordinates of the first node, D are the distances
     between nodes in each direction, n are the numbers of nodes in each
     direction, and v are the values on each node.

     Options:
     ‘FileName’
          Name of the input file
          Type: path
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘OutsideValue’
          Value of the field outside the grid (only used if the
          "SetOutsideValue" option is true).
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1e+22’
     ‘SetOutsideValue’
          True to use the "OutsideValue" option.  If False, the last
          values of the grid are used.
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘TextFormat’
          True for ASCII input files, false for binary files (4 bite
          signed integers for n, double precision floating points for v,
          D and O)
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Threshold’
     Return F = SizeMin if Field[InField] <= DistMin, F = SizeMax if
     Field[InField] >= DistMax, and the interpolation between SizeMin
     and SizeMax if DistMin < Field[InField] < DistMax.

     Options:
     ‘DistMax’
          Value after which the mesh size will be SizeMax
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘10’
     ‘DistMin’
          Value up to which the mesh size will be SizeMin
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘InField’
          Tag of the field computing the input value, usually a distance
          Type: integer
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Sigmoid’
          True to interpolate between SizeMin and SizeMax using a
          sigmoid, false to interpolate linearly
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘SizeMax’
          Mesh size when value > DistMax
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘SizeMin’
          Mesh size when value < DistMin
          Type: float
          Default value: ‘0.1’
     ‘StopAtDistMax’
          True to not impose mesh size outside DistMax (i.e., F = a very
          big value if Field[InField] > DistMax)
          Type: boolean
          Default value: ‘0’

9 Gmsh plugins
**************

This chapter lists all the plugins that are bundled in the official Gmsh
distribution.  Plugins are available in the GUI (by right-clicking on a
view button, or by clicking on the black arrow next to the view button,
and then selecting the 'Plugin' submenu), in the scripting language (see
Post-processing scripting commands) and in the API (see Namespace
gmsh/plugin).  See t9 for an example on how to use plugins.

‘Plugin(AnalyseMeshQuality)’
     Plugin(AnalyseMeshQuality) analyses the quality of the elements of
     a given dimension in the current model.  Depending on the input
     parameters it computes the minimum of the Jacobian determinant (J),
     the IGE quality measure (Inverse Gradient Error) and/or the ICN
     quality measure (Condition Number).  Statistics are printed and, if
     requested, a model-based post-processing view is created for each
     quality measure.  The plugin can optionally hide elements by
     comparing the measure to a prescribed threshold.

     J is faster to compute but gives information only on element
     validity while the other measures also give information on element
     quality.  The IGE measure is related to the error on the gradient
     of the finite element solution.  It is the scaled Jacobian for
     quads and hexes and a new measure for triangles and tetrahedra.
     The ICN measure is related to the condition number of the stiffness
     matrix.  (See the article "Efficient computation of the minimum of
     shape quality measures on curvilinear finite elements" for
     details.)

     Parameters:

     - 'JacobianDeterminant': compute J?

     - 'IGEMeasure': compute IGE?

     - 'ICNMeasure': compute ICN?

     - 'HidingThreshold': hide all elements for which min(mu) is
     strictly greater than (if 'ThresholdGreater' == 1) or less than (if
     'ThresholdGreater' == 0) the threshold, where mu is ICN if
     'ICNMeasure' == 1, IGE if 'IGEMeasure' == 1 or min(J)/max(J) if
     'JacobianDeterminant' == 1.

     - 'CreateView': create a model-based view of min(J)/max(J),
     min(IGE) and/or min(ICN)?

     - 'Recompute': force recomputation (set to 1 if the mesh has
     changed).

     - 'DimensionOfElements': analyse elements of the given dimension if
     equal to 1, 2 or 3; analyse 2D and 3D elements if equal to 4; or
     analyse elements of the highest dimension if equal to -1.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘JacobianDeterminant’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘IGEMeasure’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ICNMeasure’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘HidingThreshold’
          Default value: ‘99’
     ‘ThresholdGreater’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘CreateView’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Recompute’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘DimensionOfElements’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Annotate)’
     Plugin(Annotate) adds the text string 'Text', in font 'Font' and
     size 'FontSize', in the view 'View'.  The string is aligned
     according to 'Align'.

     If 'ThreeD' is equal to 1, the plugin inserts the string in model
     coordinates at the position ('X','Y','Z'). If 'ThreeD' is equal to
     0, the plugin inserts the string in screen coordinates at the
     position ('X','Y').

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Annotate) is executed in-place for list-based datasets or
     creates a new list-based view for other datasets.  String options:
     ‘Text’
          Default value: ‘"My Text"’
     ‘Font’
          Default value: ‘"Helvetica"’
     ‘Align’
          Default value: ‘"Left"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘X’
          Default value: ‘50’
     ‘Y’
          Default value: ‘30’
     ‘Z’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ThreeD’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘FontSize’
          Default value: ‘14’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(BoundaryAngles)’
     Plugin(BoundaryAngles) computes the (interior) angles between the
     line elements on the boundary of all surfaces.  The angles,
     computed modulo 2*Pi, are stored in a new post-processing view, one
     for each surface.  The plugin currently only works for planar
     surfaces.Available options:- Visible (1=True, 0 = False, Default =
     1): Visibility of the Views in the GUI - Save (1=True, 0 = False,
     Default = 0): Save the Views on disk ?- Remove (1=True, 0 = False,
     Default = 0): Remove the View from the memory after execution?-
     Filename (Default = 'Angles_Surface'): Root name for the Views (in
     case of save / Visibility)- Dir (Default = "): Output directory
     (possibly nested) String options:
     ‘Filename’
          Default value: ‘"Angles_Surface"’
     ‘Dir’
          Default value: ‘""’
     Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Save’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Visible’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Remove’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(BoundaryLayer)’
     Plugin(BoundaryLayer) performs magic.  String options:
     ‘Volumes’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Surfaces’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Curves’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Points’
          Default value: ‘""’
     Numeric options:
     ‘Thickness’
          Default value: ‘0.01’
     ‘Size’
          Default value: ‘0.001’
     ‘Ratio’
          Default value: ‘1.2’

‘Plugin(Bubbles)’
     Plugin(Bubbles) constructs a geometry consisting of 'bubbles'
     inscribed in the Voronoi of an input triangulation.  'ShrinkFactor'
     allows to change the size of the bubbles.  The plugin expects a
     triangulation in the 'z = 0' plane to exist in the current model.

     Plugin(Bubbles) creates one '.geo' file.  String options:
     ‘OutputFile’
          Default value: ‘"bubbles.geo"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘ShrinkFactor’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(Crack)’
     Plugin(Crack) creates a crack around the orientable, manifold
     physical group 'PhysicalGroup' of dimension 'Dimension' (1 or 2),
     embedded in a mesh of dimension 'Dimension' + 1.The plugin
     duplicates the nodes and the elements on the crack and stores them
     in a new discrete curve ('Dimension' = 1) or surface ('Dimension' =
     2).  The elements touching the crack on the positive side are
     modified to use the newly generated nodes.If
     'OpenBoundaryPhysicalGroup' is given (> 0), its nodes are
     duplicated and the crack will be left open on that (part of the)
     boundary.  Otherwise, the lips of the crack are sealed, i.e., its
     nodes are not duplicated.  For 1D cracks, 'NormalX', 'NormalY' and
     'NormalZ' provide the reference normal of the surface in which the
     crack is supposed to be embedded.  If 'NewPhysicalGroup' is
     positive, use it as the tag of the newly created curve or surface;
     otherwise use 'PhysicalGroup'.  If 'SwapOrientation' is set to 1,
     the orientation of the duplicated elements on the crack is
     reversed.  Numeric options:
     ‘Dimension’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘PhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘OpenBoundaryPhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘NormalX’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘NormalY’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘NormalZ’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘NewPhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘DebugView’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘SwapOrientation’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(Curl)’
     Plugin(Curl) computes the curl of the field in the view 'View'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Curl) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(CurvedBndDist)’
     Plugin(CurvedBndDist) ...

‘Plugin(CutBox)’
     Plugin(CutBox) cuts the view 'View' with a rectangular box defined
     by the 4 points ('X0','Y0','Z0') (origin), ('X1','Y1','Z1') (axis
     of U), ('X2','Y2','Z2') (axis of V) and ('X3','Y3','Z3') (axis of
     W).

     The number of points along U, V, W is set with the options
     'NumPointsU', 'NumPointsV' and 'NumPointsW'.

     If 'ConnectPoints' is zero, the plugin creates points; otherwise,
     the plugin generates hexahedra, quadrangles, lines or points
     depending on the values of 'NumPointsU', 'NumPointsV' and
     'NumPointsW'.

     If 'Boundary' is zero, the plugin interpolates the view inside the
     box; otherwise the plugin interpolates the view at its boundary.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(CutBox) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric options:
     ‘X0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X1’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Y1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y2’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Z2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X3’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y3’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z3’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘NumPointsU’
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘NumPointsV’
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘NumPointsW’
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘ConnectPoints’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Boundary’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(CutGrid)’
     Plugin(CutGrid) cuts the view 'View' with a rectangular grid
     defined by the 3 points ('X0','Y0','Z0') (origin), ('X1','Y1','Z1')
     (axis of U) and ('X2','Y2','Z2') (axis of V).

     The number of points along U and V is set with the options
     'NumPointsU' and 'NumPointsV'.

     If 'ConnectPoints' is zero, the plugin creates points; otherwise,
     the plugin generates quadrangles, lines or points depending on the
     values of 'NumPointsU' and 'NumPointsV'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(CutGrid) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric options:
     ‘X0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X1’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Y1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y2’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Z2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘NumPointsU’
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘NumPointsV’
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘ConnectPoints’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(CutMesh)’
     Plugin(CutMesh) cuts the mesh of the current GModel with the zero
     value of the levelset defined with the view 'View'.Sub-elements are
     created in the new model (polygons in 2D and polyhedra in 3D) and
     border elements are created on the zero-levelset.

     If 'Split' is nonzero, the plugin splits the meshalong the edges of
     the cut elements in the positive side.

     If 'SaveTri' is nonzero, the sub-elements are saved as simplices.

     Plugin(CutMesh) creates one new GModel.  Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Split’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘SaveTri’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(CutParametric)’
     Plugin(CutParametric) cuts the view 'View' with the parametric
     function ('X'(u,v), 'Y'(u,v), 'Z'(u,v)), using 'NumPointsU' values
     of the parameter u in ['MinU', 'MaxU'] and 'NumPointsV' values of
     the parameter v in ['MinV', 'MaxV'].

     If 'ConnectPoints' is set, the plugin creates surface or line
     elements; otherwise, the plugin generates points.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(CutParametric) creates one new list-based view.  String
     options:
     ‘X’
          Default value: ‘"2 * Cos(u) * Sin(v)"’
     ‘Y’
          Default value: ‘"4 * Sin(u) * Sin(v)"’
     ‘Z’
          Default value: ‘"0.1 + 0.5 * Cos(v)"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘MinU’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘MaxU’
          Default value: ‘6.2832’
     ‘NumPointsU’
          Default value: ‘180’
     ‘MinV’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘MaxV’
          Default value: ‘6.2832’
     ‘NumPointsV’
          Default value: ‘180’
     ‘ConnectPoints’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(CutPlane)’
     Plugin(CutPlane) cuts the view 'View' with the plane 'A'*X + 'B'*Y
     + 'C'*Z + 'D' = 0.

     If 'ExtractVolume' is nonzero, the plugin extracts the elements on
     one side of the plane (depending on the sign of 'ExtractVolume').

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.  If 'Visible'
     = 1, the plugin only cuts visible entities.

     Plugin(CutPlane) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric options:
     ‘A’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘B’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘C’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘D’
          Default value: ‘-0.01’
     ‘ExtractVolume’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘RecurLevel’
          Default value: ‘3’
     ‘TargetError’
          Default value: ‘0.0001’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Visible’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(CutSphere)’
     Plugin(CutSphere) cuts the view 'View' with the sphere (X-'Xc')^2 +
     (Y-'Yc')^2 + (Z-'Zc')^2 = 'R'^2.

     If 'ExtractVolume' is nonzero, the plugin extracts the elements
     inside (if 'ExtractVolume' < 0) or outside (if 'ExtractVolume' > 0)
     the sphere.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.  If 'Visible'
     = 1, the plugin only cuts visible entities.

     Plugin(CutSphere) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘Xc’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Yc’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Zc’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘R’
          Default value: ‘0.25’
     ‘ExtractVolume’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘RecurLevel’
          Default value: ‘3’
     ‘TargetError’
          Default value: ‘0.0001’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Visible’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(DiscretizationError)’
     Plugin(DiscretizationError) computes the error between the mesh and
     the geometry.  It does so by supersampling the elements and
     computing the distance between the supersampled points dans their
     projection on the geometry.  Numeric options:
     ‘SuperSamplingNodes’
          Default value: ‘10’

‘Plugin(Distance)’
     Plugin(Distance) computes distances to entities in a mesh.

     If 'PhysicalPoint', 'PhysicalLine' and 'PhysicalSurface' are 0, the
     distance is computed to all the boundaries.  Otherwise the distance
     is computed to the given physical group.

     If 'DistanceType' is 0, the plugin computes the geometrical
     Euclidean distance using the naive O(N^2) algorithm.  If
     'DistanceType' > 0, the plugin computes an approximate distance by
     solving a PDE with a diffusion constant equal to 'DistanceType'
     time the maximum size of the bounding box of the mesh as in
     [Legrand et al.  2006].

     Positive 'MinScale' and 'MaxScale' scale the distance function.

     Plugin(Distance) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric options:
     ‘PhysicalPoint’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘PhysicalLine’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘PhysicalSurface’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘DistanceType’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘MinScale’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘MaxScale’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(Divergence)’
     Plugin(Divergence) computes the divergence of the field in the view
     'View'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Divergence) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Eigenvalues)’
     Plugin(Eigenvalues) computes the three real eigenvalues of each
     tensor in the view 'View'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Eigenvalues) creates three new list-based scalar views.
     Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Eigenvectors)’
     Plugin(Eigenvectors) computes the three (right) eigenvectors of
     each tensor in the view 'View' and sorts them according to the
     value of the associated eigenvalues.

     If 'ScaleByEigenvalues' is set, each eigenvector is scaled by its
     associated eigenvalue.  The plugin gives an error if the
     eigenvectors are complex.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Eigenvectors) creates three new list-based vector view.
     Numeric options:
     ‘ScaleByEigenvalues’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(ExtractEdges)’
     Plugin(ExtractEdges) extracts sharp edges from a triangular mesh.

     Plugin(ExtractEdges) creates one new view.  Numeric options:
     ‘Angle’
          Default value: ‘40’
     ‘IncludeBoundary’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(ExtractElements)’
     Plugin(ExtractElements) extracts some elements from the view
     'View'.  If 'MinVal' != 'MaxVal', it extracts the elements whose
     'TimeStep'-th values (averaged by element) are comprised between
     'MinVal' and 'MaxVal'.  If 'Visible' != 0, it extracts visible
     elements.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(ExtractElements) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘MinVal’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘MaxVal’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘TimeStep’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Visible’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Dimension’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(FieldFromAmplitudePhase)’
     Plugin(FieldFromAmplitudePhase) builds a complex field 'u' from
     amplitude 'a' (complex) and phase 'phi' given in two different
     'Views' u = a * exp(k*phi), with k the wavenumber.

     The result is to be interpolated in a sufficiently fine mesh:
     'MeshFile'.

     Plugin(FieldFromAmplitudePhase) generates one new view.  String
     options:
     ‘MeshFile’
          Default value: ‘"fine.msh"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘Wavenumber’
          Default value: ‘5’
     ‘AmplitudeView’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘PhaseView’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(GaussPoints)’
     Given an input mesh, Plugin(GaussPoints) creates a list-based view
     containing the Gauss points for a given polynomial 'Order'.

     If 'PhysicalGroup' is nonzero, the plugin only creates points for
     the elements belonging to the group.  Numeric options:
     ‘Order’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Dimension’
          Default value: ‘2’
     ‘PhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(Gradient)’
     Plugin(Gradient) computes the gradient of the field in the view
     'View'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Gradient) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(HarmonicToTime)’
     Plugin(HarmonicToTime) takes the values in the time steps
     'RealPart' and 'ImaginaryPart' of the view 'View', and creates a
     new view containing

     'View'['RealPart'] * cos(p) +- 'View'['ImaginaryPart'] * sin(p)
     with
     p = 2*Pi*k/'NumSteps', k = 0, ..., 'NumSteps'-1
     and 'NumSteps' the total number of time steps
     over 'NumPeriods' periods at frequency 'Frequency' [Hz].
     The '+' sign is used if 'TimeSign'>0, the '-' sign otherwise.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(HarmonicToTime) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘RealPart’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ImaginaryPart’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘NumSteps’
          Default value: ‘20’
     ‘TimeSign’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Frequency’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘NumPeriods’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(HomologyComputation)’
     Plugin(HomologyComputation) computes representative chains of basis
     elements of (relative) homology and cohomology spaces.

     Define physical groups in order to specify the computation domain
     and the relative subdomain.  Otherwise the whole mesh is the domain
     and the relative subdomain is empty.

     Plugin(HomologyComputation) creates new views, one for each basis
     element.  If 'Filename' is provided, the plugin saves the resulting
     basis chains of desired dimension along with the mesh.  String
     options:
     ‘DomainPhysicalGroups’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘SubdomainPhysicalGroups’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘ReductionImmunePhysicalGroups’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘DimensionOfChainsToSave’
          Default value: ‘"0, 1, 2, 3"’
     ‘Filename’
          Default value: ‘""’
     Numeric options:
     ‘ComputeHomology’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘ComputeCohomology’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘HomologyPhysicalGroupsBegin’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘CohomologyPhysicalGroupsBegin’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘CreatePostProcessingViews’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘ReductionOmit’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘ReductionCombine’
          Default value: ‘3’
     ‘PostProcessSimplify’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘ReductionHeuristic’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(HomologyPostProcessing)’
     Plugin(HomologyPostProcessing) operates on representative basis
     chains of homology and cohomology spaces.  Functionality:

     1.  (co)homology basis transformation:
     'TransformationMatrix': Integer matrix of the transformation.
     'PhysicalGroupsOfOperatedChains': (Co)chains of a (co)homology
     space basis to be transformed.
     Results a new (co)chain basis that is an integer combination of the
     given basis.

     2.  Make basis representations of a homology space and a cohomology
     space compatible:
     'PhysicalGroupsOfOperatedChains': Chains of a homology space basis.
     'PhysicalGroupsOfOperatedChains2': Cochains of a cohomology space
     basis.
     Results a new basis for the homology space such that the incidence
     matrix of the new basis and the basis of the cohomology space is
     the identity matrix.

     Options:
     'PhysicalGroupsToTraceResults': Trace the resulting (co)chains to
     the given physical groups.
     'PhysicalGroupsToProjectResults': Project the resulting (co)chains
     to the complement of the given physical groups.
     'NameForResultChains': Post-processing view name prefix for the
     results.
     'ApplyBoundaryOperatorToResults': Apply boundary operator to the
     resulting chains.

     String options:
     ‘TransformationMatrix’
          Default value: ‘"1, 0; 0, 1"’
     ‘PhysicalGroupsOfOperatedChains’
          Default value: ‘"1, 2"’
     ‘PhysicalGroupsOfOperatedChains2’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘PhysicalGroupsToTraceResults’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘PhysicalGroupsToProjectResults’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘NameForResultChains’
          Default value: ‘"c"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘ApplyBoundaryOperatorToResults’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(Integrate)’
     Plugin(Integrate) integrates a scalar field over all the elements
     of the view 'View' (if 'Dimension' < 0), or over all elements of
     the prescribed dimension (if 'Dimension' > 0).  If the field is a
     vector field, the circulation/flux of the field over line/surface
     elements is calculated.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     If 'OverTime' = i > -1 , the plugin integrates the scalar view over
     time (using the trapezoidal rule) instead of over space, starting
     at step i.  If 'Visible' = 1, the plugin only integrates over
     visible entities.

     Plugin(Integrate) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OverTime’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Dimension’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Visible’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(Invisible)’
     Plugin(Invisible) deletes (if 'DeleteElements' is set) or reverses
     (if 'ReverseElements' is set) all the invisible elements in the
     current model.  If the bounding box defined by 'XMin' < x < 'XMax,
     'YMin' < y < 'YMax and 'ZMin' < z < 'ZMax' is not empty, mark all
     elements outside or inside (if 'Inside' is set) the bounding box as
     invisible prior to deleting or inverting the elements.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘DeleteElements’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘ReverseElements’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘XMin’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘YMin’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ZMin’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘XMax’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘YMax’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ZMax’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Inside’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(Isosurface)’
     Plugin(Isosurface) extracts the isosurface of value 'Value' from
     the view 'View', and draws the 'OtherTimeStep'-th step of the view
     'OtherView' on this isosurface.

     If 'ExtractVolume' is nonzero, the plugin extracts the isovolume
     with values greater (if 'ExtractVolume' > 0) or smaller (if
     'ExtractVolume' < 0) than the isosurface 'Value'.

     If 'OtherTimeStep' < 0, the plugin uses, for each time step in
     'View', the corresponding time step in 'OtherView'.  If 'OtherView'
     < 0, the plugin uses 'View' as the value source.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.  If 'Visible'
     = 1, the plugin only cuts visible entities.

     Plugin(Isosurface) creates as many list-based views as there are
     time steps in 'View'.  Numeric options:
     ‘Value’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ExtractVolume’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘RecurLevel’
          Default value: ‘3’
     ‘TargetError’
          Default value: ‘0.0001’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OtherTimeStep’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OtherView’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Visible’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(Lambda2)’
     Plugin(Lambda2) computes the eigenvalues Lambda(1,2,3) of the
     tensor (S_ik S_kj + Om_ik Om_kj), where S_ij = 0.5 (ui,j + uj,i)
     and Om_ij = 0.5 (ui,j - uj,i) are respectively the symmetric and
     antisymmetric parts of the velocity gradient tensor.

     Vortices are well represented by regions where Lambda(2) is
     negative.

     If 'View' contains tensor elements, the plugin directly uses the
     tensors as the values of the velocity gradient tensor; if 'View'
     contains vector elements, the plugin uses them as the velocities
     from which to derive the velocity gradient tensor.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Lambda2) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric options:
     ‘Eigenvalue’
          Default value: ‘2’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(LongitudeLatitude)’
     Plugin(LongituteLatitude) projects the view 'View' in
     longitude-latitude.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(LongituteLatitude) is executed in place.  Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(MakeSimplex)’
     Plugin(MakeSimplex) decomposes all non-simplectic elements
     (quadrangles, prisms, hexahedra, pyramids) in the view 'View' into
     simplices (triangles, tetrahedra).

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(MakeSimplex) is executed in-place.  Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(MathEval)’
     Plugin(MathEval) creates a new view using data from the time step
     'TimeStep' in the view 'View'.

     If only 'Expression0' is given (and 'Expression1', ...,
     'Expression8' are all empty), the plugin creates a scalar view.  If
     'Expression0', 'Expression1' and/or 'Expression2' are given (and
     'Expression3', ..., 'Expression8' are all empty) the plugin creates
     a vector view.  Otherwise the plugin creates a tensor view.

     In addition to the usual mathematical functions (Exp, Log, Sqrt,
     Sin, Cos, Fabs, etc.)  and operators (+, -, *, /, ^), all
     expressions can contain:

     - the symbols v0, v1, v2, ..., vn, which represent the n components
     in 'View';

     - the symbols w0, w1, w2, ..., wn, which represent the n components
     of 'OtherView', at time step 'OtherTimeStep';

     - the symbols x, y and z, which represent the three spatial
     coordinates.

     If 'TimeStep' < 0, the plugin extracts data from all the time steps
     in the view.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(MathEval) creates one new view.If 'PhysicalGroup' < 0, the
     plugin is run on all physical regions.If 'Dimension' > 0, only
     search for elements of the given dimension.

     Plugin(MathEval) creates one new list-based view.  String options:
     ‘Expression0’
          Default value: ‘"Sqrt(v0^2+v1^2+v2^2)"’
     ‘Expression1’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression2’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression3’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression4’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression5’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression6’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression7’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression8’
          Default value: ‘""’
     Numeric options:
     ‘TimeStep’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OtherTimeStep’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OtherView’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘ForceInterpolation’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘PhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Dimension’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(MeshSizeFieldView)’
     Plugin(MeshSizeFieldView) evaluates the mesh size field
     'MeshSizeField' on specified 'Component' (0 for scalar) of the
     post-processing view 'View'.  Numeric options:
     ‘MeshSizeField’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Component’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(MeshSubEntities)’
     Plugin(MeshSubEntities) creates mesh elements for the entities of
     dimension 'OutputDimension' (0 for vertices, 1 for edges, 2 for
     faces) of the 'InputPhysicalGroup' of dimension 'InputDimension'.
     The plugin creates new elements belonging to 'OutputPhysicalGroup'.
     Numeric options:
     ‘InputDimension’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘InputPhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘OuputDimension’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘OuputPhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘2000’

‘Plugin(MeshVolume)’
     Plugin(MeshVolume) computes the volume of the mesh.

     Only the elements in the physical group 'PhysicalGroup' of
     dimension 'Dimension' are taken into account, unless
     'PhysicalGroup' is negative, in which case all the elements of the
     given 'Dimension' are considered.  If 'Dimension' is negative, all
     the elements are considered.

     Plugin(MeshVolume) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘PhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘Dimension’
          Default value: ‘3’

‘Plugin(MinMax)’
     Plugin(MinMax) computes the min/max of a view.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.  If
     'OverTime' = 1, the plugin calculates the min/max over space and
     time.  If 'Argument' = 1, the plugin calculates the min/max and the
     argmin/argmax.  If 'Visible' = 1, the plugin is only applied to
     visible entities.

     Plugin(MinMax) creates two new list-based views.  Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OverTime’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Argument’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Visible’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(ModifyComponents)’
     Plugin(ModifyComponents) modifies the components of the
     'TimeStep'-th time step in the view 'View', using the expressions
     provided in 'Expression0', ..., 'Expression8'.  If an expression is
     empty, the corresponding component in the view is not modified.

     The expressions can contain:

     - the usual mathematical functions (Log, Sqrt, Sin, Cos, Fabs, ...)
     and operators (+, -, *, /, ^);

     - the symbols x, y and z, to retrieve the coordinates of the
     current node;

     - the symbols Time and TimeStep, to retrieve the current time and
     time step values;

     - the symbols v0, v1, v2, ..., v8, to retrieve each component of
     the field in 'View' at the 'TimeStep'-th time step;

     - the symbols w0, w1, w2, ..., w8, to retrieve each component of
     the field in 'OtherView' at the 'OtherTimeStep'-th time step.  If
     'OtherView' and 'View' are based on different spatial grids, or if
     their data types are different, 'OtherView' is interpolated onto
     'View'.

     If 'TimeStep' < 0, the plugin automatically loops over all the time
     steps in 'View' and evaluates the expressions for each one.

     If 'OtherTimeStep' < 0, the plugin uses 'TimeStep' instead.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     If 'OtherView' < 0, the plugin uses 'View' instead.

     Plugin(ModifyComponents) is executed in-place.  String options:
     ‘Expression0’
          Default value: ‘"v0 * Sin(x)"’
     ‘Expression1’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression2’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression3’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression4’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression5’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression6’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression7’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘Expression8’
          Default value: ‘""’
     Numeric options:
     ‘TimeStep’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OtherTimeStep’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OtherView’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘ForceInterpolation’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(ModulusPhase)’
     Plugin(ModulusPhase) interprets the time steps 'realPart' and
     'imaginaryPart' in the view 'View' as the real and imaginary parts
     of a complex field and replaces them with their corresponding
     modulus and phase.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(ModulusPhase) is executed in-place.  Numeric options:
     ‘RealPart’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ImaginaryPart’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(NearToFarField)’
     Plugin(NearToFarField) computes the far field pattern from the near
     electric E and magnetic H fields on a surface enclosing the
     radiating device (antenna).

     Parameters: the wavenumber, the angular discretisation (phi in [0,
     2*Pi] and theta in [0, Pi]) of the far field sphere and the indices
     of the views containing the complex-valued E and H fields.  If
     'Normalize' is set, the far field is normalized to 1.  If 'dB' is
     set, the far field is computed in dB. If 'NegativeTime' is set, E
     and H are assumed to have exp(-iwt) time dependency; otherwise they
     are assume to have exp(+iwt) time dependency.  If
     'MatlabOutputFile' is given the raw far field data is also exported
     in Matlab format.

     Plugin(NearToFarField) creates one new view.  String options:
     ‘MatlabOutputFile’
          Default value: ‘"farfield.m"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘Wavenumber’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘PhiStart’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘PhiEnd’
          Default value: ‘6.28319’
     ‘NumPointsPhi’
          Default value: ‘60’
     ‘ThetaStart’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ThetaEnd’
          Default value: ‘3.14159’
     ‘NumPointsTheta’
          Default value: ‘30’
     ‘EView’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘HView’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Normalize’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘dB’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘NegativeTime’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘RFar’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(NearestNeighbor)’
     Plugin(NearestNeighbor) computes the distance from each point in
     'View' to its nearest neighbor.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(NearestNeighbor) is executed in-place.  Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(NewView)’
     Plugin(NewView) creates a new model-based view from the current
     mesh, with 'NumComp' field components, set to value 'Value'.

     If 'ViewTag' is positive, force that tag for the created view.  The
     view type is determined by 'Type' (NodeData or ElementData).  In
     the case of an ElementData type, the view can be restricted to a
     specific physical group with a positive 'PhysicalGroup'.  String
     options:
     ‘Type’
          Default value: ‘"NodeData"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘NumComp’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Value’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ViewTag’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘PhysicalGroup’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Particles)’
     Plugin(Particles) computes the trajectory of particules in the
     force field given by the 'TimeStep'-th time step of a vector view
     'View'.

     The plugin takes as input a grid defined by the 3 points
     ('X0','Y0','Z0') (origin), ('X1','Y1','Z1') (axis of U) and
     ('X2','Y2','Z2') (axis of V).

     The number of particles along U and V that are to be transported is
     set with the options 'NumPointsU' and 'NumPointsV'. The equation

     A2 * d^2X(t)/dt^2 + A1 * dX(t)/dt + A0 * X(t) = F

     is then solved with the initial conditions X(t=0) chosen as the
     grid, dX/dt(t=0)=0, and with F interpolated from the vector view.

     Time stepping is done using a Newmark scheme with step size 'DT'
     and 'MaxIter' maximum number of iterations.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Particles) creates one new list-based view containing
     multi-step vector points.  Numeric options:
     ‘X0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X1’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Y1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y2’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Z2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘NumPointsU’
          Default value: ‘10’
     ‘NumPointsV’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘A2’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘A1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘A0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘DT’
          Default value: ‘0.1’
     ‘MaxIter’
          Default value: ‘100’
     ‘TimeStep’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Probe)’
     Plugin(Probe) gets the value of the view 'View' at the point
     ('X','Y','Z').

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Probe) creates one new view.  Numeric options:
     ‘X’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Remove)’
     Plugin(Remove) removes the marked items from the list-based view
     'View'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Remove) is executed in-place.  Numeric options:
     ‘Text2D’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Text3D’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Points’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Lines’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Triangles’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Quadrangles’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Tetrahedra’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Hexahedra’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Prisms’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Pyramids’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Scalar’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Vector’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Tensor’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Scal2Tens)’
     Plugin(Scal2Tens) converts some scalar fields into a tensor field.
     The number of components must be given (max.  9).  The new view
     'NameNewView' contains the new tensor field.  If the number of a
     view is -1, the value of the corresponding component is 0.  String
     options:
     ‘NameNewView’
          Default value: ‘"NewView"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘NumberOfComponents’
          Default value: ‘9’
     ‘View0’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View1’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View2’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View3’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View4’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View5’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View6’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View7’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View8’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Scal2Vec)’
     Plugin(Scal2Vec) converts the scalar fields into a vectorial field.
     The new view 'NameNewView' contains it.  If the number of a view is
     -1, the value of the corresponding component of the vector field is
     0.  String options:
     ‘NameNewView’
          Default value: ‘"NewView"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘ViewX’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘ViewY’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘ViewZ’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(ShowNeighborElements)’
     Plugin(ShowNeighborElements) sets visible some elements and a layer
     of elements around them, the other being set invisible.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘NumLayers’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Element1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Element2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Element3’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Element4’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Element5’
          Default value: ‘0’

‘Plugin(SimplePartition)’
     Plugin(SimplePartition) partitions the current mesh into
     'NumSlicesX', 'NumSlicesY' and 'NumSlicesZ' slices along the X-, Y-
     and Z-axis, respectively.  The distribution of these slices is
     governed by 'MappingX', 'MappingY' and 'MappingZ', where 't' is a
     normalized absissa along each direction.  (Setting 'MappingX' to
     't' will thus lead to equidistant slices along the X-axis.)  String
     options:
     ‘MappingX’
          Default value: ‘"t"’
     ‘MappingY’
          Default value: ‘"t"’
     ‘MappingZ’
          Default value: ‘"t"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘NumSlicesX’
          Default value: ‘4’
     ‘NumSlicesY’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘NumSlicesZ’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(Skin)’
     Plugin(Skin) extracts the boundary (skin) of the current mesh (if
     'FromMesh' = 1), or from the the view 'View' (in which case it
     creates a new view).  If 'View' < 0 and 'FromMesh' = 0, the plugin
     is run on the current view.
     If 'Visible' is set, the plugin only extracts the skin of visible
     entities.  Numeric options:
     ‘Visible’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘FromMesh’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Smooth)’
     Plugin(Smooth) averages the values at the nodes of the view 'View'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Smooth) is executed in-place.  Numeric options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(SpanningTree)’
     Plugin(SpanningTree) builds a tree spanning every vertex of a mesh
     and stores it directly in the model.
     The tree is constructed by starting first on the curves, then on
     the surfaces and finally on the volumes.

     Parameters
     - PhysicalVolumes: list of the physical volumes upon which the tree
     must be built.
     - PhysicalSurfaces: list of the physical surfaces upon which the
     tree must be built.
     - PhysicalCurves: list of the physical curves upon which the tree
     must be built.
     - OutputPhysical: physical tag of the generated tree (-1 will
     select a new tag automatically).

     Note - Lists must be comma separated integers and spaces are
     ignored.
     Remark - This plugin does not overwrite a physical group.Therefore,
     if an existing physical tag is used in OutputPhysical, the edges of
     the tree will be /added/ to the specified group.  String options:
     ‘PhysicalVolumes’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘PhysicalSurfaces’
          Default value: ‘""’
     ‘PhysicalCurves’
          Default value: ‘""’
     Numeric options:
     ‘OutputPhysical’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(SphericalRaise)’
     Plugin(SphericalRaise) transforms the coordinates of the elements
     in the view 'View' using the values associated with the
     'TimeStep'-th time step.

     Instead of elevating the nodes along the X, Y and Z axes as with
     the View['View'].RaiseX, View['View'].RaiseY and
     View['View'].RaiseZ options, the raise is applied along the radius
     of a sphere centered at ('Xc', 'Yc', 'Zc').

     To produce a standard radiation pattern, set 'Offset' to minus the
     radius of the sphere the original data lives on.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(SphericalRaise) is executed in-place.  Numeric options:
     ‘Xc’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Yc’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Zc’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Raise’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Offset’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘TimeStep’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(StreamLines)’
     Plugin(StreamLines) computes stream lines from the 'TimeStep'-th
     time step of a vector view 'View' and optionally interpolates the
     scalar view 'OtherView' on the resulting stream lines.

     The plugin takes as input a grid defined by the 3 points
     ('X0','Y0','Z0') (origin), ('X1','Y1','Z1') (axis of U) and
     ('X2','Y2','Z2') (axis of V).

     The number of points along U and V that are to be transported is
     set with the options 'NumPointsU' and 'NumPointsV'. The equation

     dX(t)/dt = V(x,y,z)

     is then solved with the initial condition X(t=0) chosen as the grid
     and with V(x,y,z) interpolated on the vector view.

     The time stepping scheme is a RK44 with step size 'DT' and
     'MaxIter' maximum number of iterations.

     If 'TimeStep' < 0, the plugin tries to compute streamlines of the
     unsteady flow.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(StreamLines) creates one new list-based view.  This view
     contains multi-step vector points if 'OtherView' < 0, or
     single-step scalar lines if 'OtherView' >= 0.  Numeric options:
     ‘X0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z0’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X1’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Y1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Z1’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘X2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Y2’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Z2’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘NumPointsU’
          Default value: ‘10’
     ‘NumPointsV’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘DT’
          Default value: ‘0.1’
     ‘MaxIter’
          Default value: ‘100’
     ‘TimeStep’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OtherView’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Summation)’
     Plugin(Summation) sums every time steps of 'Reference View' and
     (every) 'Other View X'and store the result in a new view.
     If 'View 0' < 0 then the current view is selected.
     If 'View 1...8' < 0 then this view is skipped.
     Views can have different number of time steps
     Warning: the Plugin assume that every views sharethe same mesh and
     that meshes do not move between time steps!  String options:
     ‘Resuling View Name’
          Default value: ‘"default"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘View 0’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View 1’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View 2’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View 3’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View 4’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View 5’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View 6’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘View 7’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Tetrahedralize)’
     Plugin(Tetrahedralize) tetrahedralizes the points in the view
     'View'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Tetrahedralize) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Transform)’
     Plugin(Transform) transforms the homogeneous node coordinates
     (x,y,z,1) of the elements in the view 'View' by the matrix

     ['A11' 'A12' 'A13' 'Tx']
     ['A21' 'A22' 'A23' 'Ty']
     ['A31' 'A32' 'A33' 'Tz'].

     If 'SwapOrientation' is set, the orientation of the elements is
     reversed.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Transform) is executed in-place.  Numeric options:
     ‘A11’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘A12’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘A13’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘A21’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘A22’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘A23’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘A31’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘A32’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘A33’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘Tx’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Ty’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘Tz’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘SwapOrientation’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(Triangulate)’
     Plugin(Triangulate) triangulates the points in the view 'View',
     assuming that all the points belong to a surface that can be
     projected one-to-one onto a plane.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     Plugin(Triangulate) creates one new list-based view.  Numeric
     options:
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’

‘Plugin(VoroMetal)’
     Plugin(VoroMetal) creates microstructures using Voronoi diagrams.

     String options:
     ‘SeedsFile’
          Default value: ‘"seeds.txt"’
     Numeric options:
     ‘ComputeBestSeeds’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘ComputeMicrostructure’
          Default value: ‘1’

‘Plugin(Warp)’
     Plugin(Warp) transforms the elements in the view 'View' by adding
     to their node coordinates the vector field stored in the
     'TimeStep'-th time step of the view 'OtherView', scaled by
     'Factor'.

     If 'View' < 0, the plugin is run on the current view.

     If 'OtherView' < 0, the vector field is taken as the field of
     surface normals multiplied by the 'TimeStep' value in 'View'.  (The
     smoothing of the surface normals is controlled by the
     'SmoothingAngle' parameter.)

     Plugin(Warp) is executed in-place.  Numeric options:
     ‘Factor’
          Default value: ‘1’
     ‘TimeStep’
          Default value: ‘0’
     ‘SmoothingAngle’
          Default value: ‘180’
     ‘View’
          Default value: ‘-1’
     ‘OtherView’
          Default value: ‘-1’

10 Gmsh file formats
********************

This chapter describes Gmsh's native "MSH" file format, used to store
meshes and associated post-processing datasets.  The MSH format exists
in two flavors: ASCII and binary.  The format has a version number that
is independent of Gmsh's main version number.

(Remember that for small post-processing datasets you can also use
human-readable "parsed" post-processing views, as described in
Post-processing scripting commands.  Such "parsed" views do not require
an underlying mesh, and can therefore be easier to use in some cases.)

10.1 MSH file format
====================

The MSH file format version 4 (current revision: version 4.1) contains
one mandatory section giving information about the file (‘$MeshFormat’),
followed by several optional sections defining the physical group names
(‘$PhysicalName’), the elementary model entities (‘$Entities’), the
partitioned entities (‘$PartitionedEntities’), the nodes (‘$Nodes’), the
elements (‘$Elements’), the periodicity relations (‘$Periodic’), the
ghost elements (‘$GhostElements’), the parametrizations
(‘$Parametrizations’) and the post-processing datasets (‘$NodeData’,
‘$ElementData’, ‘$ElementNodeData’).  The sections reflect the
underlying Gmsh data model: ‘$Entities’ store the boundary
representation of the model geometrical entities, ‘$Nodes’ and
‘$Elements’ store mesh data classified on these entities, and
‘$NodeData’, ‘$ElementData’, ‘$ElementNodeData’ store post-processing
data (views).  (See Gmsh application programming interface and Source
code structure for a more detailed description of the internal Gmsh data
model.)

To represent a simple mesh, the minimal sections that should be present
in the file are ‘$MeshFormat’, ‘$Nodes’ and ‘$Elements’.  Nodes are
assumed to be defined before elements.  To represent a mesh with the
full topology (BRep) of the model and associated physical groups, an
‘$Entities’ section should be present before the ‘$Nodes’ section.
Sections can be repeated in the same file, and post-processing sections
can be put into separate files (e.g.  one file per time step).  Any
section with an unrecognized header is stored by default as a model
attribute: you can thus e.g.  add comments in a ‘.msh’ file by putting
them inside a ‘$Comments’/‘$EndComments’ section.  Unrocognized sections
can be ignored altogether if the ‘Mesh.IgnoreUnknownSections’ option is
set.

All the node, element, entity and physical group tags (their global
identification numbers) should be strictly positive.  (Tag ‘0’ is
reserved for internal use.)  Important note about efficiency: tags can
be "sparse", i.e., do not have to constitute a continuous list of
numbers (the format even allows them to not be ordered).  However, using
sparse node or element tags can lead to performance degradation.  For
meshes, sparse indexing can(1) (see MSH file format-Footnote-1) force
Gmsh to use a map instead of a vector to access nodes and elements.  The
performance hit is on speed.  For post-processing datasets, which always
use vectors to access data, the performance hit is on memory.  A
‘$NodeData’ with two nodes, tagged 1 and 1000000, will allocate a
(mostly empty) vector of 1000000 elements.  By default, for
non-partitioned, single file meshes, Gmsh will create files with a
continuous ordering of node and element tags, starting at 1.  Detecting
if the numbering is continuous can be done easily when reading a file by
inspecting ‘numNodes’, ‘minNodeTag’ and ‘maxNodeTag’ in the ‘$Nodes’
section; and ‘numElements’, ‘minElementTag’ and ‘maxElementTag’ in the
‘$Elements’ section.

In binary mode (‘Mesh.Binary=1’ or ‘-bin’ on the command line), all the
numerical values (integer and floating point) not marked as ASCII in the
format description below are written in binary form, using the type
given between parentheses.  The block structure of the ‘$Nodes’ and
‘$Elements’ sections allows to read integer and floating point data in
each block in a single step (e.g.  using ‘fread’ in C).

The format is defined as follows:

     $MeshFormat // same as MSH version 2
       version(ASCII double; currently 4.1)
         file-type(ASCII int; 0 for ASCII mode, 1 for binary mode)
         data-size(ASCII int; sizeof(size_t))
       < int with value one; only in binary mode, to detect endianness >
     $EndMeshFormat

     $PhysicalNames // same as MSH version 2
       numPhysicalNames(ASCII int)
       dimension(ASCII int) physicalTag(ASCII int) "name"(127 characters max)
       ...
     $EndPhysicalNames

     $Entities
       numPoints(size_t) numCurves(size_t)
         numSurfaces(size_t) numVolumes(size_t)
       pointTag(int) X(double) Y(double) Z(double)
         numPhysicalTags(size_t) physicalTag(int) ...
       ...
       curveTag(int) minX(double) minY(double) minZ(double)
         maxX(double) maxY(double) maxZ(double)
         numPhysicalTags(size_t) physicalTag(int) ...
         numBoundingPoints(size_t) pointTag(int; sign encodes orientation) ...
       ...
       surfaceTag(int) minX(double) minY(double) minZ(double)
         maxX(double) maxY(double) maxZ(double)
         numPhysicalTags(size_t) physicalTag(int) ...
         numBoundingCurves(size_t) curveTag(int; sign encodes orientation) ...
       ...
       volumeTag(int) minX(double) minY(double) minZ(double)
         maxX(double) maxY(double) maxZ(double)
         numPhysicalTags(size_t) physicalTag(int) ...
         numBoundngSurfaces(size_t) surfaceTag(int; sign encodes orientation) ...
       ...
     $EndEntities

     $PartitionedEntities
       numPartitions(size_t)
       numGhostEntities(size_t)
         ghostEntityTag(int) partition(int)
         ...
       numPoints(size_t) numCurves(size_t)
         numSurfaces(size_t) numVolumes(size_t)
       pointTag(int) parentDim(int) parentTag(int)
         numPartitions(size_t) partitionTag(int) ...
         X(double) Y(double) Z(double)
         numPhysicalTags(size_t) physicalTag(int) ...
       ...
       curveTag(int) parentDim(int) parentTag(int)
         numPartitions(size_t) partitionTag(int) ...
         minX(double) minY(double) minZ(double)
         maxX(double) maxY(double) maxZ(double)
         numPhysicalTags(size_t) physicalTag(int) ...
         numBoundingPoints(size_t) pointTag(int) ...
       ...
       surfaceTag(int) parentDim(int) parentTag(int)
         numPartitions(size_t) partitionTag(int) ...
         minX(double) minY(double) minZ(double)
         maxX(double) maxY(double) maxZ(double)
         numPhysicalTags(size_t) physicalTag(int) ...
         numBoundingCurves(size_t) curveTag(int) ...
       ...
       volumeTag(int) parentDim(int) parentTag(int)
         numPartitions(size_t) partitionTag(int) ...
         minX(double) minY(double) minZ(double)
         maxX(double) maxY(double) maxZ(double)
         numPhysicalTags(size_t) physicalTag(int) ...
         numBoundingSurfaces(size_t) surfaceTag(int) ...
       ...
     $EndPartitionedEntities

     $Nodes
       numEntityBlocks(size_t) numNodes(size_t)
         minNodeTag(size_t) maxNodeTag(size_t)
       entityDim(int) entityTag(int) parametric(int; 0 or 1)
         numNodesInBlock(size_t)
         nodeTag(size_t)
         ...
         x(double) y(double) z(double)
            < u(double; if parametric and entityDim >= 1) >
            < v(double; if parametric and entityDim >= 2) >
            < w(double; if parametric and entityDim == 3) >
         ...
       ...
     $EndNodes

     $Elements
       numEntityBlocks(size_t) numElements(size_t)
         minElementTag(size_t) maxElementTag(size_t)
       entityDim(int) entityTag(int) elementType(int; see below)
         numElementsInBlock(size_t)
         elementTag(size_t) nodeTag(size_t) ...
         ...
       ...
     $EndElements

     $Periodic
       numPeriodicLinks(size_t)
       entityDim(int) entityTag(int) entityTagMaster(int)
       numAffine(size_t) value(double) ...
       numCorrespondingNodes(size_t)
         nodeTag(size_t) nodeTagMaster(size_t)
         ...
       ...
     $EndPeriodic

     $GhostElements
       numGhostElements(size_t)
       elementTag(size_t) partitionTag(int)
         numGhostPartitions(size_t) ghostPartitionTag(int) ...
       ...
     $EndGhostElements

     $Parametrizations
       numCurveParam(size_t) numSurfaceParam(size_t)
       curveTag(int) numNodes(size_t)
         nodeX(double) nodeY(double) nodeZ(double) nodeU(double)
         ...
       ...
       surfaceTag(int) numNodes(size_t) numTriangles(size_t)
         nodeX(double) nodeY(double) nodeZ(double)
           nodeU(double) nodeV(double)
           curvMaxX(double) curvMaxY(double) curvMaxZ(double)
           curvMinX(double) curvMinY(double) curvMinZ(double)
         ...
         nodeIndex1(int) nodeIndex2(int) nodeIndex3(int)
         ...
       ...
     $EndParametrizations

     $NodeData
       numStringTags(ASCII int)
       stringTag(string) ...
       numRealTags(ASCII int)
       realTag(ASCII double) ...
       numIntegerTags(ASCII int)
       integerTag(ASCII int) ...
       nodeTag(int) value(double) ...
       ...
     $EndNodeData

     $ElementData
       numStringTags(ASCII int)
       stringTag(string) ...
       numRealTags(ASCII int)
       realTag(ASCII double) ...
       numIntegerTags(ASCII int)
       integerTag(ASCII int) ...
       elementTag(int) value(double) ...
       ...
     $EndElementData

     $ElementNodeData
       numStringTags(ASCII int)
       stringTag(string) ...
       numRealTags(ASCII int)
       realTag(ASCII double) ...
       numIntegerTags(ASCII int)
       integerTag(ASCII int) ...
       elementTag(int) numNodesPerElement(int) value(double) ...
       ...
     $EndElementNodeData

     $InterpolationScheme
       name(string)
       numElementTopologies(ASCII int)
       elementTopology
       numInterpolationMatrices(ASCII int)
       numRows(ASCII int) numColumns(ASCII int) value(ASCII double) ...
     $EndInterpolationScheme

In the format description above, ‘elementType’ is e.g.:
‘1’
     2-node line.
‘2’
     3-node triangle.
‘3’
     4-node quadrangle.
‘4’
     4-node tetrahedron.
‘5’
     8-node hexahedron.
‘6’
     6-node prism.
‘7’
     5-node pyramid.
‘8’
     3-node second order line (2 nodes associated with the vertices and
     1 with the edge).
‘9’
     6-node second order triangle (3 nodes associated with the vertices
     and 3 with the edges).
‘10’
     9-node second order quadrangle (4 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 4 with the edges and 1 with the face).
‘11’
     10-node second order tetrahedron (4 nodes associated with the
     vertices and 6 with the edges).
‘12’
     27-node second order hexahedron (8 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 12 with the edges, 6 with the faces and 1 with the
     volume).
‘13’
     18-node second order prism (6 nodes associated with the vertices, 9
     with the edges and 3 with the quadrangular faces).
‘14’
     14-node second order pyramid (5 nodes associated with the vertices,
     8 with the edges and 1 with the quadrangular face).
‘15’
     1-node point.
‘16’
     8-node second order quadrangle (4 nodes associated with the
     vertices and 4 with the edges).
‘17’
     20-node second order hexahedron (8 nodes associated with the
     vertices and 12 with the edges).
‘18’
     15-node second order prism (6 nodes associated with the vertices
     and 9 with the edges).
‘19’
     13-node second order pyramid (5 nodes associated with the vertices
     and 8 with the edges).
‘20’
     9-node third order incomplete triangle (3 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 6 with the edges)
‘21’
     10-node third order triangle (3 nodes associated with the vertices,
     6 with the edges, 1 with the face)
‘22’
     12-node fourth order incomplete triangle (3 nodes associated with
     the vertices, 9 with the edges)
‘23’
     15-node fourth order triangle (3 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 9 with the edges, 3 with the face)
‘24’
     15-node fifth order incomplete triangle (3 nodes associated with
     the vertices, 12 with the edges)
‘25’
     21-node fifth order complete triangle (3 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 12 with the edges, 6 with the face)
‘26’
     4-node third order edge (2 nodes associated with the vertices, 2
     internal to the edge)
‘27’
     5-node fourth order edge (2 nodes associated with the vertices, 3
     internal to the edge)
‘28’
     6-node fifth order edge (2 nodes associated with the vertices, 4
     internal to the edge)
‘29’
     20-node third order tetrahedron (4 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 12 with the edges, 4 with the faces)
‘30’
     35-node fourth order tetrahedron (4 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 18 with the edges, 12 with the faces, 1 in the volume)
‘31’
     56-node fifth order tetrahedron (4 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 24 with the edges, 24 with the faces, 4 in the volume)
‘92’
     64-node third order hexahedron (8 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 24 with the edges, 24 with the faces, 8 in the volume)
‘93’
     125-node fourth order hexahedron (8 nodes associated with the
     vertices, 36 with the edges, 54 with the faces, 27 in the volume)
‘...’
All the currently supported elements in the format are defined in
GmshDefines.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/common/GmshDefines.h).
See Node ordering for the ordering of the nodes.

The post-processing sections (‘$NodeData’, ‘$ElementData’,
‘$ElementNodeData’) can contain ‘numStringTags’ string tags,
‘numRealTags’ real value tags and ‘numIntegerTags’ integer tags.  The
default set of tags understood by Gmsh is as follows:
‘stringTag’
     The first is interpreted as the name of the post-processing view
     and the second as the name of the interpolation scheme, as provided
     in the ‘$InterpolationScheme’ section.
‘realTag’
     The first is interpreted as a time value associated with the
     dataset.
‘integerTag’
     The first is interpreted as a time step index (starting at 0), the
     second as the number of field components of the data in the view
     (1, 3 or 9), the third as the number of entities (nodes or
     elements) in the view, and the fourth as the partition index for
     the view data (0 for no partition).

In the ‘$InterpolationScheme’ section:
‘numElementTopologies’
     is the number of element topologies for which interpolation
     matrices are provided.
‘elementTopology’
     is the id tag of a given element topology: 1 for points, 2 for
     lines, 3 for triangles, 4 for quadrangles, 5 for tetrahedra, 6 for
     pyramids, 7 for prisms, 8 for hexahedra, 9 for polygons and 10 for
     polyhedra.
‘numInterpolationMatrices’
     is the number of interpolation matrices provided for the given
     element topology.  Currently you should provide 2 matrices, i.e.,
     the matrices that specify how to interpolate the data (they have
     the same meaning as in Post-processing scripting commands).  The
     matrices are specified by 2 integers (‘numRows’ and ‘numColumns’)
     followed by the values, by row.

Here is a small example of a minimal ASCII MSH4.1 file, with a mesh
consisting of two quadrangles and an associated nodal scalar dataset
(the comments are not part of the actual file):

     $MeshFormat
     4.1 0 8     _MSH4.1, ASCII_
     $EndMeshFormat
     $Nodes
     1 6 1 6     _1 entity bloc, 6 nodes total, min/max node tags: 1 and 6_
     2 1 0 6     _2D entity (surface) 1, no parametric coordinates, 6 nodes_
     1           _  node tag #1_
     2           _  node tag #2_
     3           _  etc._
     4
     5
     6
     0. 0. 0.    _  node #1 coordinates (0., 0., 0.)_
     1. 0. 0.    _  node #2 coordinates (1., 0., 0.)_
     1. 1. 0.    _  etc._
     0. 1. 0.
     2. 0. 0.
     2. 1. 0.
     $EndNodes
     $Elements
     1 2 1 2     _1 entity bloc, 2 elements total, min/max element tags: 1 and 2_
     2 1 3 2     _2D entity (surface) 1, element type 3 (4-node quad), 2 elements_
     1 1 2 3 4   _  quad tag #1, nodes 1 2 3 4_
     2 2 5 6 3   _  quad tag #2, nodes 2 5 6 3_
     $EndElements
     $NodeData
     1           _1 string tag:_
     "My view"   _  the name of the view ("My view")_
     1           _1 real tag:_
     0.0         _  the time value (0.0)_
     3           _3 integer tags:_
     0           _  the time step (0; time steps always start at 0)_
     1           _  1-component (scalar) field_
     6           _  6 associated nodal values_
     1 0.0       _value associated with node #1 (0.0)_
     2 0.1       _value associated with node #2 (0.1)_
     3 0.2       _etc._
     4 0.0
     5 0.2
     6 0.4
     $EndNodeData

The 4.1 revision of the format includes the following modifications with
respect to the initial 4.0 version:
   • All the ‘unsigned long’ entries have been changed to ‘size_t’.  All
     the entries designating counts which were previously encoded as
     ‘int’ have also been changed to ‘size_t’.  (This only impacts
     binary files.)
   • The ‘$Entities’ section is now optional.
   • Integer and floating point data in the ‘$Nodes’ section is not
     mixed anymore: all the tags are given first, followed by all the
     coordinates.
   • The bounding box for point entities has been replaced simply by the
     3 coordinates of the point (instead of the six bounding box
     values).
   • The ‘entityDim’ and ‘entityTag’ values have been switched in the
     ‘$Nodes’ and ‘$Elements’ sections (for consistency with the
     ordering used elsewhere in the file and in the Gmsh application
     programming interface).
   • The minimum and the maximum tag of nodes (resp.  elements) have
     been added in the header of the ‘$Nodes’ (resp.  ‘$Elements’)
     section, to facilitate the detection of sparse or dense numberings
     when reading the file.
   • The ‘$Periodic’ section has been changed to always provide the
     number of values in the affine transform (which can be zero, if the
     transform is not provided).

The following changes are foreseen in a future revision of the MSH
format:
   • The ‘$GhostElements’, ‘$NodeData’, ‘$ElementData’ and
     ‘$ElementNodeData’ will be reworked for greater IO efficiency, with
     separation of entries by type and a block structure with
     predictable sizes.
   • Node and element tags in ‘$NodeData’, ‘$ElementData’ and
     ‘$ElementNodeData’ will be switched to ‘size_t’.

   (1) If the numbering is not too sparse, Gmsh will still use a vector.

10.2 Node ordering
==================

Historically, Gmsh first supported linear elements (lines, triangles,
quadrangles, tetrahedra, prisms and hexahedra).  Then, support for
second and some third order elements has been added.  Below we
distinguish such "low order elements", which are hardcoded (i.e.  they
are explicitly defined in the code), and general "high-order elements",
that have been coded in a more general fashion, theoretically valid for
any order.

10.2.1 Low order elements
-------------------------

For all mesh and post-processing file formats, the reference elements
are defined as follows.

     Line:                  Line3:           Line4:

           v
           ^
           |
           |
     0-----+-----1 --> u    0----2----1      0---2---3---1

     Triangle:               Triangle6:          Triangle9/10:

     v
     ^
     |
     2                       2                    2
     |`\                     |`\                  | \
     |  `\                   |  `\                7   6
     |    `\                 5    `4              |     \
     |      `\               |      `\            8  (9)  5
     |        `\             |        `\          |         \
     0----------1--> u       0-----3----1         0---3---4---1

     Triangle12/15:

      v
      ^
      |
      2
      | \
      9   8
      |     \
     10 (14)  7
      |         \
     11 (12) (13) 6
      |             \
      0---3---4---5---1--> u

     Quadrangle:            Quadrangle8:            Quadrangle9:

           v
           ^
           |
     3-----------2          3-----6-----2           3-----6-----2
     |     |     |          |           |           |           |
     |     |     |          |           |           |           |
     |     +---- | --> u    7           5           7     8     5
     |           |          |           |           |           |
     |           |          |           |           |           |
     0-----------1          0-----4-----1           0-----4-----1

     Tetrahedron:                          Tetrahedron10:

                        v
                      .
                    ,/
                   /
                2                                     2
              ,/|`\                                 ,/|`\
            ,/  |  `\                             ,/  |  `\
          ,/    '.   `\                         ,6    '.   `5
        ,/       |     `\                     ,/       8     `\
      ,/         |       `\                 ,/         |       `\
     0-----------'.--------1 --> u         0--------4--'.--------1
      `\.         |      ,/                 `\.         |      ,/
         `\.      |    ,/                      `\.      |    ,9
            `\.   '. ,/                           `7.   '. ,/
               `\. |/                                `\. |/
                  `3                                    `3
                     `\.
                        ` w

     Hexahedron:             Hexahedron20:          Hexahedron27:

            v
     3----------2            3----13----2           3----13----2
     |\     ^   |\           |\         |\          |\         |\
     | \    |   | \          | 15       | 14        |15    24  | 14
     |  \   |   |  \         9  \       11 \        9  \ 20    11 \
     |   7------+---6        |   7----19+---6       |   7----19+---6
     |   |  +-- |-- | -> u   |   |      |   |       |22 |  26  | 23|
     0---+---\--1   |        0---+-8----1   |       0---+-8----1   |
      \  |    \  \  |         \  17      \  18       \ 17    25 \  18
       \ |     \  \ |         10 |        12|        10 |  21    12|
        \|      w  \|           \|         \|          \|         \|
         4----------5            4----16----5           4----16----5

     Prism:                      Prism15:               Prism18:

                w
                ^
                |
                3                       3                      3
              ,/|`\                   ,/|`\                  ,/|`\
            ,/  |  `\               12  |  13              12  |  13
          ,/    |    `\           ,/    |    `\          ,/    |    `\
         4------+------5         4------14-----5        4------14-----5
         |      |      |         |      8      |        |      8      |
         |    ,/|`\    |         |      |      |        |    ,/|`\    |
         |  ,/  |  `\  |         |      |      |        |  15  |  16  |
         |,/    |    `\|         |      |      |        |,/    |    `\|
        ,|      |      |\        10     |      11       10-----17-----11
      ,/ |      0      | `\      |      0      |        |      0      |
     u   |    ,/ `\    |    v    |    ,/ `\    |        |    ,/ `\    |
         |  ,/     `\  |         |  ,6     `7  |        |  ,6     `7  |
         |,/         `\|         |,/         `\|        |,/         `\|
         1-------------2         1------9------2        1------9------2

     Pyramid:                     Pyramid13:

                    4                            4
                  ,/|\                         ,/|\
                ,/ .'|\                      ,/ .'|\
              ,/   | | \                   ,/   | | \
            ,/    .' | `.                ,/    .' | `.
          ,/      |  '.  \             ,7      |  12  \
        ,/       .' w |   \          ,/       .'   |   \
      ,/         |  ^ |    \       ,/         9    |    11
     0----------.'--|-3    `.     0--------6-.'----3    `.
      `\        |   |  `\    \      `\        |      `\    \
        `\     .'   +----`\ - \ -> v  `5     .'        10   \
          `\   |    `\     `\  \        `\   |           `\  \
            `\.'      `\     `\`          `\.'             `\`
               1----------------2            1--------8-------2
                         `\
                            u

     Pyramid14:

                    4
                  ,/|\
                ,/ .'|\
              ,/   | | \
            ,/    .' | `.
          ,7      |  12  \
        ,/       .'   |   \
      ,/         9    |    11
     0--------6-.'----3    `.
       `\        |      `\    \
         `5     .' 13     10   \
           `\   |           `\  \
             `\.'             `\`
                1--------8-------2
                         `\
                            u

10.2.2 High-order elements
--------------------------

The node ordering of a higher order (possibly curved) element is
compatible with the numbering of low order element (it is a
generalization).  We number nodes in the following order:
   - the element principal or corner vertices;
   - the internal nodes for each edge;
   - the internal nodes for each face;
   - the volume internal nodes.

The numbering for internal nodes is recursive, i.e.  the numbering
follows that of the nodes of an embedded edge/face/volume of lower
order.  The higher order nodes are assumed to be equispaced.  Edges and
faces are numbered following the lowest order template that generates a
single high-order on this edge/face.  Furthermore, an edge is oriented
from the node with the lowest to the highest index.  The orientation of
a face is such that the computed normal points outward; the starting
point is the node with the lowest index.

10.3 Legacy formats
===================

This section describes Gmsh's older native file formats.  Future
versions of Gmsh will continue to support these formats, but we
recommend that you do not use them in new applications.

10.3.1 MSH file format version 2 (Legacy)
-----------------------------------------

The MSH file format version 2 is Gmsh's previous native mesh file
format, now superseded by the format described in MSH file format.  It
is defined as follows:

     $MeshFormat
     VERSION-NUMBER FILE-TYPE DATA-SIZE
     $EndMeshFormat
     $PhysicalNames
     NUMBER-OF-NAMES
     PHYSICAL-DIMENSION PHYSICAL-TAG "PHYSICAL-NAME"
     ...
     $EndPhysicalNames
     $Nodes
     NUMBER-OF-NODES
     NODE-NUMBER X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD
     ...
     $EndNodes
     $Elements
     NUMBER-OF-ELEMENTS
     ELM-NUMBER ELM-TYPE NUMBER-OF-TAGS < TAG > ... NODE-NUMBER-LIST
     ...
     $EndElements
     $Periodic
     NUMBER-OF-PERIODIC-ENTITIES
     DIMENSION ENTITY-TAG MASTER-ENTITY-TAG
     <Affine VALUE ...>
     NUMBER-OF-NODES
     NODE-NUMBER MASTER-NODE-NUMBER
     ...
     $EndPeriodic
     $NodeData
     NUMBER-OF-STRING-TAGS
     < "STRING-TAG" >
     ...
     NUMBER-OF-REAL-TAGS
     < REAL-TAG >
     ...
     NUMBER-OF-INTEGER-TAGS
     < INTEGER-TAG >
     ...
     NODE-NUMBER VALUE ...
     ...
     $EndNodeData
     $ElementData
     NUMBER-OF-STRING-TAGS
     < "STRING-TAG" >
     ...
     NUMBER-OF-REAL-TAGS
     < REAL-TAG >
     ...
     NUMBER-OF-INTEGER-TAGS
     < INTEGER-TAG >
     ...
     ELM-NUMBER VALUE ...
     ...
     $EndElementData
     $ElementNodeData
     NUMBER-OF-STRING-TAGS
     < "STRING-TAG" >
     ...
     NUMBER-OF-REAL-TAGS
     < REAL-TAG >
     ...
     NUMBER-OF-INTEGER-TAGS
     < INTEGER-TAG >
     ...
     ELM-NUMBER NUMBER-OF-NODES-PER-ELEMENT VALUE ...
     ...
     $EndElementNodeData
     $InterpolationScheme
     "NAME"
     NUMBER-OF-ELEMENT-TOPOLOGIES
     ELM-TOPOLOGY
     NUMBER-OF-INTERPOLATION-MATRICES
     NUM-ROWS NUM-COLUMNS VALUE ...
     ...
     $EndInterpolationScheme

where
‘VERSION-NUMBER’
     is a real number equal to 2.2

‘FILE-TYPE’
     is an integer equal to 0 in the ASCII file format.

‘DATA-SIZE’
     is an integer equal to the size of the floating point numbers used
     in the file (currently only DATA-SIZE = sizeof(double) is
     supported).

‘NUMBER-OF-NODES’
     is the number of nodes in the mesh.

‘NODE-NUMBER’
     is the number (index) of the N-th node in the mesh; NODE-NUMBER
     must be a positive (non-zero) integer.  Note that the NODE-NUMBERs
     do not necessarily have to form a dense nor an ordered sequence.

‘X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD’
     are the floating point values giving the X, Y and Z coordinates of
     the N-th node.

‘NUMBER-OF-ELEMENTS’
     is the number of elements in the mesh.

‘ELM-NUMBER’
     is the number (index) of the N-th element in the mesh; ELM-NUMBER
     must be a positive (non-zero) integer.  Note that the ELM-NUMBERs
     do not necessarily have to form a dense nor an ordered sequence.

‘ELM-TYPE’
     defines the geometrical type of the N-th element: see MSH file
     format.

‘NUMBER-OF-TAGS’
     gives the number of integer tags that follow for the N-th element.
     By default, the first TAG is the tag of the physical entity to
     which the element belongs; the second is the tag of the elementary
     model entity to which the element belongs; the third is the number
     of mesh partitions to which the element belongs, followed by the
     partition ids (negative partition ids indicate ghost cells).  A
     zero tag is equivalent to no tag.  Gmsh and most codes using the
     MSH 2 format require at least the first two tags (physical and
     elementary tags).

‘NODE-NUMBER-LIST’
     is the list of the node numbers of the N-th element.  The ordering
     of the nodes is given in Node ordering.

‘NUMBER-OF-STRING-TAGS’
     gives the number of string tags that follow.  By default the first
     STRING-TAG is interpreted as the name of the post-processing view
     and the second as the name of the interpolation scheme.  The
     interpolation scheme is provided in the ‘$InterpolationScheme’
     section (see below).

‘NUMBER-OF-REAL-TAGS’
     gives the number of real number tags that follow.  By default the
     first REAL-TAG is interpreted as a time value associated with the
     dataset.

‘NUMBER-OF-INTEGER-TAGS’
     gives the number of integer tags that follow.  By default the first
     INTEGER-TAG is interpreted as a time step index (starting at 0),
     the second as the number of field components of the data in the
     view (1, 3 or 9), the third as the number of entities (nodes or
     elements) in the view, and the fourth as the partition index for
     the view data (0 for no partition).

‘NUMBER-OF-NODES-PER-ELEMENTS’
     gives the number of node values for an element in an element-based
     view.

‘VALUE’
     is a real number giving the value associated with a node or an
     element.  For ‘NodeData’ (respectively ‘ElementData’) views, there
     are NCOMP values per node (resp.  per element), where NCOMP is the
     number of field components.  For ‘ElementNodeData’ views, there are
     NCOMP times NUMBER-OF-NODES-PER-ELEMENTS values per element.

‘NUMBER-OF-ELEMENT-TOPOLOGIES’
     is the number of element topologies for which interpolation
     matrices are provided

‘ELM-TOPOLOGY’
     is the id tag of a given element topology: 1 for points, 2 for
     lines, 3 for triangles, 4 for quadrangles, 5 for tetrahedra, 6 for
     pyramids, 7 for prisms, 8 for hexahedra, 9 for polygons and 10 for
     polyhedra.

‘NUMBER-OF-INTERPOLATION-MATRICES’
     is the number of interpolation matrices provided for the element
     topology ELM-TOPOLOGY.  Currently you should provide 2 matrices,
     i.e., the matrices that specify how to interpolate the data (they
     have the same meaning as in Post-processing scripting commands).
     The matrices are specified by 2 integers (NUM-ROWS and NUM-COLUMNS)
     followed by the values.

Below is a small example (a mesh consisting of two quadrangles with an
associated nodal scalar dataset; the comments are not part of the actual
file!):

     $MeshFormat
     2.2 0 8
     $EndMeshFormat
     $Nodes
     6                  _six mesh nodes:_
     1 0.0 0.0 0.0      _  node #1: coordinates (0.0, 0.0, 0.0)_
     2 1.0 0.0 0.0      _  node #2: coordinates (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)_
     3 1.0 1.0 0.0      _  etc._
     4 0.0 1.0 0.0
     5 2.0 0.0 0.0
     6 2.0 1.0 0.0
     $EndNodes
     $Elements
     2                  _two elements:_
     1 3 2 99 2 1 2 3 4 _  quad #1: type 3, phys 99, ent 2, nodes 1 2 3 4_
     2 3 2 99 2 2 5 6 3 _  quad #2: type 3, phys 99, ent 2, nodes 2 5 6 3_
     $EndElements
     $NodeData
     1                  _one string tag:_
     "My view"          _  the name of the view ("My view")_
     1                  _one real tag:_
     0.0                _  the time value (0.0)_
     3                  _three integer tags:_
     0                  _  the time step (0; time steps always start at 0)_
     1                  _  1-component (scalar) field_
     6                  _  six associated nodal values_
     1 0.0              _value associated with node #1 (0.0)_
     2 0.1              _value associated with node #2 (0.1)_
     3 0.2              _etc._
     4 0.0
     5 0.2
     6 0.4
     $EndNodeData

The binary file format is similar to the ASCII format described above:

     $MeshFormat
     VERSION-NUMBER FILE-TYPE DATA-SIZE
     ONE-BINARY
     $EndMeshFormat
     $Nodes
     NUMBER-OF-NODES
     NODES-BINARY
     $EndNodes
     $Elements
     NUMBER-OF-ELEMENTS
     ELEMENT-HEADER-BINARY
     ELEMENTS-BINARY
     ELEMENT-HEADER-BINARY
     ELEMENTS-BINARY
     ...
     $EndElements

     [ All other sections are identical to ASCII, except that
       NODE-NUMBER, ELM-NUMBER, NUMBER-OF-NODES-PER-ELEMENT
       and VALUES are written in binary format. Beware that all the
       $End tags must start on a new line. ]

where
‘VERSION-NUMBER’
     is a real number equal to 2.2.

‘FILE-TYPE’
     is an integer equal to 1.

‘DATA-SIZE’
     has the same meaning as in the ASCII file format.  Currently only
     DATA-SIZE = sizeof(double) is supported.

‘ONE-BINARY’
     is an integer of value 1 written in binary form.  This integer is
     used for detecting if the computer on which the binary file was
     written and the computer on which the file is read are of the same
     type (little or big endian).

     Here is a pseudo C code to write ONE-BINARY:
          int one = 1;
          fwrite(&one, sizeof(int), 1, file);

‘NUMBER-OF-NODES’
     has the same meaning as in the ASCII file format.

‘NODES-BINARY’
     is the list of nodes in binary form, i.e., a array of
     NUMBER-OF-NODES * (4 + 3 * DATA-SIZE) bytes.  For each node, the
     first 4 bytes contain the node number and the next (3 * DATA-SIZE)
     bytes contain the three floating point coordinates.

     Here is a pseudo C code to write NODES-BINARY:
          for(i = 0; i < number_of_nodes; i++){
            fwrite(&num_i, sizeof(int), 1, file);
            double xyz[3] = {node_i_x, node_i_y, node_i_z};
            fwrite(xyz, sizeof(double), 3, file);
          }

‘NUMBER-OF-ELEMENTS’
     has the same meaning as in the ASCII file format.

‘ELEMENT-HEADER-BINARY’
     is a list of 3 integers in binary form, i.e., an array of (3 * 4)
     bytes: the first four bytes contain the type of the elements that
     follow (same as ELM-TYPE in the ASCII format), the next four
     contain the number of elements that follow, and the last four
     contain the number of tags per element (same as NUMBER-OF-TAGS in
     the ASCII format).

     Here is a pseudo C code to write ELEMENT-HEADER-BINARY:
          int header[3] = {elm_type, num_elm_follow, num_tags};
          fwrite(header, sizeof(int), 3, file);

‘ELEMENTS-BINARY’
     is a list of elements in binary form, i.e., an array of "number of
     elements that follow" * (4 + NUMBER-OF-TAGS * 4 + #NODE-NUMBER-LIST
     * 4) bytes.  For each element, the first four bytes contain the
     element number, the next (NUMBER-OF-TAGS * 4) contain the tags, and
     the last (#NODE-NUMBER-LIST * 4) contain the node indices.

     Here is a pseudo C code to write ELEMENTS-BINARY for triangles with
     the 2 standard tags (the physical group and elementary entity):
          for(i = 0; i < number_of_triangles; i++){
            int data[6] = {num_i, physical, elementary,
                           node_i_1, node_i_2, node_i_3};
            fwrite(data, sizeof(int), 6, file);
          }

10.3.2 MSH file format version 1 (Legacy)
-----------------------------------------

The MSH file format version 1 is Gmsh's original native mesh file
format, now superseded by the format described in MSH file format.  It
is defined as follows:

     $NOD
     NUMBER-OF-NODES
     NODE-NUMBER X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD
     ...
     $ENDNOD
     $ELM
     NUMBER-OF-ELEMENTS
     ELM-NUMBER ELM-TYPE REG-PHYS REG-ELEM NUMBER-OF-NODES NODE-NUMBER-LIST
     ...
     $ENDELM

where
‘NUMBER-OF-NODES’
     is the number of nodes in the mesh.

‘NODE-NUMBER’
     is the number (index) of the N-th node in the mesh; NODE-NUMBER
     must be a positive (non-zero) integer.  Note that the NODE-NUMBERs
     do not necessarily have to form a dense nor an ordered sequence.

‘X-COORD Y-COORD Z-COORD’
     are the floating point values giving the X, Y and Z coordinates of
     the N-th node.

‘NUMBER-OF-ELEMENTS’
     is the number of elements in the mesh.

‘ELM-NUMBER’
     is the number (index) of the N-th element in the mesh; ELM-NUMBER
     must be a positive (non-zero) integer.  Note that the ELM-NUMBERs
     do not necessarily have to form a dense nor an ordered sequence.

‘ELM-TYPE’
     defines the geometrical type of the N-th element:
     ‘1’
          2-node line.
     ‘2’
          3-node triangle.
     ‘3’
          4-node quadrangle.
     ‘4’
          4-node tetrahedron.
     ‘5’
          8-node hexahedron.
     ‘6’
          6-node prism.
     ‘7’
          5-node pyramid.
     ‘8’
          3-node second order line (2 nodes associated with the vertices
          and 1 with the edge).
     ‘9’
          6-node second order triangle (3 nodes associated with the
          vertices and 3 with the edges).
     ‘10’
          9-node second order quadrangle (4 nodes associated with the
          vertices, 4 with the edges and 1 with the face).
     ‘11’
          10-node second order tetrahedron (4 nodes associated with the
          vertices and 6 with the edges).
     ‘12’
          27-node second order hexahedron (8 nodes associated with the
          vertices, 12 with the edges, 6 with the faces and 1 with the
          volume).
     ‘13’
          18-node second order prism (6 nodes associated with the
          vertices, 9 with the edges and 3 with the quadrangular faces).
     ‘14’
          14-node second order pyramid (5 nodes associated with the
          vertices, 8 with the edges and 1 with the quadrangular face).
     ‘15’
          1-node point.
     ‘16’
          8-node second order quadrangle (4 nodes associated with the
          vertices and 4 with the edges).
     ‘17’
          20-node second order hexahedron (8 nodes associated with the
          vertices and 12 with the edges).
     ‘18’
          15-node second order prism (6 nodes associated with the
          vertices and 9 with the edges).
     ‘19’
          13-node second order pyramid (5 nodes associated with the
          vertices and 8 with the edges).
     See below for the ordering of the nodes.

‘REG-PHYS’
     is the tag of the physical entity to which the element belongs;
     REG-PHYS must be a positive integer, or zero.  If REG-PHYS is equal
     to zero, the element is considered not to belong to any physical
     entity.

‘REG-ELEM’
     is the tag of the elementary entity to which the element belongs;
     REG-ELEM must be a positive (non-zero) integer.

‘NUMBER-OF-NODES’
     is the number of nodes for the N-th element.  This is redundant,
     but kept for backward compatibility.

‘NODE-NUMBER-LIST’
     is the list of the NUMBER-OF-NODES node numbers of the N-th
     element.  The ordering of the nodes is given in Node ordering.

10.3.3 POS ASCII file format (Legacy)
-------------------------------------

The POS ASCII file is Gmsh's old native post-processing format, now
superseded by the format described in MSH file format.  It is defined as
follows:

     $PostFormat
     1.4 FILE-TYPE DATA-SIZE
     $EndPostFormat
     $View
     VIEW-NAME NB-TIME-STEPS
     NB-SCALAR-POINTS NB-VECTOR-POINTS NB-TENSOR-POINTS
     NB-SCALAR-LINES NB-VECTOR-LINES NB-TENSOR-LINES
     NB-SCALAR-TRIANGLES NB-VECTOR-TRIANGLES NB-TENSOR-TRIANGLES
     NB-SCALAR-QUADRANGLES NB-VECTOR-QUADRANGLES NB-TENSOR-QUADRANGLES
     NB-SCALAR-TETRAHEDRA NB-VECTOR-TETRAHEDRA NB-TENSOR-TETRAHEDRA
     NB-SCALAR-HEXAHEDRA NB-VECTOR-HEXAHEDRA NB-TENSOR-HEXAHEDRA
     NB-SCALAR-PRISMS NB-VECTOR-PRISMS NB-TENSOR-PRISMS
     NB-SCALAR-PYRAMIDS NB-VECTOR-PYRAMIDS NB-TENSOR-PYRAMIDS
     NB-SCALAR-LINES2 NB-VECTOR-LINES2 NB-TENSOR-LINES2
     NB-SCALAR-TRIANGLES2 NB-VECTOR-TRIANGLES2 NB-TENSOR-TRIANGLES2
     NB-SCALAR-QUADRANGLES2 NB-VECTOR-QUADRANGLES2 NB-TENSOR-QUADRANGLES2
     NB-SCALAR-TETRAHEDRA2 NB-VECTOR-TETRAHEDRA2 NB-TENSOR-TETRAHEDRA2
     NB-SCALAR-HEXAHEDRA2 NB-VECTOR-HEXAHEDRA2 NB-TENSOR-HEXAHEDRA2
     NB-SCALAR-PRISMS2 NB-VECTOR-PRISMS2 NB-TENSOR-PRISMS2
     NB-SCALAR-PYRAMIDS2 NB-VECTOR-PYRAMIDS2 NB-TENSOR-PYRAMIDS2
     NB-TEXT2D NB-TEXT2D-CHARS NB-TEXT3D NB-TEXT3D-CHARS
     TIME-STEP-VALUES
     < SCALAR-POINT-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-POINT-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-POINT-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-LINE-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-LINE-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-LINE-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-TRIANGLE-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-TRIANGLE-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-TRIANGLE-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-QUADRANGLE-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-QUADRANGLE-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-QUADRANGLE-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-TETRAHEDRON-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-TETRAHEDRON-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-TETRAHEDRON-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-HEXAHEDRON-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-HEXAHEDRON-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-HEXAHEDRON-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-PRISM-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-PRISM-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-PRISM-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-PYRAMID-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-PYRAMID-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-PYRAMID-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-LINE2-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-LINE2-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-LINE2-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-TRIANGLE2-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-TRIANGLE2-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-TRIANGLE2-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-QUADRANGLE2-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-QUADRANGLE2-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-QUADRANGLE2-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-TETRAHEDRON2-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-TETRAHEDRON2-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-TETRAHEDRON2-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-HEXAHEDRON2-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-HEXAHEDRON2-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-HEXAHEDRON2-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-PRISM2-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-PRISM2-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-PRISM2-VALUE > ...
     < SCALAR-PYRAMID2-VALUE > ... < VECTOR-PYRAMID2-VALUE > ...
         < TENSOR-PYRAMID2-VALUE > ...
     < TEXT2D > ... < TEXT2D-CHARS > ...
     < TEXT3D > ... < TEXT3D-CHARS > ...
     $EndView

where
‘FILE-TYPE’
     is an integer equal to 0 in the ASCII file format.

‘DATA-SIZE’
     is an integer equal to the size of the floating point numbers used
     in the file (usually, DATA-SIZE = sizeof(double)).

‘VIEW-NAME’
     is a string containing the name of the view (max.  256 characters).

‘NB-TIME-STEPS’
     is an integer giving the number of time steps in the view.

‘NB-SCALAR-POINTS’
‘NB-VECTOR-POINTS’
‘...’
     are integers giving the number of scalar points, vector points,
     ..., in the view.

‘NB-TEXT2D’
‘NB-TEXT3D’
     are integers giving the number of 2D and 3D text strings in the
     view.

‘NB-TEXT2D-CHARS’
‘NB-TEXT3D-CHARS’
     are integers giving the total number of characters in the 2D and 3D
     strings.

‘TIME-STEP-VALUES’
     is a list of NB-TIME-STEPS double precision numbers giving the
     value of the time (or any other variable) for which an evolution
     was saved.

‘SCALAR-POINT-VALUE’
‘VECTOR-POINT-VALUE’
‘...’
     are lists of double precision numbers giving the node coordinates
     and the values associated with the nodes of the NB-SCALAR-POINTS
     scalar points, NB-VECTOR-POINTS vector points, ..., for each of the
     TIME-STEP-VALUES.

     For example, VECTOR-TRIANGLE-VALUE is defined as:
          COORD1-NODE1 COORD1-NODE2 COORD1-NODE3
          COORD2-NODE1 COORD2-NODE2 COORD2-NODE3
          COORD3-NODE1 COORD3-NODE2 COORD3-NODE3
          COMP1-NODE1-TIME1 COMP2-NODE1-TIME1 COMP3-NODE1-TIME1
          COMP1-NODE2-TIME1 COMP2-NODE2-TIME1 COMP3-NODE2-TIME1
          COMP1-NODE3-TIME1 COMP2-NODE3-TIME1 COMP3-NODE3-TIME1
          COMP1-NODE1-TIME2 COMP2-NODE1-TIME2 COMP3-NODE1-TIME2
          COMP1-NODE2-TIME2 COMP2-NODE2-TIME2 COMP3-NODE2-TIME2
          COMP1-NODE3-TIME2 COMP2-NODE3-TIME2 COMP3-NODE3-TIME2
          ...

     The ordering of the nodes is given in Node ordering.

‘TEXT2D’
     is a list of 4 double precision numbers:
          COORD1 COORD2 STYLE INDEX
     where COORD1 and COORD2 give the X-Y position of the 2D string in
     screen coordinates (measured from the top-left corner of the
     window) and where INDEX gives the starting index of the string in
     TEXT2D-CHARS.  If COORD1 (respectively COORD2) is negative, the
     position is measured from the right (respectively bottom) edge of
     the window.  If COORD1 (respectively COORD2) is larger than 99999,
     the string is centered horizontally (respectively vertically).  If
     STYLE is equal to zero, the text is aligned bottom-left and
     displayed using the default font and size.  Otherwise, STYLE is
     converted into an integer whose eight lower bits give the font
     size, whose eight next bits select the font (the index corresponds
     to the position in the font menu in the GUI), and whose eight next
     bits define the text alignment (0=bottom-left, 1=bottom-center,
     2=bottom-right, 3=top-left, 4=top-center, 5=top-right,
     6=center-left, 7=center-center, 8=center-right).

‘TEXT2D-CHARS’
     is a list of NB-TEXT2D-CHARS characters.  Substrings are separated
     with the null '‘\0’' character.

‘TEXT3D’
     is a list of 5 double precision numbers
          COORD1 COORD2 COORD3 STYLE INDEX
     where COORD1, COORD2 and COORD3 give the XYZ coordinates of the
     string in model (real world) coordinates, INDEX gives the starting
     index of the string in TEXT3D-CHARS, and STYLE has the same meaning
     as in TEXT2D.

‘TEXT3D-CHARS’
     is a list of NB-TEXT3D-CHARS chars.  Substrings are separated with
     the null '‘\0’' character.

10.3.4 POS binary file format (Legacy)
--------------------------------------

The POS binary file format is the same as the POS ASCII file format
described in POS ASCII file format (Legacy), except that:

  1. FILE-TYPE equals 1.
  2. all lists of floating point numbers and characters are written in
     binary format
  3. there is an additional integer, of value 1, written before
     TIME-STEP-VALUES.  This integer is used for detecting if the
     computer on which the binary file was written and the computer on
     which the file is read are of the same type (little or big endian).

Here is a pseudo C code to write a post-processing file in binary
format:

     int one = 1;

     fprintf(file, "$PostFormat\n");
     fprintf(file, "%g %d %d\n", 1.4, 1, sizeof(double));
     fprintf(file, "$EndPostFormat\n");
     fprintf(file, "$View\n");
     fprintf(file, "%s %d "
       "%d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d "
       "%d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d "
       "%d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d "
       "%d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d "
       "%d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d "
       "%d %d %d %d\n",
       view-name, nb-time-steps,
       nb-scalar-points, nb-vector-points, nb-tensor-points,
       nb-scalar-lines, nb-vector-lines, nb-tensor-lines,
       nb-scalar-triangles, nb-vector-triangles, nb-tensor-triangles,
       nb-scalar-quadrangles, nb-vector-quadrangles, nb-tensor-quadrangles,
       nb-scalar-tetrahedra, nb-vector-tetrahedra, nb-tensor-tetrahedra,
       nb-scalar-hexahedra, nb-vector-hexahedra, nb-tensor-hexahedra,
       nb-scalar-prisms, nb-vector-prisms, nb-tensor-prisms,
       nb-scalar-pyramids, nb-vector-pyramids, nb-tensor-pyramids,
       nb-scalar-lines2, nb-vector-lines2, nb-tensor-lines2,
       nb-scalar-triangles2, nb-vector-triangles2, nb-tensor-triangles2,
       nb-scalar-quadrangles2, nb-vector-quadrangles2,
       nb-tensor-quadrangles2,
       nb-scalar-tetrahedra2, nb-vector-tetrahedra2, nb-tensor-tetrahedra2,
       nb-scalar-hexahedra2, nb-vector-hexahedra2, nb-tensor-hexahedra2,
       nb-scalar-prisms2, nb-vector-prisms2, nb-tensor-prisms2,
       nb-scalar-pyramids2, nb-vector-pyramids2, nb-tensor-pyramids2,
       nb-text2d, nb-text2d-chars, nb-text3d, nb-text3d-chars);
     fwrite(&one, sizeof(int), 1, file);
     fwrite(time-step-values, sizeof(double), nb-time-steps, file);
     fwrite(all-scalar-point-values, sizeof(double), ..., file);
     ...
     fprintf(file, "\n$EndView\n");
In this pseudo-code, ALL-SCALAR-POINT-VALUES is the array of double
precision numbers containing all the SCALAR-POINT-VALUE lists, put one
after each other in order to form a long array of doubles.  The
principle is the same for all other kinds of values.

Appendix A Compiling the source code
************************************

Stable releases and source snapshots are available from
<https://gmsh.info/src/>.  You can also access the Git repository
directly:

  1. The first time you want to download the latest full source, type:

          git clone <https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh.git>

  2. To update your local version to the latest and greatest, go in the
     gmsh directory and type:

          git pull

Once you have the source code, you need to run CMake to configure your
build (see the README.txt
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/README.txt) file in
the top-level source directory for additional information on how to run
CMake, as well as the Gmsh-compilation wiki page
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/wikis/Gmsh-compilation) for more
detailed instructions on how to compile Gmsh, including the compilation
of common dependencies).

Each build can be configured using a series of options, to selectively
enable optional modules or features.  Here is the list of all the
Gmsh-specific CMake options:

‘ENABLE_3M’
     Enable proprietary 3M extension (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_ALGLIB’
     Enable ALGLIB (used by some mesh optimizers) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_ANN’
     Enable ANN (used for fast point search in mesh/post) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_BAMG’
     Enable Bamg 2D anisotropic mesh generator (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_BLAS_LAPACK’
     Enable BLAS/Lapack for linear algebra (if Eigen if disabled)
     (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_BLOSSOM’
     Enable Blossom algorithm (needed for full quad meshing) (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_BUILD_LIB’
     Enable 'lib' target for building static Gmsh library (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_BUILD_SHARED’
     Enable 'shared' target for building shared Gmsh library (default:
     OFF)
‘ENABLE_BUILD_DYNAMIC’
     Enable dynamic Gmsh executable (linked with shared library)
     (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_BUILD_ANDROID’
     Enable Android NDK library target (experimental) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_BUILD_IOS’
     Enable iOS library target (experimental) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_CGNS’
     Enable CGNS import/export (experimental) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_CGNS_CPEX0045’
     Enable high-order CGNS import/export following CPEX0045
     (experimental) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_CAIRO’
     Enable Cairo to render fonts (experimental) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_PROFILE’
     Enable profiling compiler flags (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_DINTEGRATION’
     Enable discrete integration (needed for levelsets) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_DOMHEX’
     Enable experimental DOMHEX code (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_EIGEN’
     Enable Eigen for linear algebra (instead of Blas/Lapack) (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_FLTK’
     Enable FLTK graphical user interface (requires mesh/post) (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_GEOMETRYCENTRAL’
     Enable geometry-central library (experimental) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_GETDP’
     Enable GetDP solver (linked as a library, experimental) (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_GMM’
     Enable GMM linear solvers (simple alternative to PETSc) (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_GMP’
     Enable GMP for Kbipack (advanced) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_GRAPHICS’
     Enable building graphics lib even without GUI (advanced) (default:
     OFF)
‘ENABLE_HXT’
     Enable HXT library (for reparametrization and meshing) (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_KBIPACK’
     Enable Kbipack (neeeded by homology solver) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_MATHEX’
     Enable Mathex expression parser (used by plugins and options)
     (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_MED’
     Enable MED mesh and post file formats (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_MESH’
     Enable mesh module (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_METIS’
     Enable Metis mesh partitioner (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_MMG’
     Enable Mmg mesh adaptation interface (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_MPEG_ENCODE’
     Enable built-in MPEG movie encoder (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_MPI’
     Enable MPI (experimental, not used for meshing) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_MSVC_STATIC_RUNTIME’
     Enable static Visual C++ runtime (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_MUMPS’
     Enable MUMPS sparse direct linear solver (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_NETGEN’
     Enable Netgen 3D frontal mesh generator (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_NUMPY’
     Enable fullMatrix and numpy array conversion for private API
     (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_PETSC4PY’
     Enable petsc4py wrappers for petsc matrices for private API
     (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_OCC’
     Enable OpenCASCADE CAD kernel (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_OCC_CAF’
     Enable OpenCASCADE CAF module (for STEP/IGES attributes) (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_OCC_STATIC’
     Link OpenCASCADE static instead of dynamic libraries (requires
     ENABLE_OCC) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_OCC_TBB’
     Add TBB libraries in list of OCC libraries (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_ONELAB’
     Enable ONELAB solver interface (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_ONELAB_METAMODEL’
     Enable ONELAB metamodels (experimental) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_OPENACC’
     Enable OpenACC (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_OPENMP’
     Enable OpenMP (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_OPTHOM’
     Enable high-order mesh optimization tools (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_OS_SPECIFIC_INSTALL’
     Enable OS-specific (e.g.  app bundle) installation (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_OSMESA’
     Enable OSMesa for offscreen rendering (experimental) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_P4EST’
     Enable p4est for enabling automatic mesh size field (experimental)
     (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_PACKAGE_STRIP’
     Strip symbols in install packages to reduce install size (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_PARSER’
     Enable GEO file parser (required for .geo/.pos scripts) (default:
     ON)
‘ENABLE_PETSC’
     Enable PETSc linear solvers (required for SLEPc) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_PLUGINS’
     Enable post-processing plugins (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_POST’
     Enable post-processing module (required by GUI) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_POPPLER’
     Enable Poppler for displaying PDF documents (experimental)
     (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_PRIVATE_API’
     Enable private API (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_PRO’
     Enable PRO extensions (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_QUADMESHINGTOOLS’
     Enable QuadMeshingTools extensions (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_QUADTRI’
     Enable QuadTri structured meshing extensions (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_REVOROPT’
     Enable Revoropt (used for CVT remeshing) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_RPATH’
     Use RPATH in dynamically linked targets (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_SLEPC’
     Enable SLEPc eigensolvers (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_SOLVER’
     Enable built-in finite element solvers (required for
     reparametrization) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_SYSTEM_CONTRIB’
     Use system versions of contrib libraries, when possible (default:
     OFF)
‘ENABLE_TCMALLOC’
     Enable libtcmalloc (fast malloc that does not release memory)
     (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_TESTS’
     Enable tests (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_TOUCHBAR’
     Enable Apple Touch bar (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_VISUDEV’
     Enable additional visualization capabilities for development
     purposes (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_VOROPP’
     Enable voro++ (for hex meshing, experimental) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_WINSLOWUNTANGLER’
     Enable WinslowUntangler extensions (requires ALGLIB) (default: ON)
‘ENABLE_WRAP_JAVA’
     Generate SWIG Java wrappers for private API (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_WRAP_PYTHON’
     Generate SWIG Python wrappers for private API (not used by public
     API) (default: OFF)
‘ENABLE_ZIPPER’
     Enable Zip file compression/decompression (default: OFF)

Appendix B Information for developers
*************************************

Gmsh is written in C++, the scripting language is parsed using Lex and
Yacc (actually, Flex and Bison), and the GUI relies on OpenGL for the 3D
graphics and FLTK (<http://www.fltk.org>) for the widgets (menus,
buttons, etc.).  Gmsh's build system is based on CMake
(<http://www.cmake.org>).  Practical notes on how to compile Gmsh's
source code are provided in Compiling the source code (see also
Frequently asked questions).

This section is for developers who would like to contribute directly to
the Gmsh source code.  Gmsh's official Git repository is located at
<https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh>.  The wiki
(<https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/wikis/Git-cheat-sheet>) contains
instructions on how to create feature branches and submit merge
requests.

B.1 Source code structure
=========================

Gmsh's code is structured in several subdirectories, roughly separated
between the four core modules (src/geo
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo), src/mesh
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/mesh), src/solver
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/solver), src/post
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/post)) and
associated utilities (src/common
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/common),
src/numeric
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/numeric)) on one
hand, and the graphics (src/graphics
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/graphics)) and
interface (src/fltk
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/fltk), src/parser
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/parser), api
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/api)) code on the
other.

The geometry module is based on a model class (src/geo/GModel.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/GModel.h)),
and abstract entity classes for geometrical points (src/geo/GVertex.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/GVertex.h)),
curves (src/geo/GEdge.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/GEdge.h)),
surfaces (src/geo/GFace.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/GFace.h)) and
volumes (src/geo/GRegion.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/GRegion.h)).
Concrete implementations of these classes are provided for each
supported CAD kernel (e.g.  src/geo/gmshVertex.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/gmshVertex.h)
for points in Gmsh's built-in CAD kernel, or src/geo/OCCVertex.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/OCCVertex.h)
for points from OpenCASCADE). All these elementary model entities derive
from src/geo/GEntity.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/GEntity.h).
Physical groups are simply stored as integer tags in the entities.

A mesh is composed of elements: mesh points (src/geo/MPoint.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/MPoint.h)),
lines (src/geo/MLine.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/MLine.h)),
triangles (src/geo/MTriangle.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/MTriangle.h)),
quadrangles (src/geo/MQuadrangle.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/MQuadrangle.h)),
tetrahedra (src/geo/MTetrahedron.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/MTetrahedron.h)),
etc.  All the mesh elements are derived from src/geo/MElement.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/geo/MElement.h), and
are stored in the corresponding model entities: one mesh point per
geometrical point, mesh lines in geometrical curves, triangles and
quadrangles in surfaces, etc.  The elements are defined in terms of
their nodes (src/geo/MVertex.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/MVertex.h)).
Each model entity stores only its internal nodes: nodes on boundaries or
on embedded entities are stored in the associated bounding/embedded
entity.

The post-processing module is based on the concept of views
(src/post/PView.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/post/PView.h)) and
abstract data containers (derived from src/post/PViewData.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/post/PViewData.h)).
Data can be either mesh-based (src/post/PViewDataGModel.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/post/PViewDataGModel.h)),
in which case the view is linked to one or more models, or list-based
(src/post/PViewDataList.h
(https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/post/PViewDataList.h)),
in which case all the relevant geometrical information is self-contained
in the view.

B.2 Coding style
================

If you plan to contribute code to the Gmsh project, here are some easy
rules to make the code easy to read/debug/maintain:

   • See <https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/wikis/Git-cheat-sheet>
     for instructions on how to contribute to Gmsh's Git source code
     repository.  All branches are tested; make sure that all tests pass
     and that your code does not produce any warnings before submitting
     merge requests.
   • Follow the style used in the existing code when adding something
     new: indent using 2 spaces (never use tabs!), put 1 space after
     commas, put opening braces for functions on a separate line,
     opening braces for loops and tests on the same line, etc.  You can
     use the ‘clang-format’ tool to apply these rules automatically (the
     rules are defined in the .clang-format
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/.clang-format)
     file.)
   • Always use the ‘Msg::’ class to print information or errors
   • Use memory checking tools to detect memory leaks and other nasty
     memory problems.  For example, on Linux you can use ‘valgrind
     --leak-check=full gmsh file.geo -3’.

B.3 Adding a new option
=======================

To add a new option in Gmsh:

  1. create the option in the ‘CTX’ class (src/common/Context.h
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/common/Context.h)
     if it's a classical option, or in the ‘PViewOptions’ class
     (src/post/PViewOptions.h
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/post/PViewOptions.h))
     if it's a post-processing view-dependent option;
  2. in src/common/DefaultOptions.h
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/common/DefaultOptions.h),
     give a name (for the parser to be able to access it), a reference
     to a handling routine (i.e.  ‘opt_XXX’) and a default value for
     this option;
  3. create the handling routine ‘opt_XXX’ in src/common/Options.cpp
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/common/Options.cpp)
     (and add the prototype in src/common/Options.h
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/common/Options.h));
  4. optional: create the associated widget in src/fltk/optionWindow.h
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/fltk/optionWindow.cpp);

Appendix C Frequently asked questions
*************************************

C.1 The basics
==============

  1. What is Gmsh?

     Gmsh is an automatic three-dimensional finite element mesh
     generator with built-in pre- and post-processing facilities.  With
     Gmsh you can create or import 1D, 2D and 3D geometrical models,
     mesh them, launch external finite element solvers and visualize
     solutions.  Gmsh can be used either as a stand-alone program
     (graphical or not) or as a library to integrate in C++, C, Python,
     Julia or Fortran codes.

  2. What are the terms and conditions of use?

     Gmsh is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public
     License, with an exception to allow for easier linking with
     external libraries.  See License for more information.

  3. What does 'Gmsh' mean?

     Nothing...  The name was derived from a previous version called
     "msh" (a shortcut for "mesh"), with the "g" prefix added to
     differentiate it.  The default mesh file format used by Gmsh still
     uses the ‘.msh’ extension.

     In English people tend to pronounce 'Gmsh' as "gee-mesh".

  4. Can I embed 'Gmsh' in my own software?

     Yes, using the Gmsh API (see Gmsh application programming
     interface).  See Copying conditions for the licensing constraints.

  5. Where can I find more information?

     <https://gmsh.info> is the primary location to obtain information
     about Gmsh.  There you will for example find the complete reference
     manual and the bug tracking database
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/issues).

C.2 Installation problems
=========================

  1. Which OSes does Gmsh run on?

     Gmsh runs on Windows, macOS, Linux and most Unix variants.  Gmsh is
     also available as part of the ONELAB package on Android and iOS
     tablets and phones.

  2. Are there additional requirements to run Gmsh?

     You should have the OpenGL libraries installed on your system, and
     in the path of the library loader.  A free replacement for OpenGL
     can be found at <http://www.mesa3d.org>.

  3. How do I compile Gmsh from the source code?

     You need cmake (<http://www.cmake.org>) and a C++ compiler.  See
     Compiling the source code for more information.

  4. Where does Gmsh save its configuration files?

     Gmsh will attempt to save temporary files and persistent
     configuration options first in the ‘$GMSH_HOME’ directory, then in
     ‘$APPDATA’ (on Windows) or ‘$HOME’ (on other OSes), then in ‘$TMP’,
     and finally in ‘$TEMP’, in that order.  If none of these variables
     are defined, Gmsh will try to save/load its configuration files
     from the current working directory.

C.3 General questions
=====================

  1. Gmsh (from a binary distribution) complains about missing
     libraries.

     On Windows, if your system complains about missing ‘OPENGL32.DLL’
     or ‘GLU32.DLL’ libraries, then OpenGL is not properly installed on
     your machine.  You can download OpenGL from Microsoft's web site,
     or directly from <http://www.opengl.org>.

     On Unix try 'ldd gmsh' (or 'otool -L gmsh' on macOS) to check if
     all the required shared libraries are installed on your system.  If
     not, install them.  If it still doesn't work, recompile Gmsh from
     the source code.

  2. Gmsh keeps re-displaying its graphics when other windows partially
     hide the graphical window.

     Disable opaque move in your window manager.

  3. The graphics display very slowly.

     Are you are executing Gmsh from a remote host (via the network)
     without GLX? You should turn double buffering off (with the '-nodb'
     command-line switch).

  4. There is an ugly "ghost triangulation" in the vector PostScript/PDF
     files generated by Gmsh!

     No, there isn't.  This "ghost triangulation" is due to the fact
     that most PostScript previewers nowadays antialias the graphic
     primitives when they display the page on screen.  (For example, in
     gv, you can disable antialising with the 'State->Antialias' menu.)
     You should not see this ghost triangulation in the printed output
     (on paper).

  5. How can I save GIF, JPEG, ..., images?

     Just choose the appropriate format in 'File->Export'.  By default
     Gmsh guesses the format from the file extension, so you can just
     type ‘myfile.jpg’ in the dialog and Gmsh will automatically create
     a JPEG image file.

  6. How save high-resolution images?

     You can specify the dimension in the dialog (e.g.  set the width of
     the image to 5000 pixels; leaving one dimension negative will
     rescale using the natural aspect ratio), or through the
     ‘Print.Width’ and ‘Print.Height’ options.  The maximum image size
     is graphics hardware dependent.

  7. How can I save MPEG, AVI, ..., animations?

     You can create simple MPEG animations by choosing MPEG as the
     format in 'File->Export': this allows you to loop over time steps
     or post-processing data sets, or to change parameters according to
     ‘Print.Parameter’.  To create fully customized animations or to use
     different output formats (AVI, MP4, etc.)  you should write a
     script.  Have a look at t8 or examples/post_processing/anim.script
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/post_processing/anim.script)
     for some examples.

  8. Can I change values in input fields with the mouse in the GUI?

     Yes: dragging the mouse in a numeric input field slides the value!
     The left button moves one step per pixel, the middle by '10*step',
     and the right button by '100*step'.

  9. Can I copy messages to the clipboard?

     Yes: selecting the content of an input field, or lines in the
     message console ('Tools->Message Console'), copies the selected
     text to the clipboard.

  10. Graphical rendering or entity selection is very slow on Linux.

     The issue is most probably linked with your graphics card driver.
     Try setting the environment variable ‘LIBGL_ALWAYS_SOFTWARE=true’
     to force software rendering.

C.4 Geometry module
===================

  1. Does Gmsh support trimmed NURBS surfaces?

     Yes, but only with the OpenCASCADE kernel.

  2. Gmsh is very slow when I use many transformations (Translate,
     Rotate, Symmetry, Extrude, etc.)  with the built-in CAD kernel.
     What's wrong?

     The default behavior of Gmsh is to check and suppress all duplicate
     entities (points, curves and surfaces) each time a transformation
     command is issued with the built-in CAD kernel.  This can slow down
     things a lot if many transformations are performed.  There are two
     solutions to this problem:
        • you may save the serialized ("unrolled") geometry in another
          file (using ‘gmsh file.geo -0’ or exporting to
          ".geo_unrolled"), and use this new file for subsequent
          computations;
        • or you may set the ‘Geometry.AutoCoherence’ option to 0.  This
          will prevent any automatic duplicate check/replacement.  If
          you still need to remove the duplicates entities, simply add
          ‘Coherence;’ at strategic locations in your ‘.geo’ files (e.g.
          before the creation of curve loops, etc.).

  3. Why is my ".geo_unrolled" file incomplete?

     "Unrolled GEO" files can only fully represent geometries created
     with the built-in geometry kernel.  If you want to serialize a
     geometry created with the OpenCASCADE geometry kernel, you should
     use the native OpenCASCADE ".brep" format.

  4. How can I display only selected parts of my model?

     Use 'Tools->Visibility'.  This allows you to select elementary
     entities and physical groups, as well as mesh elements, in a
     variety of ways (in a list or tree browser, by tag, interactively,
     or per window).

  5. Can I edit STEP/IGES/BRep models?

     Yes: with the OpenCASCADE kernel (‘SetFactory("OpenCASCADE");’),
     load the file (‘Merge "file.step";’ or
     ‘ShapeFromFile("file.step");’) and add the relevant scripting
     commands after that to delete parts, create new parts or apply
     boolean operators.  See e.g.  examples/boolean/import.geo
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/boolean/import.geo).

  6. Why are there surfaces missing when I export a STEP as an unrolled
     ‘.geo’ file?

     You should _not_ export STEP models as ‘.geo’ files.  By design,
     Gmsh never translates from one CAD format to another.  The
     "unrolled GEO" feature is there for unrolling complex GEO scripts
     writted with the built-in geometry kernel.  While it can indeed
     export a limited subset of geometrical entities created by other
     CAD kernels (e.g.  OpenCASCADE), this feature is available for
     debugging purposes.

  7. How can I build modular geometries?

     Define common geometrical objects and options in separate files or
     using ‘Macro’, reusable in all your problem definition structures.
     Or use the features of your language of choice and the Gmsh API.

  8. Some files take much more time to load with Gmsh 4 compared to Gmsh
     3: what's happening?

     In Gmsh 4, some operations (‘Color’, ‘Show’, ‘Hide’, ‘BoundingBox’,
     ‘Boundary’, ‘PointsOf’, ‘Periodic’, ‘In’ embedding constraints, ..)
     are now applied directly on the internal Gmsh model, instead of
     being handled at the level of the CAD kernel.  This implies a
     synchronization between the CAD kernel and the Gmsh model.  To
     minimize the number of synchronizations (which can become costly
     for large models), you should always create your geometry first;
     and use these commands once the geometry has been created.

C.5 Mesh module
===============

  1. What should I do when the 2D unstructured algorithm fails?

     Verify that the curves in the model do not self-intersect.  If
     '‘Mesh.RandomFactor’ * size of triangle / size of model' approaches
     machine accuracy, increase ‘Mesh.RandomFactor’.

     If everything fails file a bug report with the version of your
     operating system and the full geometry.

  2. What should I do when the 3D unstructured algorithm fails?

     Verify that the surfaces in your model do not self-intersect or
     partially overlap.  If they don't, try the other 3D algorithms
     ('Tool->Options->Mesh->General->3D algorithm') or try to adapt the
     mesh element sizes in your input file so that the surface mesh
     better matches the geometrical details of the model.

     If nothing works, file a bug report with the version of your
     operating system and the full geometry.

  3. How can I only save tetrahedral elements (not triangles and lines)?

     By default, if physical groups are defined, the output mesh only
     contains those elements that belong to physical entities.  So to
     save only 3D elements, simply define one (or more) physical
     volume(s) and don't define any physical surfaces, physical curves
     or physical points.

  4. How can I remove mesh nodes for geometrical construction points
     (centers of spheres, etc.)  from output mesh file?

     By default Gmsh saves all the geometrical entities and their
     associated mesh.  In particular, since each geometry point is
     meshed with a point element, defined by a mesh node, the output
     file will contain one 0-D mesh element and one mesh node for each
     geometry point.  To remove such elements/nodes from the mesh,
     simply define physical groups for the entities you want to save
     (see previous question).

  5. My 2D meshes of IGES files present gaps between surfaces

     IGES files do not contain the topology of the model, and tolerance
     problems can thus appear when the OpenCASCADE importer cannot
     identify two (close) curves as actually being identical.

     The best solution is to _not use IGES and use STEP_ instead.  If
     you really have to use IGES, check that you don't have duplicate
     curves (e.g.  by displaying their tags in the GUI with
     'Tools->Options->Geometry->Visibility->Curve labels').  If there
     are duplicates, try to change the geometrical tolerance and sew the
     faces (see options in 'Tools->Options->Geometry->General').

  6. The quality of the elements generated by the 3D algorithm is very
     bad.

     Use 'Optimize quality' in the mesh menu.

  7. Non-recombined 3D extruded meshes sometimes fail.

     The swapping algorithm is not very clever.  Try to change the
     surface mesh a bit, or recombine your mesh to generate prisms or
     hexahedra instead of tetrahedra.

  8. Does Gmsh automatically couple unstructured tetrahedral meshes and
     structured hexahedral meshed using pyramids?

     Yes, but only if pyramids need to be created on a single side of
     the quadrangular surface mesh.

  9. Can I explicitly assign region tags to extruded layers?

     No, this feature has been removed in Gmsh 2.0.  You must use the
     standard entity tag instead.

  10. Did you remove the elliptic mesh generator in Gmsh 2.0?

     Yes.  You can achieve the same result by using the transfinite
     algorithm with smoothing (e.g., with ‘Mesh.Smoothing = 10’).

  11. Does Gmsh support curved elements?

     Yes, just choose the appropriate order in the mesh menu after the
     mesh is completed.  High-order optimization tools are also
     available in the mesh menu.  You can select the order on the
     command line with e.g.  ‘-order 2’, and activcate high-order
     optimization with ‘-optimize_ho’.

  12. Can I import an existing surface mesh in Gmsh and use it to build
     a 3D mesh?

     Yes, you can import a surface mesh in any one of the supported mesh
     file formats, define a volume, and mesh it.  For an example see
     examples/simple_geo/sphere-discrete.geo
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/simple_geo/sphere-discrete.geo).

  13. How do I define boundary conditions or material properties in
     Gmsh?

     By design, Gmsh does not try to incorporate every possible
     definition of boundary conditions or material properties--this is a
     job best left to the solver.  Instead, Gmsh provides a simple
     mechanism to tag groups of elements, and it is up to the solver to
     interpret these tags as boundary conditions, materials, etc.
     Associating tags with elements in Gmsh is done by defining physical
     groups (Physical Points, Physical Curves, Physical Surfaces and
     Physical Volumes).  See the reference manual as well as the
     tutorials (in particular t1) for a detailed description and some
     examples.

     The Gmsh API can be used to build sophisticated interactive
     workflows where the definition of boundary conditions and material
     properties can be fully tailored to your preferred solver.  For an
     example see examples/api/prepro.py
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py).

  14. How can I display only the mesh associated with selected
     geometrical entities?

     See "How can I display only selected parts of my model?".

  15. How can I "explore" a mesh (for example, to see inside a complex
     structure)?

     You can use 'Tools->Clipping' to clip the region of interest.  You
     can define up to 6 clipping planes in Gmsh (i.e., enough to define
     a "cube" inside your model) and each plane can clip either the
     geometry, the mesh, the post-processing views, or any combination
     of the above.  The clipping planes are defined using the four
     coefficients A,B,C,D of the equation A*x+B*y+C*y+D=0, which can be
     adjusted interactively by dragging the mouse in the input fields.

  16. What is the signification of SICN, Gamma and SIGE in
     Tools->Statistics?

     They measure the quality of the elements' shape in a mesh.  They
     are defined for all 2D and 3D element types, except Gamma which is
     not defined for hexes and pyramids.  The 'S-' of SICN and SIGE
     stands for 'Signed'.  Those two measures actually give two
     information on an element: Their absolute value gives the element's
     shape quality while their sign gives the element validity.  In
     other words, negative values of SICN and SIGE indicate tangled
     elements.  The pure quality part of the measures take values
     between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to the best shape.

     The measures are computed for 3D elements if any, otherwise for 2D
     elements.  Given values are the average, the minimum and the
     maximum among elements.  Graphs plot the number of elements vs.
     the quality measure.

     Meaning of the measures:
        • '(S-)ICN' stands for (Signed-) Inverse Condition Number.
          Low-ICN elements influence negatively the condition number of
          the stiffness matrix which, as a result, can introduce
          roundoff errors, or significantly reduce the convergence speed
          of iterative methods.
        • '(S-)IGE' stands for (Signed-) Inverse Gradient Error.
          Low-IGE elements influence negatively the error on the
          gradient of the FE solution.  For hexahedra, the measure is
          the well-known "scaled Jacobian" as defined in the hexahedral
          community.
        • For triangles and tetrahedra, 'Gamma' is equal to the ratio
          "inscribed radius / circumscribed radius", which is a measure
          that is largely used in the community of simplicial meshes.
          This form is closely related to the ICN measure.
        • For quadrangles and prisms, 'Gamma' is computed on the worst
          corner using the formula [1 - abs(r)] where r is proportional
          to the difference between the corner angle and the perfect
          (solid) angle, that is pi/2 for quads and pi/3 for prisms.
          This form is closely related to the IGE measure.

     For the exact definitions, see src/geo/MElement.cpp
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/src/geo/MElement.cpp),
     and, for the ICN and IGE measures, see the paper A. Johnen, C.
     Geuzaine, T. Toulorge and J.-F. Remacle, "Efficient computation of
     the minimum of shape quality measures on curvilinear finite
     elements"
     (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010448518301015),
     Computer-Aided Design 103, pp.  24-33, 2018.

  17. How can I save a mesh file with a given (e.g.  older) MSH file
     format version?

        • In the GUI: open 'File->Export', enter your ‘filename.msh’ and
          then pick the version in the dropdown menu.
        • On the command line: use the ‘-format’ option (e.g.  ‘gmsh
          file.geo -format msh2 -2’).
        • In a ‘.geo’ script: add the line ‘Mesh.MshFileVersion = x.y;’
          for any version number ‘x.y’.  You can also save this in your
          default options.
        • In the API: ‘gmsh::option::setNumber("Mesh.MshFileVersion",
          x.y)’.

     As an alternative method, you can also not specify the format
     explicitly, and just choose a filename with the ‘.msh2’ or ‘.msh4’
     extension.

  18. Why isn't neighboring element information stored in the MSH file?

     Each numerical method has its own requirements: it might need
     neighboring elements connected by a node, an edge or a face; it
     might require a single layer or multiple layers; it should include
     elements of lower dimension (boundaries) or not, go across
     geometrical entities or mesh partitions or not, etc.  Given the
     number of possibilities, generating the appropriate information is
     thus best performed in the numerical solver itself.  The Gmsh API
     makes these computations easy: see tutorial x7 and
     examples/api/neighbors.py
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/neighbors.py).

  19. Could mesh edges/faces be stored in the MSH file?

     Edge/faces can be easily generated from the information already
     available in the file (i.e.  nodes and elements), or through the
     Gmsh API: see tutorial x7, examples/api/edges.cpp
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/edges.cpp)
     and examples/api/faces.cpp
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/faces.cpp).

C.6 Solver module
=================

  1. How do I integrate my own solver with Gmsh?

     Gmsh uses the ONELAB interface (<http://www.onelab.info>) to
     interact with external solvers.  See Solver module.

  2. Can I launch Gmsh from my solver (instead of launching my solver
     from Gmsh) in order to monitor a solution?

     Using the Gmsh API, you can directly embed Gmsh in your own solver,
     use ONELAB for interactive parameter definition and modification,
     and create visualization data on the fly.  See e.g.  prepro.py
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/prepro.py),
     custom_gui.py
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.py),
     custom_gui.cpp
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/api/custom_gui.cpp).

     Another (rather crude) approach if to launch the Gmsh app everytime
     you want to visualize something (a simple C program showing how to
     do this is given in utils/misc/callgmsh.c
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/utils/misc/callgmsh.c)).

     Yet another approach is to modify your program so that it can
     communicate with Gmsh through ONELAB over a socket.  Select 'Always
     listen to incoming connection requests' in the Gmsh solver option
     panel (or run gmsh with the ‘-listen’ command line switch), and
     Gmsh will always listen for your program on the given socket (or on
     the ‘Solver.SocketName’ if no socket is specified).

C.7 Post-processing module
==========================

  1. How do I compute a section of a plot?

     Use 'Tools->Plugins->Cut Plane'.

  2. Can I save an isosurface to a file?

     Yes: first run 'Tools->Plugins->Isosurface' to extract the
     isosurface, then use 'View->Export' to save the new view.

  3. Can Gmsh generate isovolumes?

     Yes, with the CutMap plugin (set the ExtractVolume option to -1 or
     1 to extract the negative or positive levelset).

  4. How do I animate my plots?

     If the views contain multiple time steps, you can press the 'play'
     button at the bottom of the graphic window, or change the time step
     by hand in the view option panel.  You can also use the left and
     right arrow keys on your keyboard to change the time step in all
     visible views in real time.

     If you want to loop through different views instead of time steps,
     you can use the 'Loop through views instead of time steps' option
     in the view option panel, or use the up and down arrow keys on your
     keyboard.

  5. How do I visualize a deformed mesh?

     Load a vector view containing the displacement field, and set
     'Vector display' to 'Displacement' in 'View->Options->Aspect'.  If
     the displacement is too small (or too large), you can scale it with
     the 'Displacement factor' option.  (Remember that you can drag the
     mouse in all numeric input fields to slide the value!)

     Another option is to use the 'General transformation expressions'
     (in View->Options->Offset) on a scalar view, with the displacement
     map selected as the data source.

  6. Can I visualize a field on a deformed mesh?

     Yes, there are several ways to do that.

     The easiest is to load two views: the first one containing a
     displacement field (a vector view that will be used to deform the
     mesh), and the second one containing the field you want to display
     (this view has to contain the same number of elements as the
     displacement view).  You should then set 'Vector display' to
     'Displacement' in the first view, as well as set 'Data source' to
     point to the second view.  (You might want to make the second view
     invisible, too.  If you want to amplify or decrease the amount of
     deformation, just modify the 'Displacement factor' option.)

     Another solution is to use the 'General transformation expressions'
     (in 'View->Options->Offset') on the field you want to display, with
     the displacement map selected as the data source.

     And yet another solution is to use the Warp plugin.

  7. Can I color the arrows representing a vector field with data from a
     scalar field?

     Yes: load both the vector and the scalar fields (the two views must
     have the same number of elements) and, in the vector field options,
     select the scalar view in 'Data source'.

  8. Can I color isovalue surfaces with data from another scalar view?

     Yes, using either the CutMap plugin (with the 'dView' option) or
     the Evaluate plugin.

  9. Is there a way to save animations?

     You can save simple MPEG animations directly from the
     'File->Export' menu.  For other formats you should write a script.
     Have a look at t8 or examples/post_processing/anim.script
     (https://gitlab.onelab.info/gmsh/gmsh/blob/master/examples/post_processing/anim.script)
     for some examples.

  10. Is there a way to visualize only certain components of
     vector/tensor fields?

     Yes, by using either the "Force field" options in
     'Tools->Options->View->Visibility', or by using
     'Tools->Plugins->MathEval'.

  11. Can I do arithmetic operations on a view?  Can I perform
     operations involving different views?

     Yes, with the Evaluate plugin.

  12. Some plugins seem to create empty views.  What's wrong?

     There can be several reasons:
        • the plugin might be written for specific element types only
          (for example, only for scalar triangles or tetrahedra).  In
          that case, you should transform your view before running the
          plugin (you can use ‘Plugin(DecomposeinSimplex)’ to transform
          all quads, hexas, prisms and pyramids into triangles and
          tetrahedra).
        • the plugin might expect a mesh while all you provide is a
          point cloud.  In 2D, you can use ‘Plugin(Triangulate)’ to
          transform a point cloud into a triangulated surface.  In 3D
          you can use ‘Plugin(Tetrahedralize)’.
        • the input parameters are out of range.

     In any case, you can automatically remove all empty views with
     'View->Remove->Empty Views' in the GUI, or with ‘Delete Empty
     Views;’ in a script.

  13. How can I see "inside" a complicated post-processing view?

     Use 'Tools->Clipping'.

     When viewing 3D scalar fields, you can also modify the colormap
     ('Tools->Options->View->Map') to make the iso-surfaces
     "transparent": either by holding ‘Ctrl’ while dragging the mouse to
     draw the alpha channel by hand, or by using the ‘a’, ‘Ctrl+a’, ‘p’
     and ‘Ctrl+p’ keyboard shortcuts.

     Yet another (destructive) option is to use the ExtractVolume option
     in the CutSphere or CutPlane plugins.

  14. I am loading a valid 3D scalar view but Gmsh does not display
     anything!

     If your dataset is constant per element make sure you don't use the
     'Iso-values' interval type in 'Tools->Options->View->Range'.

Appendix D Version history
**************************

4.15.2 (March 24, 2026): fixed issue in 3D structured CGNS output.

4.15.1 (February 16, 2026): improved handling of anisotropic surface meshes in
3D Delaunay; bug fixes.

4.15.0 (October 26, 2025): new Closest, Parametric Point and Normal parser
functions; changed Boundary and CombinedBoundary parser functions to not return
signed entity tags anymore (use new OrientedBoundary and
OrientedCombinedBoundary to get the old behavior); changed default value of
oriented argument to false in model/getBoundary API; new fltk/run() option to
automatically load/save options between runs; improved Constant and Restrict
mesh size fields; reverted curve drawing to use fixed number of subdivisions;
levelset-based plugins now take entity visibility into account; bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/isEntityOrphan, occ/getClosestEntities

* Incompatible API changes: new arguments to algorithm/tetrahedralize and
  fltk/run

4.14.1 (September 2, 2025): further improvement of return value of boolean
operations; bug fixes.

4.14.0 (July 3, 2025): improved return value of boolean operations; improved
ONELAB parameter GUI; improved XAO export with mesh sizes; improved unrolled GEO
export to handle OCC geometries; new Step() built-in parser function; fixed
occ/getClosestPoint for OCC surfaces; renamed Windows DLL import library from
.lib to .dll.lib; official binary builds now use OCC 7.8, and Linux and Windows
binary builds use FLTK 1.3 (instead of FLTK 1.4, which introduced performance
regressions in OpenGL rendering); bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/getEntityProperties, model/getPhysicalGroupsEntities

* Incompatible API changes: new optional arguments to occ/fillet2D; renamed
  model/getType as model/getEntityType; renamed mesh/triangulate as
  algorithm/triangulate and add new optional argument (edges); renamed
  mesh/tetrahedralize as algorithm/tetrahedralize

4.13.1 (May 24, 2024): fix regression introduced in 4.13.0 when reading binary
.msh files with post-processing data; new read-only Mesh.MinQuality updated
after meshing pipeline; occ/addSurfaceFilling new defaults to degree=2 for
consistency with .geo files; small bug fixes.

4.13.0 (May 7, 2024): added support for importing and exporting XAO files; new
options for OCC boolean operations (OCCBooleanCheckInverted, OCCBooleanGlue,
OCCBooleanNonDestructive, OCCBooleanSimplify); new OCC operations (2D fillets
and chamfers, distance, defeature); new quasi-transfinite 2d meshes (with fans);
small API additions; revert Crack plugin logic to version 4.10.1; bug fixes.

* New API functions: occ/getDistance, occ/fillet2D, occ/chamfer2D,
  occ/offsetCurve, occ/defeature, mesh/removeElements, option/restoreDefaults,
  logger/getMemory, logger/getTotalMemory.

4.12.2 (January 21, 2024): small bug fixes.

4.12.1 (January 11, 2024): small bug fixes.

4.12.0 (December 21, 2023): new high-order mesh optimisation mode for periodic
meshes; new element qualities available through API; new IGES export; new volume
glyph; OCC curve loops can now be oriented based on the sign of the first curve;
better mesh node visualization; added suppport for model attributes in MSH2
files; new mesh renumbering capabilities in the API; new GAMBIT mesh reader;
replaced Geometry.OCCSafeUnbind with more flexible Geometry.OCCFastUnbind (which
can be set for boolean operations as well); added support for editing STEP
headers; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/getEntitiesForPhysicalName, mesh/computeRenumbering,
  mesh/getVisibility.

* Incompatible API changes: new optional argument to occ/addCircleArc,
  mesh/renumberNodes, mesh/renumberElements and view/getListData; new optional
  "interruptible" argument to gmsh.initialize() in Python

4.11.1 (December 21, 2022): Mesh.TransfiniteTri improvements; small bug fixes.

4.11.0 (November 6, 2022): new Fortran API; improved copying ("Duplicata") of
multiple shapes with OCC; reduced default order for OCC surface filling;
arbitrary string attributes can now be stored in models and MSH files; new
Radioss export; added ability to specify spline tangents with OCC; new option
Mesh.SaveWithoutOrphans to prune orphan entities (e.g. geometrical construction
points) from MSH4 files; major overhaul of the reference manual; new official
macOS ARM builds; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/getAttributeNames, model/getAttribute,
  model/setAttribute, model/removeAttribute

* Incompatible API changes: new argument to mesh/computeHomology; new optional
  arguments to occ/addSpline and occ/addThruSections

4.10.5 (July 1, 2022): small bug fixes.

4.10.4 (June 19, 2022): improved graphical window tooltips; small bug fixes.

* New API function: mesh/removeDuplicateElements

4.10.3 (May 26, 2022): small bug fixes.

* New API function: fltk/finalize

4.10.2 (May 13, 2022): fixed regression introduced in 4.9 for recombined meshes
with boundary layers; new Geometry.OCCSafeUnbind option to disable boolean
optimization introduced in 4.10.0 (for backward compatibility); new HealShapes
command in .geo files; simplified calculation of OCC STL bounding boxes;
generalized Crack plugin; small bug fixes.

4.10.1 (May 1, 2022): small bug fixes.

4.10.0 (April 25, 2022): more flexible homology/cohomology workflow in the API;
"Attractor" field is now just a synonym for the newer (and more efficient)
"Distance" field; periodic bsplines now use the same default multiplicities in
OCC as in the built-in kernel; model/isInside now also handles discrete
entities; speed-up repeated simple boolean operations; C++ api now throws
std::runtime_error on errors; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: geo/addGeometry, geo/addPointOnGeometry,
  mesh/addHomologyRequest, mesh/clearHomologyRequests, mesh/setVisibility,
  mesh/getElementQualities

* Incompatible API changes: additional const qualifiers in C API; removed
  mesh/computeCohomology; new arguments to occ/getCurveLoops and
  occ/getSurfaceLoops; changed arguments of mesh/computeHomology; new optional
  arguments to occ/addCircle, occ/addEllipse, occ/addDisk, occ/addTorus,
  occ/addWedge, model/addPhysicalGroup, model/geo/addPhysicalGroup,
  mesh/removeDuplicateNodes and mesh/setRecombine.

4.9.5 (February 21, 2022): dynamic Gmsh library now also only exports public
symbols on macOS and Linux, like it does on Windows; better handling of
max. thread settings; small bug fixes.

* New API function: mesh/getDuplicateNodes

4.9.4 (February 3, 2022): improved BSpline filling; new options
Mesh.MinimumLineNodes, Mesh.RecombineNodeRepositioning,
Mesh.RecombineMinimumQuality and Mesh.StlLinearDeflectionRelative; updated
bundled Eigen; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: gmsh/isInitialized, occ/convertToNURBS, occ/getCurveLoops,
  occ/getSurfaceLoops, mesh/importStl, parser/getNames, parser/setNumber,
  parser/setString, parser/getNumber, parser/getString, parser/clear,
  parser/parse, onelab/getChanged, onelab/setChanged

4.9.3 (January 4, 2022): improved handling of degenerate curves in periodic
surfaces and boundary layer extrusion; extended Mesh.SaveGroupsOfElements
capabilities for INP export; extended Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary + new
"Extend" mesh size field to enable alternative mesh size extensions from
boundary; enhanced X3D output; moved all kernel sources to src/ subdirectory;
renamed demos/ as examples/ and tutorial/ as tutorials/; small bug fixes.

4.9.2 (December 23, 2021): faster projection on OCC entities; extended
Mesh.SaveGroupsOfNodes capabilities for INP export; improved transfinite meshing
of surfaces with boundary on periodic seam.

4.9.1 (December 18, 2021): relax tolerance on curve parametrization match for
periodic meshing; enable extruded boundary layers on generic model entities;
activate IncludeBoundary by default in Restrict field; downgraded compiler for
official Linux releases to gcc 6 to improve compatibility with older systems;
small bug fixes (view tag generation with zero tag, model/setTag).

4.9.0 (December 3, 2021): new initial 2D meshing algorithm; new quasi-structured
quad algorithm; improved handling of imperfect curve reparametrization on
surfaces in 2D periodic meshing algorithm; mesh renumbering now also renumbers
dependent post-processing views; the mesh size callback is now per-model and its
returned value is not gathered with the other size constraints in a global min
reduction anymore: instead the callback takes as additional argument the mesh
size lc that would be prescribed in the absence of the callback, which allows to
perform any desired modification (the old behavior can be achieved by returning
min(lc, value)); OCC STL representation is now generated using relative
deflection tolerance; new TransformMesh command in .geo files; new behavior of
Mesh.SaveGroupsOf{Nodes,Elements} in UNV and INP exports; partitioned MSH4 files
now contain the full partition topology (i.e. all partition entities); fixed
metric calculation with Eigen (for anisotropic mesh generation); official binary
builds now support OpenMP parallelization and are 64 bit only (build OS upgraded
to Windows 10, macOS 10.15 and Linux glibc 2.24); new experimental Fortran API;
new API functions to handle view options by tag instead of by index; color
options in the API can now be specified as in .geo files, in the form
"Category.Color.Option"; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/setTag, mesh/reverse, mesh/affineTransform,
  mesh/getMaxNodeTag, mesh/getMaxElementTag, mesh/getSizes, mesh/getPeriodic,
  mesh/getAllEdges, mesh/getAllFaces, mesh/addEdge, mesh/addFace,
  mesh/getNumberOfPartitions, field/list, field/getType, field/getNumber,
  field/getNumbers, field/getString, view/option/setNumber,
  view/option/getNumber, view/option/setString, view/option/getString,
  view/option/setColor, view/option/getColor, view/option/copy.

* Incompatible API changes: new arguments to mesh/getNode, mesh/getElement and
  view/probe; additional argument to the mesh size callback function provided to
  mesh/setSizeCallback; new optional arguments to gmsh/initialize,
  model/isInside, mesh/partition and occ/addSurfaceFilling; renamed
  mesh/preallocateBasisFunctionsOrientationForElements as
  mesh/preallocateBasisFunctionsOrientation, mesh/getNumberOfKeysForElements as
  mesh/getNumberOfKeys, and mesh/getBasisFunctionsOrientationForElements as
  mesh/getBasisFunctionsOrientation; renamed mesh/getKeysForElements as
  mesh/getKeys and mesh/getInformationForElements as mesh/getKeysInformation,
  and modified their arguments; modified arguments to mesh/getKeysForElement;
  removed mesh/getLocalMultipliersForHcurl0; renamed view/copyOptions as
  view/option/copy.

4.8.4 (April 28, 2021): set current model in gmsh/model/add; small bug fixes.

4.8.3 (April 6, 2021): better handling of errors in inverse surface mapping;
fixed Mesh.MedFileMinorVersion for MED 4; small bug fixes.

4.8.2 (March 27, 2021): fixed regression in OCC transforms; fixed cwrap API.

4.8.1 (March 21, 2021): improved performance when transforming many OCC
entities; fixed regression in high-order meshing of surfaces with singular
parametrizations; small bug fixes.

4.8.0 (March 2, 2021): new interactive and fully parametrizable definition of
boundary conditions, materials, etc. through ONELAB variables; new API functions
for creating trimmed BSpline/Bezier patches, perform raw triangulations and
tetrehedralizations, get upward adjacencies, and create extruded boundary layers
and automatic curve loops in built-in kernel; improved performance of high-order
meshing of OCC models; improved handling of high resolution displays; new
structured CGNS exporter; new transfinite Beta law; added support for embedded
curves in HXT; added automatic conversion from partitioned MSH2 files to new
partitioned entities; element groups can now be imported from UNV files; fixed
order of Gauss quadrature for quads and hexas; code modernization (C++11);
further uniformization of option names to match the documented terminology
(Mesh.Point -> Mesh.Node, ...; old names are still accepted, but deprecated);
deprecated Mesh.MinimumElementsPerTwoPi: set value directly to
Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature instead; Python and Julia APIs now also define "snake
case" aliases for all camelCase function names; small bug fixes and
improvements.

* New API functions: model/getFileName, model/setFileName, model/getAdjacencies,
  model/getSecondDerivative, mesh/getEdges, mesh/getFaces, mesh/createEdges,
  mesh/createFaces, mesh/removeConstraints, mesh/getEmbedded, mesh/triangulate,
  mesh/tetrahedralize, geo/addCurveLoops, fltk/setStatusMessage,
  fltk/showContextWindow, fltk/openTreeItem, fltk/closeTreeItem,
  onelab/getNames.

* Incompatible API changes: new optional arguments to mesh/classifySurfaces,
  occ/addBSplineSurface, occ/addBezierSurface, occ/addPipe and view/probe;
  renamed mesh/getEdgeNumber as mesh/getEdges.

4.7.1 (November 16, 2020): small bug fixes and improvements.

4.7.0 (November 5, 2020): API errors now throw exceptions with the last error
message (instead of an integer error code); API functions now print messages on
the terminal by default, and throw exceptions on all errors unless in
interactive mode; new API functions to retrieve "homogeneous" model-based data
(for improved Python performance), to set interpolation matrices for high-order
datasets, to assign "automatic" transfinite meshing constraints and to pass
native (C++, C, Python or Julia) mesh size callback; added option to save
high-order periodic nodes info; added support for scripted window splitting;
improved VTK reader; new MatrixOfInertia command; added support for Unicode
command line arguments on Windows; uniformized commands, options and field
option names to match the documented terminology (CharacteristicLength ->
MeshSize, geometry Line -> Curve, ...; old names are still accepted, but
deprecated); improved handling of complex periodic cases; removed bundled Mmg3D
and added support for stock Mmg 5; Gmsh now requires C++11 and CMake 3.1, and
uses Eigen by default instead of Blas/Lapack for dense linear algebra; small bug
fixes.

* New API functions: model/setVisibilityPerWindow, mesh/setSizeCallback,
  mesh/removeSizeCallback, mesh/setTransfiniteAutomatic, geo/addPhysicalGroup,
  geo/removePhysicalGroups, view/setInterpolationMatrices,
  view/setVisibilityPerWindow, fltk/splitCurrentWindow, fltk/setCurrentWindow,
  logger/getLastError.

* Incompatible API changes: new optional argument to geo/addCurveLoop.

4.6.0 (June 22, 2020): new options to only generate initial 2D or 3D meshes
(without node insertion), and to only mesh non-meshed entities; added ability to
only remesh parts of discrete models; added support for mesh size fields and
embedded points and surfaces in HXT; improved reparametrization and partitioning
code; new OCC API functions to reduce the number of synchronizations for complex
models; new OCC spline surface interfaces; new functions and options to control
the first tag of entities, nodes and elements; fixed duplicated entities in STEP
output; improved mesh subdivision and high-order pipeline; MED output now
preserves node and element tags; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/getParametrizationBounds, model/isInside,
  model/getClosestPoint, model/reparametrizeOnSurface, mesh/rebuildElementCache,
  mesh/getBasisFunctionsOrientationForElements,
  mesh/getBasisFunctionsOrientationForElement, mesh/getNumberOfOrientations,
  mesh/preallocateBasisFunctionsOrientationForElements,
  mesh/setSizeAtParametricPoints, geo/setMaxTag, geo/getMaxTag,
  occ/addBSplineFilling, occ/addBezierFilling, occ/addBSplineSurface,
  occ/addBezierSurface, occ/setMaxTag, occ/getMaxTag, occ/getEntities,
  occ/getEntitiesInBoundingBox, occ/getBoundingBox,
  view/addHomogeneousModelData.

* Incompatible API changes: new optional arguments to mesh/clear,
  mesh/createTopology, mesh/createGeometry, occ/addThruSections,
  mesh/getPeriodicNodes; new arguments to mesh/getBasisFunctions; removed
  mesh/preallocateBasisFunctions, mesh/precomputeBasisFunctions and
  mesh/getBasisFunctionsForElements; renamed occ/setMeshSize as
  occ/mesh/setSize.

4.5.6 (March 30, 2020): better calculation of OCC bounding boxes using STL; API
tutorials; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: view/addListDataString, view/getListDataStrings.

4.5.5 (March 21, 2020): tooltips in GUI to help discovery of scripting options;
fixed MED IO of high-order elements; fixed OCC attribute search by bounding box;
fix parsing of mac-encoded scripts; new RecombineMesh command; added support for
extrusion of mixed-dimension entities with OCC; small bug fixes.

4.5.4 (February 29, 2020): periodic mesh optimization now ensures that the
master mesh is not modified; code cleanup; small bug fixes.

4.5.3 (February 22, 2020): improved positioning of corresponding nodes on
periodic entities; improved LaTeX output; improved curve splitting in
reparametrization; new binary PLY reader; small compilation fixes.

* New API functions: mesh/getEdgeNumber, mesh/getLocalMultipliersForHcurl0.

4.5.2 (January 30, 2020): periodic meshes now obey reorientation constraints;
physical group definitions now follow compound meshing constraints; small bug
fixes and improvements.

* New API function: geo/splitCurve.

4.5.1 (December 28, 2019): new Min and Max commands in .geo files;
Mesh.MinimumCirclePoints now behaves the same with all geometry kernels; fixed
issue with UTF16-encoded home directories on Windows.

4.5.0 (December 21, 2019): changed default 2D meshing algorithm to
Frontal-Delaunay; new compound Spline/BSpline commands; new MeshSizeFromBoundary
command; new CGNS importer/exporter; new X3D exporter for geometries and meshes;
improved surface mesh reclassification; new separate option to govern curvature
adapted meshes (Mesh.MinimumElementsPerTwoPi and "-clcurv val"); improved
handling of anisotropic surface meshes in 3D Delaunay; improved high-order
periodic meshing; improved 2D boolean unions; file chooser type is now
changeable at runtime; FLTK GUI can now be created and destroyed at will through
the API; fixed regression in MeshAdapt for non-periodic surfaces with
singularities; combining views now copies options; added API support for mesh
compounds, per-surface mesh algorithm and mesh size from boundary; renamed
plugin AnalyseCurvedMesh to AnalyseMeshQuality; fixed regression for built-in
kernel BSplines on non-flat geometries (Sphere, PolarSphere); small fixes and
improvements.

* New API functions: model/getCurrent, model/getParametrization,
  mesh/computeCrossField, mesh/setNode, mesh/getElementsByCoordinates,
  mesh/getLocalCoordinatesInElement, mesh/getNumberOfKeysForElements,
  mesh/setAlgorithm, mesh.setSizeFromBoundary, mesh/setComound,
  geo/addCompoundSpline, geo/addCompoundBSpline, fltk/isAvailable.

* Incompatible API changes: removed mesh/smooth (now handled by mesh/optimize
  like all other mesh optimizers); renamed logger/time to logger/getWallTime and
  logger/cputime to logger/getCpuTime; new arguments to mesh/optimize,
  mesh/getElementProperties and occ/healShapes; added optional argument to
  mesh/classifySurfaces and view/combine.

4.4.1 (July 25, 2019): small improvements (transfinite with degenerate curves,
renumbering for some mesh formats, empty MSH file sections, tunable accuracy of
compound meshes) and bug fixes (ellipse < pi, orientation and reclassification
of compound parts, serendip pyramids, periodic MeshAdapt robustness, invalidate
cache after mesh/addNodes).

4.4.0 (July 1, 2019): new STL remeshing workflow (with new ClassifySurfaces
command in .geo files); added API support for color options, mesh optimization,
recombination, smoothing and shape healing; exposed additional METIS options;
improved support for periodic entities (multiple curves with the same start/end
points, legacy MSH2 format, periodic surfaces with embedded entities); added
mesh renumbering also after interactive mesh modifications; improved support for
OpenCASCADE ellipse arcs; new interactive filter in visibility window; flatter
GUI; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: option/setColor, option/getColor, mesh/optimize,
  mesh/recombine, mesh/smooth, mesh/clear, mesh/getNodesByElementType,
  occ/healShapes.

* Incompatible API changes: mesh/getJacobians and mesh/getBasisFunctions now
  take integration points explicitly; mesh/setNodes and mesh/setElements have
  been replaced by mesh/addNodes and mesh/addElements; added optional arguments
  to mesh/classifySurfaces and occ/addSurfaceLoop; changed arguments of
  occ/addEllipseArc to follow geo/addEllipseArc.

4.3.0 (April 19, 2019): improved meshing of surfaces with singular
parametrizations; added API support for aliasing and combining views, copying
view options, setting point coordinates, extruding built-in CAD entities along
normals and retrieving mass, center of mass and inertia from OpenCASCADE CAD
entities; fixed regression introduced in 4.1.4 that could lead to
non-deterministic 2D meshes; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/setCoordinates, occ/getMass, occ/getCenterOfMass,
  occ/getMatrixOfInertia, view/addAlias, view/copyOptions, view/combine

* Incompatible API changes: added optional arguments to mesh/getNodes and
  mesh/getElementByCoordinates.

4.2.3 (April 3, 2019): added STL export by physical surface; added ability to
remove embedded entities; added handling of boundary entities in
addDiscreteEntity; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: mesh/getKeysForElements, mesh/getInformationForElements,
  mesh/removeEmbedded.

4.2.2 (March 13, 2019): fixed regression in reading of extruded meshes; added
ability to export one solid per surface in STL format.

4.2.1 (March 7, 2019): fixed regression for STEP files without global compound
shape; added support for reading IGES labels and colors; improved search for
shared library in Python and Julia modules; improved Plugin(MeshVolume); updates
to the reference manual.

4.2.0 (March 5, 2019): new MSH4.1 revision of the MSH file format, with support
for size_t node and element tags (see the reference manual for detailed
changes); added support for reading STEP labels and colors with OCC CAF; changed
default "Geometry.OCCTargetUnit" value to none (i.e. use STEP file coordinates
as-is, without conversion); improved high-order mesh optimization; added ability
to import groups of nodes from MED files; enhanced Plugin(Distance) and
Plugin(SimplePartition); removed unmaintained plugins; removed default
dependency on PETSc; small improvements and bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/setEntityName, model/getEntityName,
  model/removeEntityName.

* Incompatible API changes: changed type of node and element tags from int to
  size_t to support (very) large meshes; changed logger/start,
  mesh/getPeriodicNodes and mesh/setElementsByType.

4.1.5 (February 14, 2019): improved OpenMP parallelization, STL remeshing, mesh
partitioning and high-order mesh optimization; bug fixes.

* New API function: mesh/classifySurfces.

4.1.4 (February 3, 2019): improved ghost cell I/O; small improvements and bug
fixes.

* New API functions: mesh/relocateNodes, mesh/getElementType,
  mesh/setElementsByType, mesh/getElementEdgeNodes, mesh/getElementFaceNodes,
  mesh/getGhostElements, mesh/splitQuadrangles.

4.1.3 (January 23, 2019): improved quad meshing; new options for automatic
full-quad meshes; save nodesets also for physical points (Abaqus, Tochnog);
small bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/removePhysicalName, model/getPartitions,
  mesh/unpartition.

4.1.2 (January 21, 2019): fixed full-quad subdivision if Mesh.SecondOrderLinear
is set; fixed packing of parallelograms regression in 4.1.1.

4.1.1 (January 20, 2019): added support for general affine transformations with
OpenCASCADE kernel; improved handling of boolean tolerance (snap vertices);
faster crossfield calculation by default (e.g. for Frontal-Delauany for quads
algorithm); fixed face vertices for PyramidN; renamed ONELAB "Action" and
"Button" parameters "ONELAB/Action" and "ONELAB/Button"; added support for
actions on any ONELAB button; added API functions for selections in user
interface.

* New API functions: occ/affineTransform, fltk/selectEntities,
  fltk/selectElements, fltk/selectViews.

4.1.0 (January 13, 2019): improved ONELAB and Fltk support in API; improved
renumbering of mesh nodes/elements; major code refactoring.

* New API functions: fltk/update, fltk/awake, fltk/lock, fltk/unlock,
  onelab/setNumber, onelab/getNumber, onelab/setString, onelab/getString,
  onelab/clear, onelab/write, logger/time, logger/cputime.

* Incompatible API changes: changed onelab/get.

4.0.7 (December 9, 2018): fixed small memory leaks; removed unused code.

4.0.6 (November 25, 2018): moved private API wrappers to utils/wrappers;
improved Gmsh 3 compatibility for high-order periodic meshes; fixed '-v 0' not
being completely silent; fixed rendering of image textures on some OSes; small
compilation fixes.

4.0.5 (November 17, 2018): new automatic hybrid mesh generation (pyramid layer)
when 3D Delaunay algorithm is applied to a volume with quadrangles on boundary;
improved robustness of 2D MeshAdapt algorithm; bug fixes.

4.0.4 (October 19, 2018): fixed physical names regression in 4.0.3.

4.0.3 (October 18, 2018): bug fixes.

* New API function: model/removePhysicalGroups.

4.0.2 (September 26, 2018): added support for creating MED files with specific
MED (minor) version; small bug fixes.

4.0.1 (September 7, 2018): renumber mesh nodes/elements by default; new
SendToServer command for nodal views; small bug fixes.

* New API functions: model/setVisibility, model/getVisibility, model/setColor,
  model/getColor.

4.0.0 (August 22, 2018): new C++, C, Python and Julia API; new MSH4 format; new
mesh partitioning code based on Metis 5; new 3D tetrahedralization algorithm as
default; new workflow for remeshing (compound entities as meshing constraints,
CreateGeometry for mesh reparametrization); added support for general BSplines,
fillets and chamfers with OpenCASCADE kernel and changed default BSpline
parameters with the built-in kernel to match OpenCASCADE's; STEP files are now
be default interpreted in MKS units (see Geometry.OCCTargetUnit); improved
meshing of surfaces with singular parametrizations (spheres, etc.); uniformized
entity naming conventions (line/curve, vertex/node, etc.); generalized handling
of "all" entities in geo file (using {:} notation); added support for creating
LSDYNA mesh files; removed old CAD creation factory (GModelFactory), old
reparametrization code (G{Edge, Face, Region}Compound) and old partitioning
code (Metis 4 and Chaco); various cleanups, bug fixes and enhancements.

3.0.6 (November 5, 2017): improved meshing of spheres; improved handling of mesh
size constraints with OpenCASCADE kernel; implemented "Coherence" for
OpenCASCADE kernel (shortcut for BooleanFragments); added GAMBIT Neutral File
export; small improvements and bug fixes.

3.0.5 (September 6, 2017): bug fixes.

3.0.4 (July 28, 2017): moved vorometal code to plugin; OpenMP improvements; bug
fixes.

3.0.3 (June 27, 2017): new element quality measures; Block->Box; minor fixes.

3.0.2 (May 13, 2017): improved handling of meshing constraints and entity
numbering after boolean operations; improved handling of fast coarseness
transitions in MeshAdapt; new TIKZ export; small bug fixes.

3.0.1 (April 14, 2017): fixed OpenCASCADE plane surfaces with holes.

3.0.0 (April 13, 2017): new constructive solid geometry features and boolean
operations using OpenCASCADE; improved graphical user interface for interactive,
parametric geometry construction; new or modified commands in .geo files:
SetFactory, Circle, Ellipse, Wire, Surface, Sphere, Block, Torus, Rectangle,
Disk, Cylinder, Cone, Wedge, ThickSolid, ThruSections, Ruled ThruSections,
Fillet, Extrude, BooleanUnion, BooleanIntersection, BooleanDifference,
BooleanFragments, ShapeFromFile, Recursive Delete, Unique; "Surface" replaces
the deprecated "Ruled Surface" command; faster 3D tetrahedral mesh optimization
enabled by default; major code refactoring and numerous bug fixes.

2.16.0 (January 3, 2017): small improvements (list functions, second order hexes
for MED, GUI) and bug fixes.

2.15.0 (December 4, 2016): fixed several regressions (multi-file partitioned
grid export, mesh subdivision, old compound mesher); improved 2D boundary layer
field & removed non-functional 3D boundary layer field; faster rendering of
large meshes.

2.14.1 (October 30, 2016): fixed regression in periodic meshes; small bug fixes
and code cleanups.

2.14.0 (October 9, 2016): new Tochnog file format export; added ability to
remove last command in scripts generated interactively; ONELAB 1.3 with
usability and performance improvements; faster "Coherence Mesh".

2.13.2 (August 18, 2016)): small improvements (scale labels, periodic and
high-order meshes) and bug fixes.

2.13.1 (July 15, 2016): small bug fixes.

2.13.0 (July 11, 2016): new ONELAB 1.2 protocol with native support for lists;
new experimental 3D boundary recovery code and 3D refinement algorithm; better
adaptive visualization of quads and hexahedra; fixed several regressions
introduced in 2.12.

2.12.0 (March 5, 2016): improved interactive definition of physical groups and
handling of ONELAB clients; improved full quad algorithm; added support for list
of strings, trihedra elements and X3D format; improved message console; new
colormaps; various bugs fixes and small improvements all over.

2.11.0 (November 7, 2015): new Else/ElseIf commands; new OptimizeMesh command;
Plugin(ModifyComponents) replaces Plugin(ModifyComponent); new VTK and X3D
outputs; separate 0/Ctrl+0 shortcuts for geometry/full model reload; small bug
fixes in homology solver, handling of embedded entities, and Plugin(Crack).

2.10.1 (July 30, 2015): minor fixes.

2.10.0 (July 21, 2015): improved periodic meshing constraints; new Physical
specification with both label and numeric id; images can now be used as glyphs
in post-processing views, using text annotations with the `file://' prefix;
Views can be grouped and organized in subtrees; improved visibility browser
navigation; geometrical entities and post-processing views can now react to
double-clicks, via new generic DoubleClicked options; new Get/SetNumber and
Get/SetString for direct access to ONELAB variables; small bug fixes and code
cleanups.

2.9.3 (April 18, 2015): updated versions of PETSc/SLEPc and OpenCASCADE/OCE
libraries used in official binary builds; new Find() command; miscellaneous code
cleanups and small fixes.

2.9.2 (March 31, 2015): added support for extrusion of embedded points/curves;
improved hex-dominant algorithm; fixed crashes in quad algorithm; fix regression
in MED reader introduced in 2.9.0; new dark interface mode.

2.9.1 (March 18, 2015): minor bug fixes.

2.9.0 (March 12, 2015): improved robustness of spatial searches (extruded meshes,
geometry coherence); improved reproductibility of 2D and 3D meshes; added
support for high resolution ("retina") graphics; interactive graph point
commands; on-the-fly creation of onelab clients in scripts; general periodic
meshes using afine transforms; scripted selection of entities in bounding boxes;
extended string and list handling functions; many small improvements and bug
fixes.

2.8.5 (Jul 9, 2014): improved stability and error handling, better Coherence
function, updated onelab API version and inline parameter definitions, new
background image modes, more robust Triangulate/Tetrahedralize plugins, new PGF
output, improved support for string~index variable names in parser, small
improvements and bug fixes all over the place.

2.8.4 (Feb 7, 2014): better reproductibility of 2D meshes; new mandatory 'Name'
attribute to define onelab variables in DefineConstant[] & co; new
-setnumber/-setstring command line arguments; small improvements and bug fixes.

2.8.3 (Sep 27, 2013): new quick access menu and multiple view selection in GUI;
enhanced animation creation; many small enhancements and bug fixes.

2.8.2 (Jul 16, 2013): improved high order tools interface; minor bug fixes.

2.8.1 (Jul 11, 2013): improved compound surfaces and transfinite arrangements.

2.8.0 (Jul 8, 2013): improved Delaunay point insertion; fixed mesh orientation
of plane surfaces; fixed mesh size prescribed at embedded points; improved
display of vectors at COG; new experimental text string display engines;
improved fullscreen mode; access time/step in transformations; new experimental
features: AdaptMesh and Surface In Volume; accept unicode file paths on Windows;
compilation and bug fixes.

2.7.1 (May 11, 2013): improved Delaunay point insertion; updated onelab; better
Abaqus and UNV export; small bug and compilation fixes.

2.7.0 (Mar 9, 2013): new single-window GUI, with dynamically customizable
widget tree; faster STEP/BRep import; arbitrary size image export; faster 2D
Delaunay/Frontal algorithms; full option viewer/editor; many bug fixes.

2.6.1 (Jul 15, 2012): minor improvements and bug fixes.

2.6.0 (Jun 19, 2012): new quadrilateral meshing algorithms (Blossom and
Delaunay-Frontal for quads); new solver module based on ONELAB project (requires
FLTK 1.3); new tensor field visualization modes (eigenvectors, ellipsoid, etc.);
added support for interpolation schemes in .msh file; added support for MED3
format; rescale viewport around visible entities (shift+1:1 in GUI); unified
post-processing field export; new experimental stereo+camera visualization mode;
added experimental BAMG & Mmg3D support for anisotropic mesh generation; new OCC
cut & merge algorithm imported from Salome; new ability to connect extruded
meshes to tetrahedral grids using pyramids; new homology solver; Abaqus (INP)
mesh export; new Python and Java wrappers; bug fixes and small improvements all
over the place.

2.5.0 (Oct 15, 2010): new compound geometrical entities (for remeshing and/or
trans-patch meshing); improved mesh reclassification tool; new client/server
visualization mode; new ability to watch a pattern of files to merge; new
integrated MPEG export; new option to force the type of views dynamically;
bumped mesh version format to 2.2 (small change in the meaning of the partition
tags; this only affects partitioned (i.e. parallel) meshes); renamed several
post-processing plugins (as well as plugin options) to make them easier to
understand; many bug fixes and usability improvements all over the place.

2.4.2 (Sep 21, 2009): solver code refactoring + better IDE integration.

2.4.1 (Sep 1, 2009): fixed surface mesh orientation bug introduced in 2.4.0;
mesh and graphics code refactoring, small usability enhancements and bug fixes.

2.4.0 (Aug 22, 2009): switched build system to CMake; optionally copy
transfinite mesh constraints during geometry transformations; bumped mesh
version format to 2.1 (small change in the $PhysicalNames section, where the
group dimension is now required); ported most plugins to the new
post-processing API; switched from MathEval to MathEx and Flu_Tree_Browser to
Fl_Tree; small bug fixes and improvements all over the place.

2.3.1 (Mar 18, 2009): removed GSL dependency (Gmsh now simply uses Blas and
Lapack); new per-window visibility; added support for composite window printing
and background images; fixed string option affectation in parser; fixed surface
mesh orientation for OpenCASCADE models; fixed random triangle orientations in
Delaunay and Frontal algorithms.

2.3.0 (Jan 23, 2009): major graphics and GUI code refactoring; new
full-quad/hexa subdivision algorithm; improved automatic transfinite corner
selection (now also for volumes); improved visibility browser; new automatic
adaptive visualization for high-order simplices; modified arrow size, clipping
planes and transform options; many improvements and bug fixes all over the
place.

2.2.6 (Nov 21, 2008): better transfinite smoothing and automatic corner
selection; fixed high order meshing crashes on Windows and Linux; new uniform
mesh refinement (thanks Brian!); fixed various other small bugs.

2.2.5 (Oct 25, 2008): Gmsh now requires FLTK 1.1.7 or above; various small
improvements (STL and VTK mesh I/O, Netgen upgrade, Visual C++ support, Fields,
Mesh.{Msh,Stl,...}Binary changed to Mesh.Binary) and bug fixes (pyramid
interpolation, Chaco crashes).

2.2.4 (Aug 14, 2008): integrated Metis and Chaco mesh partitioners; variables
can now be deleted in geo files; added support for point datasets in model-based
postprocessing views; small bug fixes.

2.2.3 (Jul 14, 2008): enhanced clipping interface; API cleanup; fixed various
bugs (Plugin(Integrate), high order meshes, surface info crash).

2.2.2 (Jun 20, 2008): added geometrical transformations on volumes; fixed bug in
high order mesh generation.

2.2.1 (Jun 15, 2008): various small improvements (adaptive views, GUI, code
cleanup) and bug fixes (high order meshes, Netgen interface).

2.2.0 (Apr 19, 2008): new model-based post-processing backend; added MED I/O for
mesh and post-processing; fixed BDF vertex ordering for 2nd order elements;
replaced Mesh.ConstrainedBackgroundMesh with
Mesh.CharacteristicLength{FromPoints,ExtendFromBoundary}; new Fields interface;
control windows are now non-modal by default; new experimental 2D frontal
algorithm; fixed various bugs.

2.1.1 (Mar 1, 2008): small bug fixes (second order meshes, combine views, divide
and conquer crash, ...).

2.1.0 (Feb 23, 2008): new post-processing database; complete rewrite of
post-processing drawing code; improved surface mesh algorithms; improved
STEP/IGES/BREP support; new 3D mesh optimization algorithm; new default native
file choosers; fixed 'could not find extruded vertex' in extrusions; many
improvements and bug fixes all over the place.

2.0.8 (Jul 13, 2007): unused vertices are not saved in mesh files anymore; new
plugin GUI; automatic GUI font size selection; renamed
Plugin(DecomposeInSimplex) into Plugin(MakeSimplex); reintroduced enhanced
Plugin(SphericalRaise); clarified meshing algo names; new option to save groups
of nodes in UNV meshes; new background mesh infrastructure; many small
improvements and small bug fixes.

2.0.7 (Apr 3, 2007): volumes can now be defined from external CAD surfaces;
Delaunay/Tetgen algorithm is now used by default when available; re-added
support for Plot3D structured mesh format; added ability to export external CAD
models as GEO files (this only works for the limited set of geometrical
primitives available in the GEO language, of course--so trying to convert e.g. a
trimmed NURBS from a STEP file into a GEO file will fail); "lateral" entities
are now added at the end of the list returned by extrusion commands; fixed
various bugs.

2.0.0 (Feb 5, 2007): new geometry and mesh databases, with support for STEP and
IGES import via OpenCASCADE; complete rewrite of geometry and mesh drawing
code; complete rewrite of mesh I/O layer (with new native binary MSH format and
support for import/export of I-deas UNV, Nastran BDF, STL, Medit MESH and VRML
1.0 files); added support for incomplete second order elements; new 2D and 3D
meshing algorithms; improved integration of Netgen and TetGen algorithms;
removed anisotropic meshing algorithm (as well as attractors); removed explicit
region number specification in extrusions; option changes in the graphical
interface are now applied instantaneously; added support for offscreen rendering
using OSMesa; added support for SVG output; added string labels for Physical
entities; lots of other improvements all over the place.

1.65 (May 15, 2006): new Plugin(ExtractEdges); fixed compilation errors with
gcc4.1; replaced Plugin(DisplacementRaise) and Plugin(SphericalRaise) with the
more flexible Plugin(Warp); better handling of discrete curves; new Status
command in parser; added option to renumber nodes in .msh files (to avoid holes
in the numbering sequence); fixed 2 special cases in quad->prism extrusion;
fixed saving of 2nd order hexas with negative volume; small bug fixes and
cleanups.

1.64 (Mar 18, 2006): Windows versions do no depend on Cygwin anymore; various
bug fixes and cleanups.

1.63 (Feb 01, 2006): post-processing views can now be exported as meshes;
improved background mesh handling (a lot faster, and more accurate); improved
support for input images; new Plugin(ExtractElements); small bug fixes and
enhancements.

1.62 (Jan 15, 2006): new option to draw color gradients in the background;
enhanced perspective projection mode; new "lasso" selection mode (same as
"lasso" zoom, but in selection mode); new "invert selection" button in the
visibility browser; new snapping grid when adding points in the GUI; nicer
normal smoothing; new extrude syntax (old syntax still available, but
deprecated); various small bug fixes and enhancements.

1.61 (Nov 29, 2005): added support for second order (curved) elements in
post-processor; new version (1.4) of post-processing file formats; new stippling
options for 2D plots; removed limit on allowed number of files on command line;
all "Combine" operations are now available in the parser; changed
View.ArrowLocation into View.GlyphLocation; optimized memory usage when loading
many (>1000) views; optimized loading and drawing of line meshes and 2D iso
views; optimized handling of meshes with large number of physical entities;
optimized vertex array creation for large post-processing views on
Windows/Cygwin; removed Discrete Line and Discrete Surface commands (the same
functionality can now be obtained by simply loading a mesh in .msh format);
fixed coloring by mesh partition; added option to light wireframe meshes and
views; new "mesh statistics" export format; new full-quad recombine option; new
Plugin(ModulusPhase); hexas and prisms are now always saved with positive
volume; improved interactive entity selection; new experimental Tetgen
integration; new experimental STL remeshing algorithm; various small bug fixes
and improvements.

1.60 (Mar 15, 2005): added support for discrete curves; new Window menu on Mac
OS X; generalized all octree-based plugins (CutGrid, StreamLines, Probe, etc.)
to handle all element types (and not only scalar and vector
triangles+tetrahedra); generalized Plugin(Evaluate), Plugin(Extract) and
Plugin(Annotate); enhanced clipping plane interface; new grid/axes/rulers for 3D
post-processing views (renamed the AbscissaName, NbAbscissa and AbscissaFormat
options to more general names in the process); better automatic positioning of
2D graphs; new manipulator dialog to specify rotations, translations and
scalings "by hand"; various small enhancements and bug fixes.

1.59 (Feb 06, 2005): added support for discrete (triangulated) surfaces, either
in STL format or with the new "Discrete Surface" command; added STL and Text
output format for post-processing views and STL output format for surface
meshes; all levelset-based plugins can now also compute isovolumes; generalized
Plugin(Evaluate) to handle external view data (based on the same or on a
different mesh); generalized Plugin(CutGrid); new plugins (Eigenvalues,
Gradient, Curl, Divergence); changed default colormap to match Matlab's "Jet"
colormap; new transformation matrix option for views (for non-destructive
rotations, symmetries, etc.); improved solver interface to keep the GUI
responsive during solver calls; new C++ and Python solver examples; simplified
Tools->Visibility GUI; transfinite lines with "Progression" now allow negative
line numbers to reverse the progression; added ability to retrieve Gmsh's
version number in the parser (to help write backward compatible scripts); fixed
white space in unv mesh output; fixed various small bugs.

1.58 (Jan 01, 2005): fixed UNIX socket interface on Windows (broken by the TCP
solver patch in 1.57); bumped version number of default post-processing file
formats to 1.3 (the only small modification is the handling of the end-of-string
character for text2d and text3d objects in the ASCII format); new File->Rename
menu; new colormaps+improved colormap handling; new color+min/max options in
views; new GetValue() function to ask for values interactively in scripts;
generalized For/EndFor loops in parser; new plugins (Annotate, Remove, Probe);
new text attributes in views; renamed some shortcuts; fixed TeX output for large
scenes; new option dialogs for various output formats; fixed many small memory
leaks in parser; many small enhancements to polish the graphics and the user
interface.

1.57 (Dec 23, 2004): generalized displacement maps to display arbitrary view
types; the arrows representing a vector field can now also be colored by the
values from other scalar, vector or tensor fields; new adaptive high order
visualization mode; new options (Solver.SocketCommand, Solver.NameCommand,
View.ArrowSizeProportional, View.Normals, View.Tangents and General.ClipFactor);
fixed display of undesired solver plugin popups; enhanced interactive plugin
behavior; new plugins (HarmonicToTime, Integrate, Eigenvectors); tetrahedral
mesh file reading speedup (50% faster on large meshes); large memory footprint
reduction (up to 50%) for the visualization of triangular/tetrahedral meshes;
the solver interface now supports TCP/IP connections; new generalized raise mode
(allows one to use complex expressions to offset post-processing maps); upgraded
Netgen kernel to version 4.4; new optional TIME list in parsed views to specify
the values of the time steps; several bug fixes in the Elliptic mesh algorithm;
various other small bug fixes and enhancements.

1.56 (Oct 17, 2004): new post-processing option to draw a scalar view raised by
a displacement view without using Plugin(DisplacementRaise) (makes drawing
arbitrary scalar fields on deformed meshes much easier); better post-processing
menu (arbitrary number of views+scrollable+show view number); improved
view->combine; new horizontal post-processing scales; new option to draw the
mesh nodes per element; views can now also be saved in "parsed" format; fixed
various path problems on Windows; small bug fixes.

1.55 (Aug 21, 2004): added background mesh support for Triangle; meshes can now
be displayed using "smoothed" normals (like post-processing views); added GUI
for clipping planes; new interactive clipping/cutting plane definition;
reorganized the Options GUI; enhanced 3D iso computation; enhanced lighting;
many small bug fixes.

1.54 (Jul 03, 2004): integrated Netgen (3D mesh quality optimization +
alternative 3D algorithm); Extrude Surface now always automatically creates a
new volume (in the same way Extrude Point or Extrude Line create new lines and
surfaces, respectively); fixed UNV output; made the "Layers" region numbering
consistent between lines, surfaces and volumes; fixed home directory problem on
Win98; new Plugin(CutParametric); the default project file is now created in the
home directory if no current directory is defined (e.g., when double-clicking on
the icon on Windows/Mac); fixed the discrepancy between the orientation of
geometrical surfaces and the associated surface meshes; added automatic
orientation of surfaces in surface loops; generalized Plugin(Triangulate) to
handle vector and tensor views; much nicer display of discrete iso-surfaces and
custom ranges using smooth normals; small bug fixes and cleanups.

1.53 (Jun 04, 2004): completed support for second order elements in the mesh
module (line, triangles, quadrangles, tetrahedra, hexahedra, prisms and
pyramids); various background mesh fixes and enhancements; major performance
improvements in mesh and post-processing drawing routines (OpenGL vertex arrays
for tri/quads); new Plugin(Evaluate) to evaluate arbitrary expressions on
post-processing views; generalized Plugin(Extract) to handle any combination of
components; generalized "Coherence" to handle transfinite surface/volume
attributes; plugin options can now be set in the option file (like all other
options); added "undo" capability during geometry creation; rewrote the contour
guessing routines so that entities can be selected in an arbitrary order; Mac
users can now double click on geo/msh/pos files in the Finder to launch Gmsh;
removed support for FLTK 1.0; rewrote most of the code related to quadrangles;
fixed 2d elliptic algorithm; removed all OpenGL display list code and options;
fixed light positioning; new BoundingBox command to set the bounding box
explicitly; added support for inexpensive "fake" transparency mode; many code
cleanups.

1.52 (May 06, 2004): new raster ("bitmap") PostScript/EPS/PDF output formats;
new Plugin(Extract) to extract a given component from a post-processing view;
new Plugin(CutGrid) and Plugin(StreamLines); improved mesh projection on
non-planar surfaces; added support for second order tetrahedral elements; added
interactive control of element order; refined mesh entity drawing selection (and
renamed most of the corresponding options); enhanced log scale in
post-processing; better font selection; simplified View.Raise{X,Y,Z} by removing
the scaling; various bug fixes (default postscript printing mode, drawing of 3D
arrows/cylinders on Linux, default home directory on Windows, default initial
file browser directory, extrusion of points with non-normalized axes of
rotation, computation of the scene bounding box in scripts, + the usual
documentation updates).

1.51 (Feb 29, 2004): initial support for visualizing mesh partitions; integrated
version 2.0 of the MSH mesh file format; new option to compute post-processing
ranges (min/max) per time step; Multiple views can now be combined into multi
time step ones (e.g. for programs that generate data one time step at a time);
new syntax: #var[] returns the size of the list var[]; enhanced "gmsh -convert";
temporary and error files are now created in the home directory to avoid file
permission issues; new 3D arrows; better lighting support; STL facets can now be
converted into individual geometrical surfaces; many other small improvements
and bug fixes (multi timestep tensors, color by physical entity, parser cleanup,
etc.).

1.50 (Dec 06, 2003): small changes to the visibility browser + made visibility
scriptable (new Show/Hide commands); fixed (rare) crash when deleting views;
split File->Open into File->Open and File->New to behave like most other
programs; Mac versions now use the system menu bar by default (if possible);
fixed bug leading to degenerate and/or duplicate tetrahedra in extruded meshes;
fixed crash when reloading sms meshes.

1.49 (Nov 30, 2003): made Merge, Save and Print behave like Include (i.e., open
files in the same directory as the main project file if the path is relative);
new Plugin(DecomposeInSimplex); new option View.AlphaChannel to set the
transparency factor globally for a post-processing view; new "Combine Views"
command; various bug fixes and cleanups.

1.48 (Nov 23, 2003): new DisplacementRaise plugin to plot arbitrary fields on
deformed meshes; generalized CutMap, CutPlane, CutSphere and Skin plugins to
handle all kinds of elements and fields; new "Save View[n]" command to save
views from a script; many small bug fixes (configure tests for libpng, handling
of erroneous options, multi time step scalar prism drawings, copy of surface
mesh attributes, etc.).

1.47 (Nov 12, 2003): fixed extrusion of surfaces defined by only two curves; new
syntax to retrieve point coordinates and indices of entities created through
geometrical transformations; new PDF and compressed PostScript output formats;
fixed numbering of elements created with "Extrude Point/Line"; use $GMSH_HOME as
home directory if defined.

1.46 (Aug 23, 2003): fixed crash for very long command lines; new options for
setting the displacement factor and Triangle's parameters + renamed a couple of
options to more sensible names (View.VectorType, View.ArrowSize); various small
bug fixes; documentation update.

1.45 (Jun 14, 2003): small bug fixes (min/max computation for tensor views,
missing physical points in read mesh, "jumping" geometry during interactive
manipulation of large models, etc.); variable definition speedup; restored
support for second order elements in one- and two-dimensional meshes;
documentation updates.

1.44 (Apr 21, 2003): new reference manual; added support for PNG output; fixed
small configure script bugs.

1.43 (Mar 28, 2003): fixed solver interface problem on Mac OS X; new option to
specify the interactive rotation center (default is now the pseudo "center of
gravity" of the object, instead of (0,0,0)).

1.42 (Mar 19, 2003): suppressed the automatic addition of a ".geo" extension if
the file given on the command line is not recognized; added missing Layer option
for Extrude Point; fixed various small bugs.

1.41 (Mar 04, 2003): Gmsh is now licensed under the GNU General Public License;
general code cleanup (indent).

1.40 (Feb 26, 2003): various small bug fixes (mainly GSL-related).

1.39 (Feb 23, 2003): removed all non-free routines; more build system work;
implemented Von-Mises tensor display for all element types; fixed small GUI
bugs.

1.38 (Feb 17, 2003): fixed custom range selection for 3D iso graphs; new build
system based on autoconf; new image reading code to import bitmaps as
post-processing views.

1.37 (Jan 25, 2003): generalized smoothing and cuts of post-processing views;
better Windows integration (solvers, external editors, etc.); small bug fixes.

1.36 (Nov 20, 2002): enhanced view duplication (one can now use "Duplicata
View[num]" in the input file); merged all option dialogs in a new general option
window; enhanced discoverability of the view option menus; new 3D point and line
display; many small bug fixes and enhancements ("Print" format in parser,
post-processing statistics, smooth normals, save window positions, restore
default options, etc.).

1.35 (Sep 11, 2002): graphical user interface upgraded to FLTK 1.1 (tooltips,
new file chooser with multiple selection, full keyboard navigation, cut/paste of
messages, etc.); colors can be now be directly assigned to mesh entities;
initial tensor visualization; new keyboard animation (right/left arrow for time
steps; up/down arrow for view cycling); new VRML output format for surface
meshes; new plugin for spherical elevation plots; new post-processing file
format (version 1.2) supporting quadrangles, hexahedra, prisms and pyramids;
transparency is now enabled by default for post-processing plots; many small bug
fixes (read mesh, ...).

1.34 (Feb 18, 2002): improved surface mesh of non-plane surfaces; fixed
orientation of elements in 2D anisotropic algorithm; minor user interface polish
and additions (mostly in post-processing options); various small bug fixes.

1.33 (Jan 24, 2002): new parameterizable solver interface (allowing up to 5
user-defined solvers); enhanced 2D aniso algorithm; 3D initial mesh speedup.

1.32 (Oct 04, 2001): new visibility browser; better floating point exception
checks; fixed infinite looping when merging meshes in project files; various
small clean ups (degenerate 2D extrusion, view->reload, ...).

1.31 (Nov 30, 2001): corrected ellipses; PostScript output update (better
shading, new combined PS/LaTeX output format); more interface polish; fixed
extra memory allocation in 2D meshes; Physical Volume handling in unv format;
various small fixes.

1.30 (Nov 16, 2001): interface polish; fix crash when extruding quadrangles.

1.29 (Nov 12, 2001): translations and rotations can now be combined in
extrusions; fixed coherence bug in Extrude Line; various small bug fixes and
additions.

1.28 (Oct 30, 2001): corrected the 'Using Progression' attribute for tranfinite
meshes to actually match a real geometric progression; new Triangulate plugin;
new 2D graphs (space+time charts); better performance of geometrical
transformations (warning: the numbering of some automatically created entities
has changed); new text primitives in post-processing views (file format updated
to version 1.1); more robust mean plane computation and error checks; various
other small additions and clean-ups.

1.27 (Oct 05, 2001): added ability to extrude curves with Layers/Recombine
attributes; new PointSize/LineWidth options; fixed For/EndFor loops in included
files; fixed error messages (line numbers+file names) in loops and functions;
made the automatic removal of duplicate geometrical entities optional
(Geometry.AutoCoherence=0); various other small bug fixes and clean-ups.

1.26 (Sep 06, 2001): enhanced 2D anisotropic mesh generator (metric
intersections); fixed small bug in 3D initial mesh; added alternative syntax for
built-in functions (for GetDP compatibility); added line element display; Gmsh
now saves all the elements in the mesh if no physical groups are defined (or if
Mesh.SaveAll=1).

1.25 (Sep 01, 2001): fixed bug with mixed recombined/non-recombined extruded
meshes; Linux versions are now build with no optimization, due to bugs in gcc
2.95.X.

1.24 (Aug 30, 2001): fixed characteristic length interpolation for Splines;
fixed edge swapping bug in 3D initial mesh; fixed degenerated case in
geometrical extrusion (ruled surface with 3 borders); fixed generation of
degenerated hexahedra and prisms for recombined+extruded meshes; added BSplines
creation in the GUI; integrated Jonathan Shewchuk's Triangle as an alternative
isotropic 2D mesh generator; added AngleSmoothNormals to control sharp edge
display with smoothed normals; fixed random crash for lighted 3D iso surfaces.

1.23 (Aug, 2001): fixed duplicate elements generation + non-matching tetrahedra
faces in 3D extruded meshes; better display of displacement maps; fixed
interactive ellipsis construction; generalized boundary operator; added new
explode option for post-processing views; enhanced link view behavior (to update
only the changed items); added new default plugins: Skin, Transform, Smooth;
fixed various other small bugs (mostly in the post-processing module and for
extruded meshes).

1.22 (Aug 03, 2001): fixed (yet another) bug for 2D mesh in the mean plane;
fixed surface coherence bug in extruded meshes; new double logarithmic scale,
saturate value and smoothed normals option for post-processing views; plugins
are now enabled by default; three new experimental statically linked plugins:
CutMap (extracts a given iso surface from a 3D scalar map), CutPlane (cuts a 3D
scalar map with a plane section), CutSphere (cuts a 3D scalar map with a
sphere); various other bug fixes, additions and clean-ups.

1.21 (Jul 25, 2001): fixed more memory leaks; added -opt command line option to
parse definitions directly from the command line; fixed missing screen refreshes
during contour/surface/volume selection; enhanced string manipulation functions
(Sprintf, StrCat, StrPrefix); many other small fixes and clean-ups.

1.20 (Jun 14, 2001): fixed various bugs (memory leaks, functions in included
files, solver command selection, ColorTable option, duplicate nodes in extruded
meshes (not finished yet), infinite loop on empty views, orientation of
recombined quadrangles, ...); reorganized the interface menus; added constrained
background mesh and mesh visibility options; added mesh quality histograms;
changed default mesh colors; reintegrated the old command-line extrusion mesh
generator.

1.19 (May 07, 2001): fixed seg. fault for scalar simplex post-processing; new
Solver menu; interface for GetDP solver through sockets; fixed multiple scale
alignment; added some options + full option descriptions.

1.18 (Apr 26, 2001): fixed many small bugs and incoherences in post-processing;
fixed broken background mesh in 1D mesh generation.

1.17 (Apr 17, 2001): corrected physical points saving; fixed parsing of DOS
files (carriage return problems); easier geometrical selections (cursor change);
plugin manager; enhanced variable arrays (sublist selection and affectation);
line loop check; New arrow display; reduced number of 'fatal' errors + better
handling in interactive mode; fixed bug when opening meshes; enhanced File->Open
behavior for meshes and post-processing views.

1.16 (Feb 26, 2001): added single/double buffer selection (only useful for Unix
versions of Gmsh run from remote hosts without GLX); fixed a bug for recent
versions of the opengl32.dll on Windows, which caused OpenGL fonts not to show
up.

1.15 (Feb 23, 2001): added automatic visibility setting during entity selection;
corrected geometrical extrusion bug.

1.14 (Feb 17, 2001): corrected a few bugs in the GUI (most of them were
introduced in 1.13); added interactive color selection; made the option database
bidirectional (i.e. scripts now correctly update the GUI); default options can
now be saved and automatically reloaded at startup; made some changes to the
scripting syntax (PostProcessing.View[n] becomes View[n]; Offset0 becomes
OffsetX, etc.); corrected the handling of simple triangular surfaces with large
characteristic lengths in the 2D isotropic algorithm; added an ASCII to binary
post-processing view converter.

1.13 (Feb 09, 2001): added support for JPEG output on Windows.

1.12: corrected vector lines in the post-processing parsed format; corrected
animation on Windows; corrected file creation in scripts on Windows; direct
affectation of variable arrays.

1.11 (Feb 07, 2001): corrected included file loading problem.

1.10 (Feb 04, 2001): switched from Motif to FLTK for the GUI. Many small tweaks.

1.00 (Jan 15, 2001): added PPM and YUV output; corrected nested If/Endif;
Corrected several bugs for pixel output and enhanced GIF output (dithering,
transparency); slightly changed the post-processing file format to allow both
single and double precision numbers.

0.999 (Dec 20, 2000): added JPEG output and easy MPEG generation (see t8.geo in
the tutorial); clean up of export functions; small fixes; Linux versions are now
compiled with gcc 2.95.2, which should fix the problems encountered with
Mandrake 7.2.

0.998 (Dec 19, 2000): corrected bug introduced in 0.997 in the generation of the
initial 3D mesh.

0.997 (Dec 14, 2000): corrected bug in interactive surface/volume selection;
Added interactive symmetry; corrected geometrical extrusion with rotation in
degenerated or partially degenerated cases; corrected bug in 2D mesh when
meshing in the mean plane.

0.996: arrays of variables; enhanced Printf and Sprintf; Simplified options
(suppression of option arrays).

0.995 (Dec 11, 2000): totally rewritten geometrical database (performance has
been drastically improved for all geometrical transformations, and most notably
for extrusion). As a consequence, the internal numbering of geometrical entities
has changed: this will cause incompatibilities with old .geo files, and will
require a partial rewrite of your old .geo files if these files made use of
geometrical transformations. The syntax of the .geo file has also been
clarified. Many additions for scripting purposes. New extrusion mesh
generator. Preliminary version of the coupling between extruded and Delaunay
meshes. New option and procedural database. All interactive operations can be
scripted in the input files. See the last example in the tutorial for an
example. Many stability enhancements in the 2D and 3D mesh
algorithms. Performance boost of the 3D algorithm. Gmsh is still slow, but the
performance becomes acceptable. An average 1000 tetrahedra/second is obtained on
a 600Mhz computer for a mesh of one million tetrahedra. New anisotropic 2D mesh
algorithm. New (ASCII and binary) post-processing file format and clarified mesh
file format. New handling for interactive rotations (trackball mode). New
didactic interactive mesh construction (watch the Delaunay algorithm in real
time on complex geometries: that's exciting ;-). And many, many bug fixes and
cleanups.

0.992 (Nov 13, 2000): corrected recombined extrusion; corrected ellipses; added
simple automatic animation of post-processing maps; fixed various bugs.

0.991 (Oct 24, 2000): fixed a serious allocation bug in 2D algorithm, which
caused random crashes. All users should upgrade to 0.991.

0.990: bug fix in non-recombined 3D transfinite meshes.

0.989 (Sep 01, 2000): added ability to reload previously saved meshes; some new
command line options; reorganization of the scale menu; GIF output.

0.987: fixed bug with smoothing (leading to the possible generation of erroneous
3d meshes); corrected bug for mixed 3D meshes; moved the 'toggle view link'
option to Opt->Postprocessing_Options.

0.986: fixed overlay problems; SGI version should now also run on 32 bits
machines; fixed small 3d mesh bug.

0.985: corrected colormap bug on HP, SUN, SGI and IBM versions; corrected small
initialization bug in postscript output.

0.984: corrected bug in display lists; added some options in Opt->General.

0.983: corrected some seg. faults in interactive mode; corrected bug in
rotations; changed default window sizes for better match with 1024x768 screens
(default X resources can be changed: see ex03.geo).

0.982: lighting for mesh and post-processing; corrected 2nd order mesh on non
plane surfaces; added example 13.

Appendix E Copyright and credits
********************************

                 Gmsh is copyright (C) 1997-2025

                       Christophe Geuzaine
                     <cgeuzaine at uliege.be>

                               and

                      Jean-Francois Remacle
              <jean-francois.remacle at uclouvain.be>

Code contributions to Gmsh have been provided by David Colignon (colormaps),
Emilie Marchandise (old compound geometrical entities), Gaetan Bricteux (Gauss
integration and levelsets), Jacques Lechelle (DIFFPACK export), Jonathan
Lambrechts (mesh size fields, solver, Python wrappers), Jozef Vesely (old Tetgen
integration), Koen Hillewaert (high order elements, generalized periodic
meshes), Laurent Stainier (eigenvalue solvers, tensor display and help with
macOS port), Marc Ume (original list and tree code), Mark van Doesburg (old
OpenCASCADE face connection), Matt Gundry (Plot3d export), Matti Pellikka (cell
complex and homology solver), Nicolas Tardieu (help with Netgen integration),
Pascale Noyret (MED mesh IO), Pierre Badel (root finding and minimization), Ruth
Sabariego (pyramids), Stephen Guzik (old CGNS IO, old partitioning code),
Bastien Gorissen (parallel remote post-processing), Eric Bechet (solver), Gilles
Marckmann (camera and stero mode, X3D export), Ashish Negi (Netgen CAD healing),
Trevor Strickler (hybrid structured mesh coupling with pyramids), Amaury Johnen
(Bezier code, high-order element validity), Benjamin Ruard (old Java wrappers),
Maxime Graulich (iOS/Android port), Francois Henrotte (ONELAB metamodels),
Sebastian Eiser (PGF export), Alexis Salzman (compressed IO), Hang Si (TetGen/BR
boundary recovery code), Fernando Lorenzo (Tochnog export), Larry Price (Gambit
export), Anthony Royer (new partitioning code, MSH4 IO), Darcy Beurle (code
cleanup and performance improvements), Celestin Marot (HXT/tetMesh),
Pierre-Alexandre Beaufort (HXT/reparam), Zhidong Han (LSDYNA export), Ismail
Badia (hierarchical basis functions), Jeremy Theler (X3D export), Thomas
Toulorge (high order mesh optimizer, new CGNS IO), Max Orok (binary PLY), Marek
Wojciechowski (PyPi packaging), Maxence Reberol (automatic transfinite, quad
meshing tools), Michael Ermakov (Gambit IO, Fortran API, TransfiniteTri,
boundary layer fans), Alex Krasner (X3D export), Giannis Nikiteas (Fortran API,
OBJ import/export), Paul Sharp (Radioss export), Marco Failla (2D fillet/offset
and API additions). See comments in the sources for more information. If we
forgot to list your contributions please send us an email!

Thanks to the following folks who have contributed by providing fresh ideas on
theoretical or programming topics, who have sent patches, requests for changes
or improvements, or who gave us access to exotic machines for testing Gmsh: Juan
Abanto, Olivier Adam, Guillaume Alleon, Laurent Champaney, Pascal Dupuis,
Patrick Dular, Philippe Geuzaine, Johan Gyselinck, Francois Henrotte, Benoit
Meys, Nicolas Moes, Osamu Nakamura, Chad Schmutzer, Jean-Luc Fl'ejou, Xavier
Dardenne, Christophe Prud'homme, Sebastien Clerc, Jose Miguel Pasini, Philippe
Lussou, Jacques Kools, Bayram Yenikaya, Peter Hornby, Krishna Mohan Gundu,
Christopher Stott, Timmy Schumacher, Carl Osterwisch, Bruno Frackowiak, Philip
Kelleners, Romuald Conty, Renaud Sizaire, Michel Benhamou, Tom De Vuyst, Kris
Van den Abeele, Simon Vun, Simon Corbin, Thomas De-Soza, Marcus Drosson, Antoine
Dechaume, Jose Paulo Moitinho de Almeida, Thomas Pinchard, Corrado Chisari, Axel
Hackbarth, Peter Wainwright, Jiri Hnidek, Thierry Thomas, Konstantinos Poulios,
Laurent Van Miegroet, Shahrokh Ghavamian, Geordie McBain, Jose Paulo Moitinho de
Almeida, Guillaume Demesy, Wendy Merks-Swolfs, Cosmin Stefan Deaconu, Nigel
Nunn, Serban Georgescu, Julien Troufflard, Michele Mocciola, Matthijs Sypkens
Smit, Sauli Ruuska, Romain Boman, Fredrik Ekre, Mark Burton, Max Orok, Paul
Cristini, Isuru Fernando, Jose Paulo Moitinho de Almeida, Sophie Le Bras,
Alberto Escrig, Samy Mukadi, Peter Johnston, Bruno de Sousa Alves, Stefan
Bruens, Luca Verzeroli, Tristan Seidlhofer, Ding Jiaming, Joost Gevaert, Marcus
Calhoun-Lopez, Michel Zou, Sir Sunsheep, Mariano Forti, Walter Steffe, Nico
Schloemer, Simon Tournier, Alexandru Dadalau, Thomas Ulrich, Matthias Diener,
Jamie Border, Kenneth Jansen, Steven Masfaraud, Sai Sumanth Moturu, Arie
Westland, Andreas Farley, Mahesh Madhav, Zoltan Csati, Thierry Hocquellet,
Christophe Bourcier, Mattéo Couplet, Giuseppe Musacchio, Romin Tomasetti, Lin Qi
Chen, Tim Furlan, Matthias Lang, Tim Gabriel, Julien Chapelat, Boris Martin,
Thomas Pirottin, Kazuyoshi Furutaka, Mariusz Wozniak, Christophe Friebel,
Thierry Thomas, Joonas Haapsaari, Jani V"alimaa, Erik Schaubelt, Louis Denis,
Francis Franklin, Florian Blachère, Aleksandr Artemyev, Carlos Ballesteros,
Theodore Chang, Tom Gillam, Francisco Orlandini, Simon Février, Jules Zaleski,
Valentin Boettcher, Lukas Hoghoj, Leo Lahti.

Special thanks to Bill Spitzak, Michael Sweet, Matthias Melcher, Greg Ercolano
and others for the Fast Light Tool Kit on which Gmsh's GUI is based. See
http://www.fltk.org for more info on this excellent object-oriented,
cross-platform toolkit. Special thanks also to EDF for funding the original
OpenCASCADE and MED integration in 2006-2007. Gmsh development was also
financially supported by the PRACE project funded in part by the EU's Horizon
2020 Research and Innovation programme (2014-2020) under grant agreement 823767.

The TetGen/BR code (src/mesh/tetgenBR.{cpp,h}) is copyright (c) 2016 Hang Si,
Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochatics. It is relicensed
under the terms of LICENSE.txt for use in Gmsh thanks to a Software License
Agreement between Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics and
GMESH SPRL.

The AVL tree code (src/common/avl.{cpp,h}) and the YUV image code
(src/graphics/gl2yuv.{cpp,h}) are copyright (C) 1988-1993, 1995 The Regents of
the University of California. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute
this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
documentation, and that the name of the University of California not be used in
advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
specific, written prior permission. The University of California makes no
representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is
provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.

The picojson code (src/common/picojson.h) is Copyright 2009-2010 Cybozu Labs,
Inc., Copyright 2011-2014 Kazuho Oku, All rights reserved. Redistribution and
use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted
provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source
code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS
SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

The nanoflann code (src/numeric/nanoflann.hpp) is Copyright 2008-2009 Marius
Muja, 2008-2009 David G. Lowe, 2011-2016 Jose Luis Blanco. Redistribution and
use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted
provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source
code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the
following disclaimer.  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the
above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.  THIS
SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
OF SUCH DAMAGE.

The trackball code (src/graphics/Trackball.{cpp.h}) is copyright (C) 1993, 1994,
Silicon Graphics, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Permission to use, copy, modify, and
distribute this software for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both the
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation,
and that the name of Silicon Graphics, Inc. not be used in advertising or
publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written
prior permission.

The GIF and PPM routines (src/graphics/gl2gif.cpp) are based on code copyright
(C) 1989, 1991, Jef Poskanzer. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute
this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
documentation.  This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
warranty.

The colorbar widget (src/fltk/colorbarWindow.cpp) was inspired by code from the
Vis5d program for visualizing five dimensional gridded data sets, copyright (C)
1990-1995, Bill Hibbard, Brian Paul, Dave Santek, and Andre Battaiola.

The libOL code (src/common/libol1.{c,h}) is Copyright 2012-2018 - by Loïc
Maréchal / INRIA. This program is a free software. You can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the MIT License as published by the Open
Source Initiative.

The Fast & memory efficient hashtable based on robin hood hashing
(src/common/robin_hood.h) is Copyright (c) 2018-2020 Martin Ankerl and is
licensed under the MIT License.

In addition, this version of Gmsh may contain the following contributed,
optional codes in the contrib/ directory, each governed by their own license:

* contrib/ANN copyright (C) 1997-2010 University of Maryland and Sunil Arya and
  David Mount;

* contrib/gmm copyright (C) 2002-2008 Yves Renard;

* contrib/hxt - Copyright (C) 2017-2020 - Universite catholique de Louvain;

* contrib/kbipack copyright (C) 2005 Saku Suuriniemi;

* contrib/MathEx based in part on the work of the SSCILIB Library, copyright (C)
  2000-2003 Sadao Massago;

* contrib/metis written by George Karypis (karypis at cs.umn.edu), copyright (C)
  1995-2013 Regents of the University of Minnesota;

* contrib/mpeg_encode copyright (c) 1995 The Regents of the University of
  California;

* contrib/Netgen copyright (C) 1994-2004 Joachim Sch"oberl;

* contrib/bamg from Freefem++ copyright (C) Frederic Hecht;

* contrib/ALGLIB (C) Sergey Bochkanov (ALGLIB project);

* contrib/blossom copyright (C) 1995-1997 Bill Cook et al.;

* contrib/bamg from Freefem++ copyright (C) Frederic Hecht;

* contrib/tinyxml2 from Lee Thomason;

* contrib/voro++ from Voro++ Copyright (c) 2008, The Regents of the University
  of California, through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (subject to
  receipt of any required approvals from the U.S. Dept. of Energy). All rights
  reserved;

* contrib/zipper from MiniZip - Copyright (c) 1998-2010 - by Gilles Vollant -
  version 1.1 64 bits from Mathias Svensson.

Check the configuration options to see which have been enabled.

Appendix F License
******************

Gmsh is provided under the terms of the GNU General Public License
(GPL), Version 2 or later, with the following exception:

  The copyright holders of Gmsh give you permission to combine Gmsh
  with code included in the standard release of Netgen (from Joachim
  Sch"oberl), METIS (from George Karypis at the University of
  Minnesota), OpenCASCADE (from Open CASCADE S.A.S) and ParaView
  (from Kitware, Inc.) under their respective licenses. You may copy
  and distribute such a system following the terms of the GNU GPL for
  Gmsh and the licenses of the other code concerned, provided that
  you include the source code of that other code when and as the GNU
  GPL requires distribution of source code.

  Note that people who make modified versions of Gmsh are not
  obligated to grant this special exception for their modified
  versions; it is their choice whether to do so. The GNU General
  Public License gives permission to release a modified version
  without this exception; this exception also makes it possible to
  release a modified version which carries forward this exception.

End of exception.

		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
		       Version 2, June 1991

 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

			    Preamble

  The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
your programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.

  We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.

  Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.

  Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

  0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

  1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

  2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

    a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
    stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

    b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
    whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
    part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
    parties under the terms of this License.

    c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
    when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
    interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
    announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
    notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
    a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
    these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
    License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
    does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
    the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.

  3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

    a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
    source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
    1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

    b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
    years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
    cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
    machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
    distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
    customarily used for software interchange; or,

    c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
    to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
    allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
    received the program in object code or executable form with such
    an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

  4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.

  5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.

  6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.

  7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.

  8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

  9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.

  10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

			    NO WARRANTY

  11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

  12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

		     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

	    How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA


Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:

    Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
    Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

  Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
  `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

  <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
  Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.

Concept index
*************

* Menu:

* 2D plots:                              Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6595)
* 3D plots:                              Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6595)
* Acknowledgments:                       Copyright and credits.
                                                            (line 30778)
* API:                                   Gmsh application programming interface.
                                                            (line  6837)
* Background mesh:                       Specifying mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line   523)
* Binary operators:                      Operators.         (line  4956)
* Bindings, keyboard:                    Keyboard shortcuts.
                                                            (line  4221)
* Bindings, mouse:                       Mouse actions.     (line  4194)
* Boolean operations, geometry:          Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5918)
* Bugs, reporting:                       Reporting a bug.   (line   224)
* Changelog:                             Version history.   (line 29604)
* Colors:                                Color expressions. (line  4932)
* Command-line options:                  Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4401)
* Commands, general:                     Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* Comments:                              Comments.          (line  4679)
* Concepts, index:                       Concept index.     (line 31356)
* Conditionals:                          Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5151)
* Constants:                             Floating point expressions.
                                                            (line  4691)
* Contributors, list:                    Copyright and credits.
                                                            (line 30778)
* Copyright:                             Copying conditions.
                                                            (line   185)
* Copyright <1>:                         Copyright and credits.
                                                            (line 30778)
* Credits:                               Copyright and credits.
                                                            (line 30778)
* Curves, elementary:                    Curves.            (line  5588)
* Curves, physical:                      Curves.            (line  5588)
* Developer, information:                Information for developers.
                                                            (line 28848)
* Download:                              Obtaining Gmsh.    (line   169)
* Elementary curves:                     Curves.            (line  5588)
* Elementary points:                     Points.            (line  5566)
* Elementary surfaces:                   Surfaces.          (line  5677)
* Elementary volumes:                    Volumes.           (line  5753)
* Evaluation order:                      Operators.         (line  5012)
* Examples:                              Gmsh tutorial.     (line   806)
* Expressions, affectation:              Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* Expressions, color:                    Color expressions. (line  4932)
* Expressions, definition:               Floating point expressions.
                                                            (line  4691)
* Expressions, floating point:           Floating point expressions.
                                                            (line  4695)
* Expressions, identifiers:              Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* Expressions, lists:                    Floating point expressions.
                                                            (line  4770)
* Expressions, string:                   String expressions.
                                                            (line  4858)
* Extrusion, geometry:                   Extrusions.        (line  5825)
* Extrusion, mesh:                       Structured grids.  (line  6176)
* FAQ:                                   Frequently asked questions.
                                                            (line 28988)
* File format, mesh:                     MSH file format.   (line 27375)
* File formats:                          Gmsh file formats. (line 27362)
* File, comments:                        Comments.          (line  4679)
* Frequently asked questions:            Frequently asked questions.
                                                            (line 28988)
* Functions, built-in:                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5035)
* General commands:                      Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* Geometry, boolean operations:          Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5918)
* Geometry, difference:                  Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5918)
* Geometry, extrusion:                   Extrusions.        (line  5825)
* Geometry, fragments:                   Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5918)
* Geometry, intersection:                Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5918)
* Geometry, scripting commands:          Geometry scripting commands.
                                                            (line  5538)
* Geometry, transformations:             Transformations.   (line  5976)
* Geometry, union:                       Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5918)
* Graphical user interface:              Gmsh graphical user interface.
                                                            (line  4065)
* Graphs:                                Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6595)
* GUI:                                   Gmsh graphical user interface.
                                                            (line  4065)
* History, versions:                     Version history.   (line 29604)
* Index, concepts:                       Concept index.     (line 31356)
* Index, syntax:                         Syntax index.      (line     0)
* Installation:                          Installing and running Gmsh on your computer.
                                                            (line   777)
* Internet address:                      Obtaining Gmsh.    (line   169)
* Introduction:                          Overview of Gmsh.  (line   238)
* Issues, reporting:                     Reporting a bug.   (line   224)
* Keyboard, shortcuts:                   Keyboard shortcuts.
                                                            (line  4221)
* Keywords, index:                       Syntax index.      (line     0)
* License:                               Copying conditions.
                                                            (line   185)
* License <1>:                           License.           (line 30990)
* Lines:                                 Curves.            (line  5588)
* Loops:                                 Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5151)
* Macros, user-defined:                  User-defined macros.
                                                            (line  5128)
* Mesh size:                             Specifying mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line   523)
* Mesh, background:                      Specifying mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line   523)
* Mesh, element size:                    Specifying mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line   523)
* Mesh, extrusion:                       Structured grids.  (line  6176)
* Mesh, file format:                     MSH file format.   (line 27375)
* Mesh, scripting commands:              Mesh scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6147)
* Mesh, transfinite:                     Structured grids.  (line  6176)
* Mouse, actions:                        Mouse actions.     (line  4194)
* MSH4 file:                             MSH file format.   (line 27375)
* Nodes, ordering:                       Node ordering.     (line 27823)
* Numbers, real:                         Floating point expressions.
                                                            (line  4695)
* Operator precedence:                   Operators.         (line  5012)
* Operators, definition:                 Operators.         (line  4956)
* Options, command line:                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4401)
* Options, post-processing:              Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23854)
* Order, evaluation:                     Operators.         (line  5012)
* Overview:                              Overview of Gmsh.  (line   238)
* Physical curves:                       Curves.            (line  5588)
* Physical points:                       Points.            (line  5566)
* Physical surfaces:                     Surfaces.          (line  5677)
* Physical volumes:                      Volumes.           (line  5753)
* Plots:                                 Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6595)
* Plugins, post-processing:              Gmsh plugins.      (line 25769)
* Points, elementary:                    Points.            (line  5566)
* Points, physical:                      Points.            (line  5566)
* Post-processing plugins:               Gmsh plugins.      (line 25769)
* Post-processing, options:              Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23854)
* Post-processing, scripting commands:   Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6595)
* Precedence, operators:                 Operators.         (line  5012)
* Programming, API:                      Gmsh application programming interface.
                                                            (line  6837)
* Programming, notes:                    Information for developers.
                                                            (line 28848)
* Questions, frequently asked:           Frequently asked questions.
                                                            (line 28988)
* Real numbers:                          Floating point expressions.
                                                            (line  4695)
* Reporting bugs:                        Reporting a bug.   (line   224)
* Rotation:                              Transformations.   (line  5976)
* Running Gmsh:                          Installing and running Gmsh on your computer.
                                                            (line   777)
* Scale:                                 Transformations.   (line  5976)
* Scripting commands, geometry:          Geometry scripting commands.
                                                            (line  5538)
* Scripting commands, Mesh:              Mesh scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6147)
* Scripting commands, Post-processing:   Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6595)
* Shortcuts, keyboard:                   Keyboard shortcuts.
                                                            (line  4221)
* Size, elements:                        Specifying mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line   523)
* Strings:                               String expressions.
                                                            (line  4858)
* Surfaces, elementary:                  Surfaces.          (line  5677)
* Surfaces, physical:                    Surfaces.          (line  5677)
* Symmetry:                              Transformations.   (line  5976)
* Syntax, index:                         Syntax index.      (line     0)
* Ternary operators:                     Operators.         (line  4956)
* Transfinite, mesh:                     Structured grids.  (line  6176)
* Transformations, geometry:             Transformations.   (line  5976)
* Translation:                           Transformations.   (line  5976)
* Tutorial:                              Gmsh tutorial.     (line   806)
* Unary operators:                       Operators.         (line  4956)
* Versions:                              Version history.   (line 29604)
* Views:                                 Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6595)
* Volumes, elementary:                   Volumes.           (line  5753)
* Volumes, physical:                     Volumes.           (line  5753)
* Web site:                              Obtaining Gmsh.    (line   169)

Syntax index
************

* Menu:

* -:                                     Operators.         (line  4960)
* - <1>:                                 Operators.         (line  4982)
* --:                                    Operators.         (line  4968)
* -, -parse_and_exit:                    Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4563)
* -=:                                    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* -0:                                    Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4425)
* -1, -2, -3:                            Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4432)
* -a, -g, -m, -s, -p:                    Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4577)
* -algo string:                          Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4477)
* -aniso_max value:                      Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4507)
* -barycentric_refine:                   Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4443)
* -bg file:                              Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4585)
* -bgm file:                             Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4520)
* -bin:                                  Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4439)
* -camera:                               Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4556)
* -check:                                Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4522)
* -clcurv value:                         Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4504)
* -clextend value:                       Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4501)
* -clmax value:                          Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4499)
* -clmin value:                          Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4497)
* -clscale value:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4495)
* -combine:                              Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4529)
* -convert files:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4604)
* -cpu:                                  Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4608)
* -display string:                       Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4554)
* -epslc1d value:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4512)
* -fontsize int:                         Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4550)
* -format string:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4434)
* -gamepad:                              Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4560)
* -help:                                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4614)
* -help_options:                         Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4616)
* -ho_[min,max,nlayers]:                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4492)
* -hybrid:                               Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4449)
* -ignore_periocity:                     Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4524)
* -info:                                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4612)
* -link int:                             Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4527)
* -listen string:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4532)
* -log filename:                         Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4575)
* -match:                                Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4429)
* -merge:                                Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4571)
* -minterpreter string:                  Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4535)
* -n:                                    Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4542)
* -new:                                  Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4569)
* -nodb:                                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4545)
* -noenv:                                Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4598)
* -nolocale:                             Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4600)
* -nopopup:                              Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4596)
* -nt int:                               Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4606)
* -numsubedges:                          Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4547)
* -o file:                               Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4567)
* -open:                                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4573)
* -optimize_ho:                          Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4490)
* -optimize_threshold:                   Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4487)
* -optimize[_netgen]:                    Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4485)
* -option file:                          Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4602)
* -order int:                            Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4483)
* -part int:                             Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4451)
* -part_[no_]ghosts:                     Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4461)
* -part_[no_]physicals:                  Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4463)
* -part_[no_]topo:                       Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4459)
* -part_split:                           Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4456)
* -part_topo_pro:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4466)
* -part_weight [tri,quad,tet,hex,pri,pyr,trih] int: Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4453)
* -pid:                                  Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4580)
* -preserve_numbering_msh2:              Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4468)
* -pyinterpreter string:                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4537)
* -rand value:                           Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4518)
* -reclassify angle:                     Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4445)
* -refine:                               Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4441)
* -reparam angle:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4447)
* -run:                                  Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4539)
* -save:                                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4565)
* -save_all:                             Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4471)
* -save_parametric:                      Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4473)
* -save_topology:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4475)
* -setnumber name value:                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4592)
* -setstring name value:                 Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4594)
* -smooth int:                           Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4481)
* -smooth_ratio value:                   Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4509)
* -stereo:                               Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4558)
* -string "string":                      Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4590)
* -swapangle value:                      Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4515)
* -theme string:                         Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4552)
* -tol value:                            Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4427)
* -v int:                                Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4588)
* -version:                              Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4610)
* -watch pattern:                        Gmsh command-line interface.
                                                            (line  4582)
* ::                                     Operators.         (line  5006)
* !:                                     Operators.         (line  4962)
* !=:                                    Operators.         (line  4986)
* ?:                                     Operators.         (line  5004)
* ():                                    Operators.         (line  5012)
* *:                                     Operators.         (line  4974)
* *=:                                    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* /:                                     Operators.         (line  4976)
* /*, */:                                Comments.          (line  4679)
* //:                                    Comments.          (line  4679)
* /=:                                    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* &&:                                    Operators.         (line  4996)
* %:                                     Operators.         (line  4978)
* ^:                                     Operators.         (line  4972)
* +:                                     Operators.         (line  4980)
* ++:                                    Operators.         (line  4966)
* +=:                                    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* <:                                     Operators.         (line  4992)
* < Recursive > Color COLOR-EXPRESSION { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6522)
* < Recursive > Delete { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }: Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6091)
* < Recursive > Hide { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }: Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6111)
* < Recursive > Show { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }: Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6117)
* <=:                                    Operators.         (line  4994)
* =:                                     Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5206)
* ==:                                    Operators.         (line  4984)
* >:                                     Operators.         (line  4988)
* >=:                                    Operators.         (line  4990)
* ||:                                    Operators.         (line  4998)
* Abort;:                                Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5384)
* Acos ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5043)
* AdaptMesh { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST } { { EXPRESSION-LIST < , ... > } };: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6404)
* Affine { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  6005)
* Alias View[EXPRESSION];:               Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6597)
* AliasWithOptions View[EXPRESSION];:    Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6608)
* Asin ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5047)
* Atan ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5051)
* Atan2 ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ):      Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5055)
* AttractorAnisoCurve:                   Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 24861)
* AutomaticMeshSizeField:                Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 24905)
* Background Field = EXPRESSION;:        Mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line  6168)
* Background Mesh View[EXPRESSION];:     Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6660)
* Ball:                                  Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 24947)
* Bezier ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Curves.     (line  5594)
* Bezier Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Surfaces.
                                                            (line  5705)
* BOOLEAN:                               Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5918)
* BooleanDifference ( EXPRESSION ) = { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST };: Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5962)
* BooleanDifference { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST }: Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5928)
* BooleanFragments { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST }: Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5930)
* BooleanIntersection ( EXPRESSION ) = { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST };: Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5956)
* BooleanIntersection { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST }: Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5924)
* BooleanUnion ( EXPRESSION ) = { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST };: Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5959)
* BooleanUnion { BOOLEAN-LIST } { BOOLEAN-LIST }: Boolean operations.
                                                            (line  5926)
* Boundary { TRANSFORM-LIST }:           Transformations.   (line  6015)
* BoundaryLayer:                         Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 24987)
* BoundingBox { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION };: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5464)
* BoundingBox;:                          Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5449)
* Box:                                   Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25062)
* Box ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.       (line  5774)
* BSpline ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Curves.    (line  5598)
* BSpline Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Surfaces.
                                                            (line  5700)
* BUILD-IN-FUNCTION:                     Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5035)
* Call STRING | STRING-EXPRESSION ;:     User-defined macros.
                                                            (line  5141)
* Ceil ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5059)
* Chamfer { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST }: Extrusions.
                                                            (line  5884)
* Circle ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION <, ...> };: Curves.
                                                            (line  5609)
* ClassifySurfaces { EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION < , EXPRESSION > };: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6504)
* Closest { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  6044)
* Coherence Mesh;:                       Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6484)
* Coherence;:                            Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6074)
* Cohomology ( { EXPRESSION-LIST } ) { { EXPRESSION-LIST } , { EXPRESSION-LIST } };: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6588)
* COLOR-OPTION = COLOR-EXPRESSION;:      Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5369)
* Combine ElementsByViewName;:           Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6617)
* Combine ElementsFromAllViews | Combine Views;: Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6622)
* Combine ElementsFromVisibleViews;:     Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6627)
* Combine TimeStepsByViewName | Combine TimeSteps;: Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6632)
* Combine TimeStepsFromAllViews;:        Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6639)
* Combine TimeStepsFromVisibleViews;:    Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6646)
* CombinedBoundary { TRANSFORM-LIST }:   Transformations.   (line  6026)
* Compound Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6545)
* Compound Spline | BSpline ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST } Using EXPRESSION;: Curves.
                                                            (line  5632)
* Cone ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.      (line  5790)
* Constant:                              Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25110)
* Coordinates Surface EXPRESSION;:       Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6136)
* CopyOptions View[EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION];: Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6613)
* Cos ( EXPRESSION ):                    Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5062)
* Cosh ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5065)
* Cpu:                                   Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5233)
* CreateDir STRING-EXPRESSION;:          Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5390)
* CreateGeometry < { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... } > ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6497)
* CreateTopology < { EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION } > ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6487)
* Curvature:                             Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25149)
* Curve Loop ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Curves. (line  5639)
* Cylinder:                              Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25164)
* Cylinder ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.  (line  5778)
* DefineConstant[ STRING = { EXPRESSION|STRING-EXPRESSION, ONELAB-OPTIONS } <, ...>];: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5350)
* DefineConstant[ STRING = EXPRESSION|STRING-EXPRESSION <, ...>];: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5346)
* Delete Embedded { <Physical> Point | Curve | Surface | Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL }; ... }: Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6101)
* Delete Empty Views;:                   Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6657)
* Delete Meshes;:                        Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5474)
* Delete Model;:                         Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5470)
* Delete Options;:                       Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5483)
* Delete Physicals;:                     Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5477)
* Delete STRING;:                        Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5486)
* Delete Variables;:                     Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5480)
* Delete View[EXPRESSION];:              Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6653)
* Dilate { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION } } { TRANSFORM-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  5987)
* Dilate { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { TRANSFORM-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  5981)
* Disk ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Surfaces.     (line  5710)
* Distance:                              Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25210)
* Draw;:                                 Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5425)
* Ellipse ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION <, ...> };: Curves.
                                                            (line  5620)
* Else:                                  Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5195)
* ElseIf ( EXPRESSION ):                 Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5189)
* EndFor:                                Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5181)
* EndIf:                                 Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5200)
* Euclidian Coordinates ;:               Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6140)
* Exit < EXPRESSION >;:                  Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5387)
* Exp ( EXPRESSION ):                    Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5068)
* Extend:                                Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25236)
* ExternalProcess:                       Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25272)
* EXTRUDE:                               Extrusions.        (line  5825)
* Extrude { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { EXTRUDE-LIST }: Extrusions.
                                                            (line  5847)
* Extrude { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { EXTRUDE-LIST LAYERS }: Structured grids.
                                                            (line  6268)
* Extrude { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { EXTRUDE-LIST }: Extrusions.
                                                            (line  5837)
* Extrude { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { EXTRUDE-LIST LAYERS }: Structured grids.
                                                            (line  6261)
* Extrude { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXTRUDE-LIST }: Extrusions. (line  5831)
* Extrude { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXTRUDE-LIST LAYERS }: Structured grids.
                                                            (line  6176)
* Extrude { EXTRUDE-LIST }:              Extrusions.        (line  5860)
* Extrude { EXTRUDE-LIST } Using Wire { EXPRESSION-LIST }: Extrusions.
                                                            (line  5864)
* Extrude { Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST }; LAYERS < Using Index[EXPR]; > < Using View[EXPR]; > < ScaleLastLayer; > }: Structured grids.
                                                            (line  6275)
* Fabs ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5072)
* Field[EXPRESSION] = STRING;:           Mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line  6164)
* Field[EXPRESSION].STRING = STRING-EXPRESSION | EXPRESSION | EXPRESSION-LIST;: Mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line  6166)
* Fillet { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST } { EXPRESSION-LIST }: Extrusions.
                                                            (line  5876)
* Floor ( EXPRESSION ):                  Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5079)
* Fmod ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ):       Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5075)
* For ( EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION ): Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5159)
* For ( EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION ):       Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5153)
* For STRING In { EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION }: Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5173)
* For STRING In { EXPRESSION : EXPRESSION }: Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5166)
* Frustum:                               Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25346)
* General.AbortOnError:                  General options.   (line 20255)
* General.AlphaBlending:                 General options.   (line 20261)
* General.Antialiasing:                  General options.   (line 20266)
* General.ArrowHeadRadius:               General options.   (line 20271)
* General.ArrowStemLength:               General options.   (line 20276)
* General.ArrowStemRadius:               General options.   (line 20281)
* General.Axes:                          General options.   (line 20286)
* General.AxesAutoPosition:              General options.   (line 20297)
* General.AxesForceValue:                General options.   (line 20302)
* General.AxesFormatX:                   General options.   (line 20042)
* General.AxesFormatY:                   General options.   (line 20047)
* General.AxesFormatZ:                   General options.   (line 20052)
* General.AxesLabelX:                    General options.   (line 20057)
* General.AxesLabelY:                    General options.   (line 20062)
* General.AxesLabelZ:                    General options.   (line 20067)
* General.AxesMaxX:                      General options.   (line 20307)
* General.AxesMaxY:                      General options.   (line 20312)
* General.AxesMaxZ:                      General options.   (line 20317)
* General.AxesMikado:                    General options.   (line 20292)
* General.AxesMinX:                      General options.   (line 20322)
* General.AxesMinY:                      General options.   (line 20327)
* General.AxesMinZ:                      General options.   (line 20332)
* General.AxesTicsX:                     General options.   (line 20337)
* General.AxesTicsY:                     General options.   (line 20342)
* General.AxesTicsZ:                     General options.   (line 20347)
* General.AxesValueMaxX:                 General options.   (line 20352)
* General.AxesValueMaxY:                 General options.   (line 20357)
* General.AxesValueMaxZ:                 General options.   (line 20362)
* General.AxesValueMinX:                 General options.   (line 20367)
* General.AxesValueMinY:                 General options.   (line 20372)
* General.AxesValueMinZ:                 General options.   (line 20377)
* General.BackgroundGradient:            General options.   (line 20382)
* General.BackgroundImage3D:             General options.   (line 20388)
* General.BackgroundImageFileName:       General options.   (line 20072)
* General.BackgroundImageHeight:         General options.   (line 20417)
* General.BackgroundImagePage:           General options.   (line 20394)
* General.BackgroundImagePositionX:      General options.   (line 20399)
* General.BackgroundImagePositionY:      General options.   (line 20405)
* General.BackgroundImageWidth:          General options.   (line 20411)
* General.BoundingBoxSize:               General options.   (line 20423)
* General.BuildInfo:                     General options.   (line 20077)
* General.BuildOptions:                  General options.   (line 20094)
* General.Camera:                        General options.   (line 20428)
* General.CameraAperture:                General options.   (line 20433)
* General.CameraEyeSeparationRatio:      General options.   (line 20438)
* General.CameraFocalLengthRatio:        General options.   (line 20443)
* General.Clip0A:                        General options.   (line 20448)
* General.Clip0B:                        General options.   (line 20454)
* General.Clip0C:                        General options.   (line 20460)
* General.Clip0D:                        General options.   (line 20466)
* General.Clip1A:                        General options.   (line 20472)
* General.Clip1B:                        General options.   (line 20477)
* General.Clip1C:                        General options.   (line 20482)
* General.Clip1D:                        General options.   (line 20487)
* General.Clip2A:                        General options.   (line 20492)
* General.Clip2B:                        General options.   (line 20497)
* General.Clip2C:                        General options.   (line 20502)
* General.Clip2D:                        General options.   (line 20507)
* General.Clip3A:                        General options.   (line 20512)
* General.Clip3B:                        General options.   (line 20517)
* General.Clip3C:                        General options.   (line 20522)
* General.Clip3D:                        General options.   (line 20527)
* General.Clip4A:                        General options.   (line 20532)
* General.Clip4B:                        General options.   (line 20537)
* General.Clip4C:                        General options.   (line 20542)
* General.Clip4D:                        General options.   (line 20547)
* General.Clip5A:                        General options.   (line 20552)
* General.Clip5B:                        General options.   (line 20557)
* General.Clip5C:                        General options.   (line 20562)
* General.Clip5D:                        General options.   (line 20567)
* General.ClipFactor:                    General options.   (line 20572)
* General.ClipOnlyDrawIntersectingVolume: General options.  (line 20578)
* General.ClipOnlyVolume:                General options.   (line 20583)
* General.ClipPositionX:                 General options.   (line 20588)
* General.ClipPositionY:                 General options.   (line 20594)
* General.ClipWholeElements:             General options.   (line 20600)
* General.Color.AmbientLight:            General options.   (line 21388)
* General.Color.Axes:                    General options.   (line 21378)
* General.Color.Background:              General options.   (line 21358)
* General.Color.BackgroundGradient:      General options.   (line 21363)
* General.Color.DiffuseLight:            General options.   (line 21393)
* General.Color.Foreground:              General options.   (line 21368)
* General.Color.SmallAxes:               General options.   (line 21383)
* General.Color.SpecularLight:           General options.   (line 21398)
* General.Color.Text:                    General options.   (line 21373)
* General.ColorScheme:                   General options.   (line 20605)
* General.ConfirmOverwrite:              General options.   (line 20611)
* General.ContextPositionX:              General options.   (line 20616)
* General.ContextPositionY:              General options.   (line 20622)
* General.DefaultFileName:               General options.   (line 20106)
* General.DetachedMenu:                  General options.   (line 20628)
* General.DetachedProcess:               General options.   (line 20633)
* General.Display:                       General options.   (line 20111)
* General.DisplayBorderFactor:           General options.   (line 20638)
* General.DoubleBuffer:                  General options.   (line 20643)
* General.DrawBoundingBoxes:             General options.   (line 20649)
* General.ErrorFileName:                 General options.   (line 20116)
* General.ExecutableFileName:            General options.   (line 20121)
* General.ExpertMode:                    General options.   (line 20654)
* General.ExtraHeight:                   General options.   (line 20672)
* General.ExtraPositionX:                General options.   (line 20660)
* General.ExtraPositionY:                General options.   (line 20666)
* General.ExtraWidth:                    General options.   (line 20677)
* General.FastRedraw:                    General options.   (line 20682)
* General.FieldHeight:                   General options.   (line 20699)
* General.FieldPositionX:                General options.   (line 20687)
* General.FieldPositionY:                General options.   (line 20693)
* General.FieldWidth:                    General options.   (line 20704)
* General.FileChooserPositionX:          General options.   (line 20709)
* General.FileChooserPositionY:          General options.   (line 20715)
* General.FileName:                      General options.   (line 20126)
* General.FltkColorScheme:               General options.   (line 20721)
* General.FltkRefreshRate:               General options.   (line 20726)
* General.FltkTheme:                     General options.   (line 20131)
* General.FontSize:                      General options.   (line 20731)
* General.GraphicsFont:                  General options.   (line 20136)
* General.GraphicsFontEngine:            General options.   (line 20141)
* General.GraphicsFontSize:              General options.   (line 20736)
* General.GraphicsFontSizeTitle:         General options.   (line 20741)
* General.GraphicsFontTitle:             General options.   (line 20146)
* General.GraphicsHeight:                General options.   (line 20746)
* General.GraphicsPositionX:             General options.   (line 20751)
* General.GraphicsPositionY:             General options.   (line 20757)
* General.GraphicsWidth:                 General options.   (line 20763)
* General.HighOrderToolsPositionX:       General options.   (line 20768)
* General.HighOrderToolsPositionY:       General options.   (line 20774)
* General.HighResolutionGraphics:        General options.   (line 20780)
* General.InitialModule:                 General options.   (line 20786)
* General.InputScrolling:                General options.   (line 20792)
* General.Light0:                        General options.   (line 20798)
* General.Light0W:                       General options.   (line 20818)
* General.Light0X:                       General options.   (line 20803)
* General.Light0Y:                       General options.   (line 20808)
* General.Light0Z:                       General options.   (line 20813)
* General.Light1:                        General options.   (line 20824)
* General.Light1W:                       General options.   (line 20844)
* General.Light1X:                       General options.   (line 20829)
* General.Light1Y:                       General options.   (line 20834)
* General.Light1Z:                       General options.   (line 20839)
* General.Light2:                        General options.   (line 20850)
* General.Light2W:                       General options.   (line 20870)
* General.Light2X:                       General options.   (line 20855)
* General.Light2Y:                       General options.   (line 20860)
* General.Light2Z:                       General options.   (line 20865)
* General.Light3:                        General options.   (line 20876)
* General.Light3W:                       General options.   (line 20896)
* General.Light3X:                       General options.   (line 20881)
* General.Light3Y:                       General options.   (line 20886)
* General.Light3Z:                       General options.   (line 20891)
* General.Light4:                        General options.   (line 20902)
* General.Light4W:                       General options.   (line 20922)
* General.Light4X:                       General options.   (line 20907)
* General.Light4Y:                       General options.   (line 20912)
* General.Light4Z:                       General options.   (line 20917)
* General.Light5:                        General options.   (line 20928)
* General.Light5W:                       General options.   (line 20948)
* General.Light5X:                       General options.   (line 20933)
* General.Light5Y:                       General options.   (line 20938)
* General.Light5Z:                       General options.   (line 20943)
* General.LineWidth:                     General options.   (line 20954)
* General.LogFileName:                   General options.   (line 20151)
* General.ManipulatorPositionX:          General options.   (line 20959)
* General.ManipulatorPositionY:          General options.   (line 20965)
* General.MaxX:                          General options.   (line 20971)
* General.MaxY:                          General options.   (line 20976)
* General.MaxZ:                          General options.   (line 20981)
* General.MenuHeight:                    General options.   (line 20991)
* General.MenuPositionX:                 General options.   (line 20996)
* General.MenuPositionY:                 General options.   (line 21001)
* General.MenuWidth:                     General options.   (line 20986)
* General.MessageFontSize:               General options.   (line 21006)
* General.MessageHeight:                 General options.   (line 21011)
* General.MinX:                          General options.   (line 21017)
* General.MinY:                          General options.   (line 21022)
* General.MinZ:                          General options.   (line 21027)
* General.MouseHoverMeshes:              General options.   (line 21032)
* General.MouseInvertZoom:               General options.   (line 21042)
* General.MouseSelection:                General options.   (line 21037)
* General.NativeFileChooser:             General options.   (line 21047)
* General.NonModalWindows:               General options.   (line 21052)
* General.NoPopup:                       General options.   (line 21058)
* General.NumberFormat:                  General options.   (line 20156)
* General.NumThreads:                    General options.   (line 21064)
* General.OptionsFileName:               General options.   (line 20161)
* General.OptionsPositionX:              General options.   (line 21070)
* General.OptionsPositionY:              General options.   (line 21076)
* General.Orthographic:                  General options.   (line 21082)
* General.PluginHeight:                  General options.   (line 21099)
* General.PluginPositionX:               General options.   (line 21087)
* General.PluginPositionY:               General options.   (line 21093)
* General.PluginWidth:                   General options.   (line 21104)
* General.PointSize:                     General options.   (line 21109)
* General.PolygonOffsetAlwaysOn:         General options.   (line 21114)
* General.PolygonOffsetFactor:           General options.   (line 21120)
* General.PolygonOffsetUnits:            General options.   (line 21125)
* General.ProgressMeterStep:             General options.   (line 21130)
* General.QuadricSubdivisions:           General options.   (line 21135)
* General.RecentFile0:                   General options.   (line 20167)
* General.RecentFile1:                   General options.   (line 20172)
* General.RecentFile2:                   General options.   (line 20177)
* General.RecentFile3:                   General options.   (line 20182)
* General.RecentFile4:                   General options.   (line 20187)
* General.RecentFile5:                   General options.   (line 20192)
* General.RecentFile6:                   General options.   (line 20197)
* General.RecentFile7:                   General options.   (line 20202)
* General.RecentFile8:                   General options.   (line 20207)
* General.RecentFile9:                   General options.   (line 20212)
* General.RotationCenterGravity:         General options.   (line 21156)
* General.RotationCenterX:               General options.   (line 21162)
* General.RotationCenterY:               General options.   (line 21167)
* General.RotationCenterZ:               General options.   (line 21172)
* General.RotationX:                     General options.   (line 21141)
* General.RotationY:                     General options.   (line 21146)
* General.RotationZ:                     General options.   (line 21151)
* General.SaveOptions:                   General options.   (line 21177)
* General.SaveSession:                   General options.   (line 21183)
* General.ScaleX:                        General options.   (line 21190)
* General.ScaleY:                        General options.   (line 21195)
* General.ScaleZ:                        General options.   (line 21200)
* General.ScriptingLanguages:            General options.   (line 20217)
* General.ScriptingLanguages <1>:        General options.   (line 20229)
* General.SessionFileName:               General options.   (line 20223)
* General.Shininess:                     General options.   (line 21205)
* General.ShininessExponent:             General options.   (line 21210)
* General.ShowMessagesOnStartup:         General options.   (line 21225)
* General.ShowModuleMenu:                General options.   (line 21215)
* General.ShowOptionsOnStartup:          General options.   (line 21220)
* General.SmallAxes:                     General options.   (line 21230)
* General.SmallAxesPositionX:            General options.   (line 21235)
* General.SmallAxesPositionY:            General options.   (line 21241)
* General.SmallAxesSize:                 General options.   (line 21247)
* General.StatisticsPositionX:           General options.   (line 21252)
* General.StatisticsPositionY:           General options.   (line 21258)
* General.Stereo:                        General options.   (line 21264)
* General.SystemMenuBar:                 General options.   (line 21269)
* General.Terminal:                      General options.   (line 21274)
* General.TextEditor:                    General options.   (line 20235)
* General.TmpFileName:                   General options.   (line 20240)
* General.Tooltips:                      General options.   (line 21279)
* General.Trackball:                     General options.   (line 21284)
* General.TrackballHyperbolicSheet:      General options.   (line 21289)
* General.TrackballQuaternion0:          General options.   (line 21294)
* General.TrackballQuaternion1:          General options.   (line 21299)
* General.TrackballQuaternion2:          General options.   (line 21304)
* General.TrackballQuaternion3:          General options.   (line 21309)
* General.TranslationX:                  General options.   (line 21314)
* General.TranslationY:                  General options.   (line 21319)
* General.TranslationZ:                  General options.   (line 21324)
* General.VectorType:                    General options.   (line 21329)
* General.Verbosity:                     General options.   (line 21334)
* General.Version:                       General options.   (line 20245)
* General.VisibilityPositionX:           General options.   (line 21341)
* General.VisibilityPositionY:           General options.   (line 21347)
* General.WatchFilePattern:              General options.   (line 20250)
* General.ZoomFactor:                    General options.   (line 21353)
* GeoEntity { EXPRESSION }:              Gmsh scripting language.
                                                            (line  4665)
* Geometry.AutoCoherence:                Geometry options.  (line 21771)
* Geometry.Clip:                         Geometry options.  (line 21779)
* Geometry.Color.Curves:                 Geometry options.  (line 22225)
* Geometry.Color.HighlightOne:           Geometry options.  (line 22250)
* Geometry.Color.HighlightTwo:           Geometry options.  (line 22255)
* Geometry.Color.HighlightZero:          Geometry options.  (line 22245)
* Geometry.Color.Normals:                Geometry options.  (line 22265)
* Geometry.Color.Points:                 Geometry options.  (line 22220)
* Geometry.Color.Projection:             Geometry options.  (line 22270)
* Geometry.Color.Selection:              Geometry options.  (line 22240)
* Geometry.Color.Surfaces:               Geometry options.  (line 22230)
* Geometry.Color.Tangents:               Geometry options.  (line 22260)
* Geometry.Color.Volumes:                Geometry options.  (line 22235)
* Geometry.CopyMeshingMethod:            Geometry options.  (line 21784)
* Geometry.CurveLabels:                  Geometry options.  (line 21795)
* Geometry.Curves:                       Geometry options.  (line 21790)
* Geometry.CurveSelectWidth:             Geometry options.  (line 21800)
* Geometry.CurveType:                    Geometry options.  (line 21805)
* Geometry.CurveWidth:                   Geometry options.  (line 21810)
* Geometry.DoubleClickedCurveCommand:    Geometry options.  (line 21680)
* Geometry.DoubleClickedEntityTag:       Geometry options.  (line 21815)
* Geometry.DoubleClickedPointCommand:    Geometry options.  (line 21674)
* Geometry.DoubleClickedSurfaceCommand:  Geometry options.  (line 21686)
* Geometry.DoubleClickedVolumeCommand:   Geometry options.  (line 21692)
* Geometry.ExactExtrusion:               Geometry options.  (line 21820)
* Geometry.ExtrudeReturnLateralEntities: Geometry options.  (line 21826)
* Geometry.ExtrudeSplinePoints:          Geometry options.  (line 21831)
* Geometry.FirstEntityTag:               Geometry options.  (line 21836)
* Geometry.FirstPhysicalTag:             Geometry options.  (line 21841)
* Geometry.HighlightOrphans:             Geometry options.  (line 21846)
* Geometry.LabelType:                    Geometry options.  (line 21851)
* Geometry.Light:                        Geometry options.  (line 21858)
* Geometry.LightTwoSide:                 Geometry options.  (line 21863)
* Geometry.MatchGeomAndMesh:             Geometry options.  (line 21868)
* Geometry.MatchMeshScaleFactor:         Geometry options.  (line 21873)
* Geometry.MatchMeshTolerance:           Geometry options.  (line 21878)
* Geometry.Normals:                      Geometry options.  (line 21883)
* Geometry.NumSubEdges:                  Geometry options.  (line 21888)
* Geometry.OCCAutoEmbed:                 Geometry options.  (line 21893)
* Geometry.OCCAutoFix:                   Geometry options.  (line 21899)
* Geometry.OCCBooleanCheckInverted:      Geometry options.  (line 21905)
* Geometry.OCCBooleanGlue:               Geometry options.  (line 21910)
* Geometry.OCCBooleanNonDestructive:     Geometry options.  (line 21918)
* Geometry.OCCBooleanPreserveNumbering:  Geometry options.  (line 21923)
* Geometry.OCCBooleanSimplify:           Geometry options.  (line 21929)
* Geometry.OCCBoundsUseStl:              Geometry options.  (line 21935)
* Geometry.OCCBrepFormatVersion:         Geometry options.  (line 21941)
* Geometry.OCCDisableStl:                Geometry options.  (line 21947)
* Geometry.OCCExportOnlyVisible:         Geometry options.  (line 21970)
* Geometry.OCCFastUnbind:                Geometry options.  (line 21994)
* Geometry.OCCFixDegenerated:            Geometry options.  (line 21952)
* Geometry.OCCFixSmallEdges:             Geometry options.  (line 21958)
* Geometry.OCCFixSmallFaces:             Geometry options.  (line 21964)
* Geometry.OCCImportLabels:              Geometry options.  (line 21976)
* Geometry.OCCMakeSolids:                Geometry options.  (line 21983)
* Geometry.OCCParallel:                  Geometry options.  (line 21989)
* Geometry.OCCScaling:                   Geometry options.  (line 22001)
* Geometry.OCCSewFaces:                  Geometry options.  (line 22007)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPAuthor:                Geometry options.  (line 21730)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPAuthorization:         Geometry options.  (line 21754)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPDescription:           Geometry options.  (line 21706)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPImplementationLevel:   Geometry options.  (line 21712)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPModelName:             Geometry options.  (line 21718)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPOrganization:          Geometry options.  (line 21736)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPOriginatingSystem:     Geometry options.  (line 21748)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPPreprocessorVersion:   Geometry options.  (line 21742)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPSchemaIdentifier:      Geometry options.  (line 21760)
* Geometry.OCCSTEPTimeStamp:             Geometry options.  (line 21724)
* Geometry.OCCTargetUnit:                Geometry options.  (line 21698)
* Geometry.OCCThruSectionsDegree:        Geometry options.  (line 22013)
* Geometry.OCCUseGenericClosestPoint:    Geometry options.  (line 22020)
* Geometry.OffsetX:                      Geometry options.  (line 22027)
* Geometry.OffsetY:                      Geometry options.  (line 22032)
* Geometry.OffsetZ:                      Geometry options.  (line 22037)
* Geometry.OldCircle:                    Geometry options.  (line 22042)
* Geometry.OldNewReg:                    Geometry options.  (line 22054)
* Geometry.OldRuledSurface:              Geometry options.  (line 22048)
* Geometry.OrientedPhysicals:            Geometry options.  (line 22060)
* Geometry.PipeDefaultTrihedron:         Geometry options.  (line 21766)
* Geometry.PointLabels:                  Geometry options.  (line 22071)
* Geometry.Points:                       Geometry options.  (line 22066)
* Geometry.PointSelectSize:              Geometry options.  (line 22076)
* Geometry.PointSize:                    Geometry options.  (line 22081)
* Geometry.PointType:                    Geometry options.  (line 22086)
* Geometry.ReparamOnFaceRobust:          Geometry options.  (line 22091)
* Geometry.ScalingFactor:                Geometry options.  (line 22097)
* Geometry.SnapPoints:                   Geometry options.  (line 22102)
* Geometry.SnapX:                        Geometry options.  (line 22109)
* Geometry.SnapY:                        Geometry options.  (line 22114)
* Geometry.SnapZ:                        Geometry options.  (line 22119)
* Geometry.SurfaceLabels:                Geometry options.  (line 22129)
* Geometry.Surfaces:                     Geometry options.  (line 22124)
* Geometry.SurfaceType:                  Geometry options.  (line 22134)
* Geometry.Tangents:                     Geometry options.  (line 22140)
* Geometry.Tolerance:                    Geometry options.  (line 22145)
* Geometry.ToleranceBoolean:             Geometry options.  (line 22150)
* Geometry.Transform:                    Geometry options.  (line 22155)
* Geometry.TransformXX:                  Geometry options.  (line 22160)
* Geometry.TransformXY:                  Geometry options.  (line 22165)
* Geometry.TransformXZ:                  Geometry options.  (line 22170)
* Geometry.TransformYX:                  Geometry options.  (line 22175)
* Geometry.TransformYY:                  Geometry options.  (line 22180)
* Geometry.TransformYZ:                  Geometry options.  (line 22185)
* Geometry.TransformZX:                  Geometry options.  (line 22190)
* Geometry.TransformZY:                  Geometry options.  (line 22195)
* Geometry.TransformZZ:                  Geometry options.  (line 22200)
* Geometry.VolumeLabels:                 Geometry options.  (line 22210)
* Geometry.Volumes:                      Geometry options.  (line 22205)
* Geometry.VolumeType:                   Geometry options.  (line 22215)
* GMSH_MAJOR_VERSION:                    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5216)
* GMSH_MINOR_VERSION:                    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5219)
* GMSH_PATCH_VERSION:                    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5222)
* gmsh/algorithm/tetrahedralize:         Namespace gmsh/algorithm.
                                                            (line 18369)
* gmsh/algorithm/triangulate:            Namespace gmsh/algorithm.
                                                            (line 18339)
* gmsh/clear:                            Namespace gmsh.    (line  7312)
* gmsh/finalize:                         Namespace gmsh.    (line  7079)
* gmsh/fltk/awake:                       Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18756)
* gmsh/fltk/closeTreeItem:               Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 19153)
* gmsh/fltk/finalize:                    Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18649)
* gmsh/fltk/initialize:                  Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18592)
* gmsh/fltk/isAvailable:                 Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18899)
* gmsh/fltk/lock:                        Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18782)
* gmsh/fltk/openTreeItem:                Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 19129)
* gmsh/fltk/run:                         Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18831)
* gmsh/fltk/selectElements:              Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18979)
* gmsh/fltk/selectEntities:              Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18952)
* gmsh/fltk/selectViews:                 Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 19003)
* gmsh/fltk/setCurrentWindow:            Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 19050)
* gmsh/fltk/setStatusMessage:            Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 19076)
* gmsh/fltk/showContextWindow:           Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 19104)
* gmsh/fltk/splitCurrentWindow:          Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 19024)
* gmsh/fltk/unlock:                      Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18807)
* gmsh/fltk/update:                      Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18726)
* gmsh/fltk/wait:                        Namespace gmsh/fltk.
                                                            (line 18671)
* gmsh/graphics/draw:                    Namespace gmsh/graphics.
                                                            (line 18533)
* gmsh/initialize:                       Namespace gmsh.    (line  6985)
* gmsh/isInitialized:                    Namespace gmsh.    (line  7058)
* gmsh/logger/get:                       Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19826)
* gmsh/logger/getCpuTime:                Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19912)
* gmsh/logger/getLastError:              Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19975)
* gmsh/logger/getMemory:                 Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19933)
* gmsh/logger/getTotalMemory:            Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19954)
* gmsh/logger/getWallTime:               Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19886)
* gmsh/logger/start:                     Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19796)
* gmsh/logger/stop:                      Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19856)
* gmsh/logger/write:                     Namespace gmsh/logger.
                                                            (line 19744)
* gmsh/merge:                            Namespace gmsh.    (line  7183)
* gmsh/model/add:                        Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7631)
* gmsh/model/addDiscreteEntity:          Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8535)
* gmsh/model/addPhysicalGroup:           Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8105)
* gmsh/model/geo/addBezier:              Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13511)
* gmsh/model/geo/addBSpline:             Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13486)
* gmsh/model/geo/addCircleArc:           Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13386)
* gmsh/model/geo/addCompoundBSpline:     Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13587)
* gmsh/model/geo/addCompoundSpline:      Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13560)
* gmsh/model/geo/addCurveLoop:           Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13613)
* gmsh/model/geo/addCurveLoops:          Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13684)
* gmsh/model/geo/addEllipseArc:          Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13423)
* gmsh/model/geo/addGeometry:            Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13938)
* gmsh/model/geo/addLine:                Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13320)
* gmsh/model/geo/addPhysicalGroup:       Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14502)
* gmsh/model/geo/addPlaneSurface:        Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13712)
* gmsh/model/geo/addPoint:               Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13250)
* gmsh/model/geo/addPointOnGeometry:     Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13972)
* gmsh/model/geo/addPolyline:            Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13535)
* gmsh/model/geo/addSpline:              Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13452)
* gmsh/model/geo/addSurfaceFilling:      Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13779)
* gmsh/model/geo/addSurfaceLoop:         Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13823)
* gmsh/model/geo/addVolume:              Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 13880)
* gmsh/model/geo/copy:                   Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14345)
* gmsh/model/geo/dilate:                 Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14270)
* gmsh/model/geo/extrude:                Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14004)
* gmsh/model/geo/extrudeBoundaryLayer:   Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14160)
* gmsh/model/geo/getMaxTag:              Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14458)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setAlgorithm:      Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14853)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setRecombine:      Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14770)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setReverse:        Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14827)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setSize:           Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14631)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setSizeFromBoundary: Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14876)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setSmoothing:      Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14804)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setTransfiniteCurve: Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14672)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setTransfiniteSurface: Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14708)
* gmsh/model/geo/mesh/setTransfiniteVolume: Namespace gmsh/model/geo/mesh.
                                                            (line 14746)
* gmsh/model/geo/mirror:                 Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14296)
* gmsh/model/geo/remove:                 Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14377)
* gmsh/model/geo/removeAllDuplicates:    Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14412)
* gmsh/model/geo/removePhysicalGroups:   Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14537)
* gmsh/model/geo/revolve:                Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14071)
* gmsh/model/geo/rotate:                 Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14235)
* gmsh/model/geo/setMaxTag:              Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14480)
* gmsh/model/geo/splitCurve:             Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14434)
* gmsh/model/geo/symmetrize:             Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14320)
* gmsh/model/geo/synchronize:            Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14560)
* gmsh/model/geo/translate:              Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14203)
* gmsh/model/geo/twist:                  Namespace gmsh/model/geo.
                                                            (line 14115)
* gmsh/model/getAdjacencies:             Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8365)
* gmsh/model/getAttribute:               Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9384)
* gmsh/model/getAttributeNames:          Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9408)
* gmsh/model/getBoundary:                Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8296)
* gmsh/model/getBoundingBox:             Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8473)
* gmsh/model/getClosestPoint:            Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9122)
* gmsh/model/getColor:                   Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9304)
* gmsh/model/getCurrent:                 Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7736)
* gmsh/model/getCurvature:               Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8941)
* gmsh/model/getDerivative:              Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8877)
* gmsh/model/getDimension:               Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8507)
* gmsh/model/getEntities:                Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7834)
* gmsh/model/getEntitiesForPhysicalGroup: Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8027)
* gmsh/model/getEntitiesForPhysicalName: Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8054)
* gmsh/model/getEntitiesInBoundingBox:   Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8420)
* gmsh/model/getEntityName:              Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7922)
* gmsh/model/getEntityProperties:        Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8698)
* gmsh/model/getEntityType:              Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8636)
* gmsh/model/getFileName:                Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7791)
* gmsh/model/getNormal:                  Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9003)
* gmsh/model/getNumberOfPartitions:      Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8768)
* gmsh/model/getParametrization:         Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9037)
* gmsh/model/getParametrizationBounds:   Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9064)
* gmsh/model/getParent:                  Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8725)
* gmsh/model/getPartitions:              Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8789)
* gmsh/model/getPhysicalGroups:          Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7973)
* gmsh/model/getPhysicalGroupsEntities:  Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8000)
* gmsh/model/getPhysicalGroupsForEntity: Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8076)
* gmsh/model/getPhysicalName:            Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8222)
* gmsh/model/getPrincipalCurvatures:     Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8977)
* gmsh/model/getSecondDerivative:        Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8908)
* gmsh/model/getType:                    Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8657)
* gmsh/model/getValue:                   Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8830)
* gmsh/model/getVisibility:              Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9223)
* gmsh/model/isEntityOrphan:             Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8397)
* gmsh/model/isInside:                   Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9095)
* gmsh/model/list:                       Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7715)
* gmsh/model/mesh/addEdges:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11230)
* gmsh/model/mesh/addElements:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10648)
* gmsh/model/mesh/addElementsByType:     Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10694)
* gmsh/model/mesh/addFaces:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11252)
* gmsh/model/mesh/addHomologyRequest:    Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12734)
* gmsh/model/mesh/addNodes:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10119)
* gmsh/model/mesh/affineTransform:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9859)
* gmsh/model/mesh/classifySurfaces:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12611)
* gmsh/model/mesh/clear:                 Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9749)
* gmsh/model/mesh/clearHomologyRequests: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12777)
* gmsh/model/mesh/computeCrossField:     Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12821)
* gmsh/model/mesh/computeHomology:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12798)
* gmsh/model/mesh/computeRenumbering:    Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12224)
* gmsh/model/mesh/createEdges:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11109)
* gmsh/model/mesh/createFaces:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11138)
* gmsh/model/mesh/createGeometry:        Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12659)
* gmsh/model/mesh/createTopology:        Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12706)
* gmsh/model/mesh/embed:                 Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12115)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/add:             Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 12847)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/getNumber:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 13023)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/getNumbers:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 13143)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/getString:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 13084)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/getType:         Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 12952)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/list:            Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 12931)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/remove:          Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 12910)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/setAsBackgroundMesh: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 13165)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/setAsBoundaryLayer: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 13223)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/setNumber:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 12973)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/setNumbers:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 13105)
* gmsh/model/mesh/field/setString:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh/field.
                                                            (line 13044)
* gmsh/model/mesh/generate:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9456)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getAllEdges:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11169)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getAllFaces:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11199)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getBarycenters:        Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11378)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getBasisFunctions:     Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10893)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getBasisFunctionsOrientation: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10947)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getBasisFunctionsOrientationForElement: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10977)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getDuplicateNodes:     Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12467)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getEdges:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11038)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElement:            Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10292)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementByCoordinates: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10319)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementEdgeNodes:   Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11426)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementFaceNodes:   Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11466)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementProperties:  Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10467)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementQualities:   Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10605)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElements:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10239)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementsByCoordinates: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10348)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementsByType:     Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10511)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementType:        Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10434)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getElementTypes:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10401)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getEmbedded:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12179)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getFaces:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11073)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getGhostElements:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11510)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getIntegrationPoints:  Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10748)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getJacobian:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10860)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getJacobians:          Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10791)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getKeys:               Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11275)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getKeysForElement:     Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11304)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getKeysInformation:    Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11349)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getLastEntityError:    Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9704)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getLastNodeError:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9727)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getLocalCoordinatesInElement: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10376)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getMaxElementTag:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10558)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getMaxNodeTag:         Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10098)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getNode:               Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9979)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getNodes:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9890)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getNodesByElementType: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9951)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getNodesForPhysicalGroup: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10073)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getNumberOfKeys:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11327)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getNumberOfOrientations: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10998)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getPeriodic:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12355)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getPeriodicKeys:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12408)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getPeriodicNodes:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12377)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getSizes:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11586)
* gmsh/model/mesh/getVisibility:         Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12590)
* gmsh/model/mesh/importStl:             Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12442)
* gmsh/model/mesh/optimize:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9578)
* gmsh/model/mesh/partition:             Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9520)
* gmsh/model/mesh/preallocateBarycenters: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11408)
* gmsh/model/mesh/preallocateBasisFunctionsOrientation: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11020)
* gmsh/model/mesh/preallocateElementsByType: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10586)
* gmsh/model/mesh/preallocateJacobians:  Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10839)
* gmsh/model/mesh/rebuildElementCache:   Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10052)
* gmsh/model/mesh/rebuildNodeCache:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10031)
* gmsh/model/mesh/reclassifyNodes:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10174)
* gmsh/model/mesh/recombine:             Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9619)
* gmsh/model/mesh/refine:                Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9643)
* gmsh/model/mesh/relocateNodes:         Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10212)
* gmsh/model/mesh/removeConstraints:     Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12087)
* gmsh/model/mesh/removeDuplicateElements: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12522)
* gmsh/model/mesh/removeDuplicateNodes:  Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12490)
* gmsh/model/mesh/removeElements:        Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9783)
* gmsh/model/mesh/removeEmbedded:        Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12155)
* gmsh/model/mesh/removeSizeCallback:    Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11673)
* gmsh/model/mesh/renumberElements:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12286)
* gmsh/model/mesh/renumberNodes:         Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12256)
* gmsh/model/mesh/reorderElements:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12201)
* gmsh/model/mesh/reverse:               Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9812)
* gmsh/model/mesh/reverseElements:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9838)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setAlgorithm:          Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11973)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setCompound:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12029)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setNode:               Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 10006)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setOrder:              Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9665)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setOutwardOrientation: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12062)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setPeriodic:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12315)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setRecombine:          Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11862)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setReverse:            Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11948)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setSize:               Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11534)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setSizeAtParametricPoints: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11610)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setSizeCallback:       Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11634)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setSizeFromBoundary:   Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12006)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setSmoothing:          Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11910)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setTransfiniteAutomatic: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11819)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setTransfiniteCurve:   Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11694)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setTransfiniteSurface: Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11735)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setTransfiniteVolume:  Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 11781)
* gmsh/model/mesh/setVisibility:         Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12568)
* gmsh/model/mesh/splitQuadrangles:      Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line 12545)
* gmsh/model/mesh/unpartition:           Namespace gmsh/model/mesh.
                                                            (line  9557)
* gmsh/model/occ/addBezier:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15214)
* gmsh/model/occ/addBezierFilling:       Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15555)
* gmsh/model/occ/addBezierSurface:       Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15634)
* gmsh/model/occ/addBox:                 Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15819)
* gmsh/model/occ/addBSpline:             Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15177)
* gmsh/model/occ/addBSplineFilling:      Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15521)
* gmsh/model/occ/addBSplineSurface:      Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15584)
* gmsh/model/occ/addCircle:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15018)
* gmsh/model/occ/addCircleArc:           Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 14984)
* gmsh/model/occ/addCone:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15920)
* gmsh/model/occ/addCurveLoop:           Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15285)
* gmsh/model/occ/addCylinder:            Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15880)
* gmsh/model/occ/addDisk:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15392)
* gmsh/model/occ/addEllipse:             Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15094)
* gmsh/model/occ/addEllipseArc:          Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15066)
* gmsh/model/occ/addLine:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 14949)
* gmsh/model/occ/addPipe:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16168)
* gmsh/model/occ/addPlaneSurface:        Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15437)
* gmsh/model/occ/addPoint:               Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 14902)
* gmsh/model/occ/addRectangle:           Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15332)
* gmsh/model/occ/addSphere:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15760)
* gmsh/model/occ/addSpline:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15129)
* gmsh/model/occ/addSurfaceFilling:      Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15470)
* gmsh/model/occ/addSurfaceLoop:         Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15701)
* gmsh/model/occ/addThickSolid:          Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16068)
* gmsh/model/occ/addThruSections:        Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16022)
* gmsh/model/occ/addTorus:               Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15988)
* gmsh/model/occ/addTrimmedSurface:      Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15669)
* gmsh/model/occ/addVolume:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15731)
* gmsh/model/occ/addWedge:               Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15956)
* gmsh/model/occ/addWire:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 15241)
* gmsh/model/occ/affineTransform:        Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16814)
* gmsh/model/occ/chamfer:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16246)
* gmsh/model/occ/chamfer2D:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16330)
* gmsh/model/occ/convertToNURBS:         Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16991)
* gmsh/model/occ/copy:                   Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16839)
* gmsh/model/occ/cut:                    Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16525)
* gmsh/model/occ/defeature:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16277)
* gmsh/model/occ/dilate:                 Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16739)
* gmsh/model/occ/extrude:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16095)
* gmsh/model/occ/fillet:                 Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16208)
* gmsh/model/occ/fillet2D:               Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16301)
* gmsh/model/occ/fragment:               Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16577)
* gmsh/model/occ/fuse:                   Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16441)
* gmsh/model/occ/getBoundingBox:         Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17143)
* gmsh/model/occ/getCenterOfMass:        Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17254)
* gmsh/model/occ/getClosestEntities:     Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16405)
* gmsh/model/occ/getCurveLoops:          Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17177)
* gmsh/model/occ/getDistance:            Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16378)
* gmsh/model/occ/getEntities:            Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17079)
* gmsh/model/occ/getEntitiesInBoundingBox: Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17117)
* gmsh/model/occ/getMass:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17225)
* gmsh/model/occ/getMatrixOfInertia:     Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17276)
* gmsh/model/occ/getMaxTag:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17298)
* gmsh/model/occ/getSurfaceLoops:        Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17201)
* gmsh/model/occ/healShapes:             Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16958)
* gmsh/model/occ/importShapes:           Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17012)
* gmsh/model/occ/importShapesNativePointer: Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17049)
* gmsh/model/occ/intersect:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16487)
* gmsh/model/occ/mesh/setSize:           Namespace gmsh/model/occ/mesh.
                                                            (line 17413)
* gmsh/model/occ/mirror:                 Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16765)
* gmsh/model/occ/offsetCurve:            Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16355)
* gmsh/model/occ/remove:                 Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16878)
* gmsh/model/occ/removeAllDuplicates:    Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16927)
* gmsh/model/occ/revolve:                Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16130)
* gmsh/model/occ/rotate:                 Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16690)
* gmsh/model/occ/setMaxTag:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17320)
* gmsh/model/occ/symmetrize:             Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16789)
* gmsh/model/occ/synchronize:            Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 17342)
* gmsh/model/occ/translate:              Namespace gmsh/model/occ.
                                                            (line 16649)
* gmsh/model/remove:                     Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7694)
* gmsh/model/removeAttribute:            Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9432)
* gmsh/model/removeEntities:             Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8589)
* gmsh/model/removeEntityName:           Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7952)
* gmsh/model/removePhysicalGroups:       Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8172)
* gmsh/model/removePhysicalName:         Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8253)
* gmsh/model/reparametrizeOnSurface:     Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9155)
* gmsh/model/setAttribute:               Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9360)
* gmsh/model/setColor:                   Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9267)
* gmsh/model/setCoordinates:             Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9330)
* gmsh/model/setCurrent:                 Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7766)
* gmsh/model/setEntityName:              Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7901)
* gmsh/model/setFileName:                Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  7813)
* gmsh/model/setPhysicalName:            Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8195)
* gmsh/model/setTag:                     Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  8274)
* gmsh/model/setVisibility:              Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9192)
* gmsh/model/setVisibilityPerWindow:     Namespace gmsh/model.
                                                            (line  9245)
* gmsh/onelab/clear:                     Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19686)
* gmsh/onelab/get:                       Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19391)
* gmsh/onelab/getChanged:                Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19642)
* gmsh/onelab/getNames:                  Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19422)
* gmsh/onelab/getNumber:                 Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19536)
* gmsh/onelab/getString:                 Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19589)
* gmsh/onelab/run:                       Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19713)
* gmsh/onelab/set:                       Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19336)
* gmsh/onelab/setChanged:                Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19664)
* gmsh/onelab/setNumber:                 Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19448)
* gmsh/onelab/setString:                 Namespace gmsh/onelab.
                                                            (line 19480)
* gmsh/open:                             Namespace gmsh.    (line  7143)
* gmsh/option/getColor:                  Namespace gmsh/option.
                                                            (line  7572)
* gmsh/option/getNumber:                 Namespace gmsh/option.
                                                            (line  7427)
* gmsh/option/getString:                 Namespace gmsh/option.
                                                            (line  7499)
* gmsh/option/restoreDefaults:           Namespace gmsh/option.
                                                            (line  7607)
* gmsh/option/setColor:                  Namespace gmsh/option.
                                                            (line  7527)
* gmsh/option/setNumber:                 Namespace gmsh/option.
                                                            (line  7360)
* gmsh/option/setString:                 Namespace gmsh/option.
                                                            (line  7463)
* gmsh/parser/clear:                     Namespace gmsh/parser.
                                                            (line 19290)
* gmsh/parser/getNames:                  Namespace gmsh/parser.
                                                            (line 19177)
* gmsh/parser/getNumber:                 Namespace gmsh/parser.
                                                            (line 19246)
* gmsh/parser/getString:                 Namespace gmsh/parser.
                                                            (line 19268)
* gmsh/parser/parse:                     Namespace gmsh/parser.
                                                            (line 19312)
* gmsh/parser/setNumber:                 Namespace gmsh/parser.
                                                            (line 19200)
* gmsh/parser/setString:                 Namespace gmsh/parser.
                                                            (line 19223)
* gmsh/plugin/run:                       Namespace gmsh/plugin.
                                                            (line 18483)
* gmsh/plugin/setNumber:                 Namespace gmsh/plugin.
                                                            (line 18403)
* gmsh/plugin/setString:                 Namespace gmsh/plugin.
                                                            (line 18450)
* gmsh/view/add:                         Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17442)
* gmsh/view/addAlias:                    Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17945)
* gmsh/view/addHomogeneousModelData:     Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17630)
* gmsh/view/addListData:                 Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17733)
* gmsh/view/addListDataString:           Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17818)
* gmsh/view/addModelData:                Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17584)
* gmsh/view/combine:                     Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17974)
* gmsh/view/getHomogeneousModelData:     Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17705)
* gmsh/view/getIndex:                    Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17518)
* gmsh/view/getListData:                 Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17785)
* gmsh/view/getListDataStrings:          Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17869)
* gmsh/view/getModelData:                Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17672)
* gmsh/view/getTags:                     Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17544)
* gmsh/view/option/copy:                 Namespace gmsh/view/option.
                                                            (line 18314)
* gmsh/view/option/getColor:             Namespace gmsh/view/option.
                                                            (line 18292)
* gmsh/view/option/getNumber:            Namespace gmsh/view/option.
                                                            (line 18170)
* gmsh/view/option/getString:            Namespace gmsh/view/option.
                                                            (line 18246)
* gmsh/view/option/setColor:             Namespace gmsh/view/option.
                                                            (line 18268)
* gmsh/view/option/setNumber:            Namespace gmsh/view/option.
                                                            (line 18117)
* gmsh/view/option/setString:            Namespace gmsh/view/option.
                                                            (line 18207)
* gmsh/view/probe:                       Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 18002)
* gmsh/view/remove:                      Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17494)
* gmsh/view/setInterpolationMatrices:    Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 17894)
* gmsh/view/setVisibilityPerWindow:      Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 18091)
* gmsh/view/write:                       Namespace gmsh/view.
                                                            (line 18048)
* gmsh/write:                            Namespace gmsh.    (line  7248)
* Gradient:                              Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25418)
* HealShapes;:                           Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6084)
* Hide { : }:                            Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6114)
* Homology ( { EXPRESSION-LIST } ) { { EXPRESSION-LIST } , { EXPRESSION-LIST } };: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6576)
* Hypot ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ):      Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5082)
* If ( EXPRESSION ):                     Loops and conditionals.
                                                            (line  5184)
* Include STRING-EXPRESSION;:            Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5525)
* Intersect Curve { EXPRESSION-LIST } Surface { EXPRESSION }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  6050)
* IntersectAniso:                        Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25439)
* Laplacian:                             Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25448)
* Line ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION };: Curves.
                                                            (line  5588)
* Log ( EXPRESSION ):                    Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5086)
* Log10 ( EXPRESSION ):                  Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5089)
* LonLat:                                Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25467)
* Macro STRING | STRING-EXPRESSION:      User-defined macros.
                                                            (line  5132)
* MathEval:                              Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25488)
* MathEvalAniso:                         Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25499)
* Max:                                   Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25530)
* Max ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ):        Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5092)
* MaxEigenHessian:                       Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25539)
* Mean:                                  Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25555)
* Memory:                                Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5236)
* Merge STRING-EXPRESSION;:              Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5413)
* Mesh EXPRESSION;:                      Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6371)
* Mesh.Algorithm:                        Mesh options.      (line 22278)
* Mesh.Algorithm3D:                      Mesh options.      (line 22286)
* Mesh.AlgorithmSwitchOnFailure:         Mesh options.      (line 22292)
* Mesh.AllowSwapAngle:                   Mesh options.      (line 22315)
* Mesh.AngleSmoothNormals:               Mesh options.      (line 22298)
* Mesh.AngleToleranceFacetOverlap:       Mesh options.      (line 22303)
* Mesh.AnisoMax:                         Mesh options.      (line 22310)
* Mesh.AvgQuality:                       Mesh options.      (line 22321)
* Mesh.BdfFieldFormat:                   Mesh options.      (line 22327)
* Mesh.Binary:                           Mesh options.      (line 22332)
* Mesh.BoundaryLayerFanElements:         Mesh options.      (line 22337)
* Mesh.CgnsConstructTopology:            Mesh options.      (line 22358)
* Mesh.CgnsExportCPEX0045:               Mesh options.      (line 22363)
* Mesh.CgnsExportStructured:             Mesh options.      (line 22369)
* Mesh.CgnsImportIgnoreBC:               Mesh options.      (line 22348)
* Mesh.CgnsImportIgnoreSolution:         Mesh options.      (line 22353)
* Mesh.CgnsImportOrder:                  Mesh options.      (line 22342)
* Mesh.CheckSurfaceNormalValidity:       Mesh options.      (line 22374)
* Mesh.Clip:                             Mesh options.      (line 22379)
* Mesh.Color.Eight:                      Mesh options.      (line 23503)
* Mesh.Color.Eighteen:                   Mesh options.      (line 23553)
* Mesh.Color.Eleven:                     Mesh options.      (line 23518)
* Mesh.Color.Fifteen:                    Mesh options.      (line 23538)
* Mesh.Color.Five:                       Mesh options.      (line 23488)
* Mesh.Color.Four:                       Mesh options.      (line 23483)
* Mesh.Color.Fourteen:                   Mesh options.      (line 23533)
* Mesh.Color.Hexahedra:                  Mesh options.      (line 23433)
* Mesh.Color.Lines:                      Mesh options.      (line 23413)
* Mesh.Color.Nine:                       Mesh options.      (line 23508)
* Mesh.Color.Nineteen:                   Mesh options.      (line 23558)
* Mesh.Color.Nodes:                      Mesh options.      (line 23403)
* Mesh.Color.NodesSup:                   Mesh options.      (line 23408)
* Mesh.Color.Normals:                    Mesh options.      (line 23458)
* Mesh.Color.One:                        Mesh options.      (line 23468)
* Mesh.Color.Prisms:                     Mesh options.      (line 23438)
* Mesh.Color.Pyramids:                   Mesh options.      (line 23443)
* Mesh.Color.Quadrangles:                Mesh options.      (line 23423)
* Mesh.Color.Seven:                      Mesh options.      (line 23498)
* Mesh.Color.Seventeen:                  Mesh options.      (line 23548)
* Mesh.Color.Six:                        Mesh options.      (line 23493)
* Mesh.Color.Sixteen:                    Mesh options.      (line 23543)
* Mesh.Color.Tangents:                   Mesh options.      (line 23453)
* Mesh.Color.Ten:                        Mesh options.      (line 23513)
* Mesh.Color.Tetrahedra:                 Mesh options.      (line 23428)
* Mesh.Color.Thirteen:                   Mesh options.      (line 23528)
* Mesh.Color.Three:                      Mesh options.      (line 23478)
* Mesh.Color.Triangles:                  Mesh options.      (line 23418)
* Mesh.Color.Trihedra:                   Mesh options.      (line 23448)
* Mesh.Color.Twelve:                     Mesh options.      (line 23523)
* Mesh.Color.Two:                        Mesh options.      (line 23473)
* Mesh.Color.Zero:                       Mesh options.      (line 23463)
* Mesh.ColorCarousel:                    Mesh options.      (line 22384)
* Mesh.CompoundClassify:                 Mesh options.      (line 22390)
* Mesh.CompoundMeshSizeFactor:           Mesh options.      (line 22397)
* Mesh.CpuTime:                          Mesh options.      (line 22402)
* Mesh.CreateTopologyMsh2:               Mesh options.      (line 22408)
* Mesh.CrossFieldClosestPoint:           Mesh options.      (line 23256)
* Mesh.DrawSkinOnly:                     Mesh options.      (line 22413)
* Mesh.Dual:                             Mesh options.      (line 22418)
* Mesh.ElementOrder:                     Mesh options.      (line 22423)
* Mesh.Explode:                          Mesh options.      (line 22428)
* Mesh.FirstElementTag:                  Mesh options.      (line 22433)
* Mesh.FirstNodeTag:                     Mesh options.      (line 22439)
* Mesh.FlexibleTransfinite:              Mesh options.      (line 22445)
* Mesh.Format:                           Mesh options.      (line 22451)
* Mesh.Hexahedra:                        Mesh options.      (line 22459)
* Mesh.HighOrderCurveOuterBL:            Mesh options.      (line 22537)
* Mesh.HighOrderDistCAD:                 Mesh options.      (line 22464)
* Mesh.HighOrderFastCurvingNewAlgo:      Mesh options.      (line 22531)
* Mesh.HighOrderFixBoundaryNodes:        Mesh options.      (line 22469)
* Mesh.HighOrderIterMax:                 Mesh options.      (line 22475)
* Mesh.HighOrderMaxAngle:                Mesh options.      (line 22550)
* Mesh.HighOrderMaxInnerAngle:           Mesh options.      (line 22556)
* Mesh.HighOrderMaxRho:                  Mesh options.      (line 22544)
* Mesh.HighOrderNumLayers:               Mesh options.      (line 22480)
* Mesh.HighOrderOptimize:                Mesh options.      (line 22487)
* Mesh.HighOrderPassMax:                 Mesh options.      (line 22493)
* Mesh.HighOrderPeriodic:                Mesh options.      (line 22498)
* Mesh.HighOrderPoissonRatio:            Mesh options.      (line 22505)
* Mesh.HighOrderPrimSurfMesh:            Mesh options.      (line 22516)
* Mesh.HighOrderSavePeriodic:            Mesh options.      (line 22511)
* Mesh.HighOrderSkipQualityCheck:        Mesh options.      (line 22563)
* Mesh.HighOrderThresholdMax:            Mesh options.      (line 22526)
* Mesh.HighOrderThresholdMin:            Mesh options.      (line 22521)
* Mesh.IgnoreParametrization:            Mesh options.      (line 22575)
* Mesh.IgnorePeriodicity:                Mesh options.      (line 22580)
* Mesh.IgnoreUnknownSections:            Mesh options.      (line 22568)
* Mesh.LabelSampling:                    Mesh options.      (line 22586)
* Mesh.LabelType:                        Mesh options.      (line 22592)
* Mesh.LcIntegrationPrecision:           Mesh options.      (line 22598)
* Mesh.Light:                            Mesh options.      (line 22603)
* Mesh.LightLines:                       Mesh options.      (line 22608)
* Mesh.LightTwoSide:                     Mesh options.      (line 22614)
* Mesh.LineLabels:                       Mesh options.      (line 22624)
* Mesh.Lines:                            Mesh options.      (line 22619)
* Mesh.LineWidth:                        Mesh options.      (line 22629)
* Mesh.MaxIterDelaunay3D:                Mesh options.      (line 22634)
* Mesh.MaxNumThreads1D:                  Mesh options.      (line 22640)
* Mesh.MaxNumThreads2D:                  Mesh options.      (line 22646)
* Mesh.MaxNumThreads3D:                  Mesh options.      (line 22652)
* Mesh.MaxRetries:                       Mesh options.      (line 22658)
* Mesh.MedFileMinorVersion:              Mesh options.      (line 22783)
* Mesh.MedImportGroupsOfNodes:           Mesh options.      (line 22789)
* Mesh.MedSingleModel:                   Mesh options.      (line 22795)
* Mesh.MeshOnlyEmpty:                    Mesh options.      (line 22670)
* Mesh.MeshOnlyVisible:                  Mesh options.      (line 22665)
* Mesh.MeshSizeExtendFromBoundary:       Mesh options.      (line 22675)
* Mesh.MeshSizeFactor:                   Mesh options.      (line 22684)
* Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvature:            Mesh options.      (line 22699)
* Mesh.MeshSizeFromCurvatureIsotropic:   Mesh options.      (line 22705)
* Mesh.MeshSizeFromParametricPoints:     Mesh options.      (line 22716)
* Mesh.MeshSizeFromPoints:               Mesh options.      (line 22711)
* Mesh.MeshSizeMax:                      Mesh options.      (line 22694)
* Mesh.MeshSizeMin:                      Mesh options.      (line 22689)
* Mesh.MetisAlgorithm:                   Mesh options.      (line 22722)
* Mesh.MetisEdgeMatching:                Mesh options.      (line 22727)
* Mesh.MetisMaxLoadImbalance:            Mesh options.      (line 22732)
* Mesh.MetisMinConn:                     Mesh options.      (line 22744)
* Mesh.MetisObjective:                   Mesh options.      (line 22738)
* Mesh.MetisRefinementAlgorithm:         Mesh options.      (line 22750)
* Mesh.MinCircleNodes:                   Mesh options.      (line 22761)
* Mesh.MinCurveNodes:                    Mesh options.      (line 22766)
* Mesh.MinLineNodes:                     Mesh options.      (line 22756)
* Mesh.MinQuality:                       Mesh options.      (line 22772)
* Mesh.MshFileVersion:                   Mesh options.      (line 22778)
* Mesh.NbHexahedra:                      Mesh options.      (line 22801)
* Mesh.NbNodes:                          Mesh options.      (line 22806)
* Mesh.NbPartitions:                     Mesh options.      (line 22811)
* Mesh.NbPrisms:                         Mesh options.      (line 22816)
* Mesh.NbPyramids:                       Mesh options.      (line 22821)
* Mesh.NbQuadrangles:                    Mesh options.      (line 22831)
* Mesh.NbTetrahedra:                     Mesh options.      (line 22836)
* Mesh.NbTriangles:                      Mesh options.      (line 22841)
* Mesh.NbTrihedra:                       Mesh options.      (line 22826)
* Mesh.NewtonConvergenceTestXYZ:         Mesh options.      (line 22846)
* Mesh.NodeLabels:                       Mesh options.      (line 22857)
* Mesh.Nodes:                            Mesh options.      (line 22852)
* Mesh.NodeSize:                         Mesh options.      (line 22862)
* Mesh.NodeType:                         Mesh options.      (line 22867)
* Mesh.Normals:                          Mesh options.      (line 22872)
* Mesh.NumSubEdges:                      Mesh options.      (line 22877)
* Mesh.OldInitialDelaunay2D:             Mesh options.      (line 22882)
* Mesh.Optimize:                         Mesh options.      (line 22887)
* Mesh.OptimizeNetgen:                   Mesh options.      (line 22897)
* Mesh.OptimizePyramids:                 Mesh options.      (line 22903)
* Mesh.OptimizeThreshold:                Mesh options.      (line 22892)
* Mesh.PartitionConvertMsh2:             Mesh options.      (line 22988)
* Mesh.PartitionCreateGhostCells:        Mesh options.      (line 22964)
* Mesh.PartitionCreatePhysicals:         Mesh options.      (line 22958)
* Mesh.PartitionCreateTopology:          Mesh options.      (line 22953)
* Mesh.PartitionHexWeight:               Mesh options.      (line 22908)
* Mesh.PartitionLineWeight:              Mesh options.      (line 22914)
* Mesh.PartitionOldStyleMsh2:            Mesh options.      (line 22981)
* Mesh.PartitionPrismWeight:             Mesh options.      (line 22919)
* Mesh.PartitionPyramidWeight:           Mesh options.      (line 22925)
* Mesh.PartitionQuadWeight:              Mesh options.      (line 22931)
* Mesh.PartitionSplitMeshFiles:          Mesh options.      (line 22971)
* Mesh.PartitionTetWeight:               Mesh options.      (line 22942)
* Mesh.PartitionTopologyFile:            Mesh options.      (line 22976)
* Mesh.PartitionTrihedronWeight:         Mesh options.      (line 22936)
* Mesh.PartitionTriWeight:               Mesh options.      (line 22948)
* Mesh.PreserveNumberingMsh2:            Mesh options.      (line 22994)
* Mesh.Prisms:                           Mesh options.      (line 23001)
* Mesh.Pyramids:                         Mesh options.      (line 23006)
* Mesh.QuadqsRemeshingBoldness:          Mesh options.      (line 23028)
* Mesh.QuadqsScalingOnTriangulation:     Mesh options.      (line 23035)
* Mesh.QuadqsSizemapMethod:              Mesh options.      (line 23011)
* Mesh.QuadqsTopologyOptimizationMethods: Mesh options.     (line 23020)
* Mesh.Quadrangles:                      Mesh options.      (line 23043)
* Mesh.QualityInf:                       Mesh options.      (line 23048)
* Mesh.QualitySup:                       Mesh options.      (line 23054)
* Mesh.QualityType:                      Mesh options.      (line 23060)
* Mesh.QuasiTransfinite:                 Mesh options.      (line 23067)
* Mesh.RadiusInf:                        Mesh options.      (line 23073)
* Mesh.RadiusSup:                        Mesh options.      (line 23078)
* Mesh.RandomFactor:                     Mesh options.      (line 23083)
* Mesh.RandomFactor3D:                   Mesh options.      (line 23090)
* Mesh.RandomSeed:                       Mesh options.      (line 23095)
* Mesh.ReadGroupsOfElements:             Mesh options.      (line 23100)
* Mesh.RecombinationAlgorithm:           Mesh options.      (line 23106)
* Mesh.Recombine3DAll:                   Mesh options.      (line 23134)
* Mesh.Recombine3DConformity:            Mesh options.      (line 23146)
* Mesh.Recombine3DLevel:                 Mesh options.      (line 23140)
* Mesh.RecombineAll:                     Mesh options.      (line 23112)
* Mesh.RecombineMinimumQuality:          Mesh options.      (line 23129)
* Mesh.RecombineNodeRepositioning:       Mesh options.      (line 23124)
* Mesh.RecombineOptimizeTopology:        Mesh options.      (line 23118)
* Mesh.RefineSteps:                      Mesh options.      (line 23153)
* Mesh.Renumber:                         Mesh options.      (line 23158)
* Mesh.ReparamMaxTriangles:              Mesh options.      (line 23164)
* Mesh.Reproducible:                     Mesh options.      (line 23169)
* Mesh.SaveAll:                          Mesh options.      (line 23175)
* Mesh.SaveElementTagType:               Mesh options.      (line 23181)
* Mesh.SaveGroupsOfElements:             Mesh options.      (line 23188)
* Mesh.SaveGroupsOfNodes:                Mesh options.      (line 23200)
* Mesh.SaveParametric:                   Mesh options.      (line 23212)
* Mesh.SaveTopology:                     Mesh options.      (line 23223)
* Mesh.SaveWithoutOrphans:               Mesh options.      (line 23217)
* Mesh.ScalingFactor:                    Mesh options.      (line 23229)
* Mesh.SecondOrderIncomplete:            Mesh options.      (line 23234)
* Mesh.SecondOrderLinear:                Mesh options.      (line 23240)
* Mesh.SmoothCrossField:                 Mesh options.      (line 23251)
* Mesh.Smoothing:                        Mesh options.      (line 23246)
* Mesh.SmoothNormals:                    Mesh options.      (line 23261)
* Mesh.SmoothRatio:                      Mesh options.      (line 23266)
* Mesh.StlAngularDeflection:             Mesh options.      (line 23271)
* Mesh.StlLinearDeflection:              Mesh options.      (line 23277)
* Mesh.StlLinearDeflectionRelative:      Mesh options.      (line 23283)
* Mesh.StlOneSolidPerSurface:            Mesh options.      (line 23290)
* Mesh.StlRemoveBadTriangles:            Mesh options.      (line 23296)
* Mesh.SubdivisionAlgorithm:             Mesh options.      (line 23302)
* Mesh.SurfaceEdges:                     Mesh options.      (line 23308)
* Mesh.SurfaceFaces:                     Mesh options.      (line 23313)
* Mesh.SurfaceLabels:                    Mesh options.      (line 23318)
* Mesh.SwitchElementTags:                Mesh options.      (line 23323)
* Mesh.Tangents:                         Mesh options.      (line 23328)
* Mesh.Tetrahedra:                       Mesh options.      (line 23333)
* Mesh.ToleranceEdgeLength:              Mesh options.      (line 23338)
* Mesh.ToleranceInitialDelaunay:         Mesh options.      (line 23344)
* Mesh.ToleranceReferenceElement:        Mesh options.      (line 23349)
* Mesh.TransfiniteTri:                   Mesh options.      (line 23365)
* Mesh.Triangles:                        Mesh options.      (line 23355)
* Mesh.Trihedra:                         Mesh options.      (line 23360)
* Mesh.UnvStrictFormat:                  Mesh options.      (line 23371)
* Mesh.VolumeEdges:                      Mesh options.      (line 23377)
* Mesh.VolumeFaces:                      Mesh options.      (line 23382)
* Mesh.VolumeLabels:                     Mesh options.      (line 23387)
* Mesh.Voronoi:                          Mesh options.      (line 23392)
* Mesh.ZoneDefinition:                   Mesh options.      (line 23397)
* MeshAlgorithm Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6537)
* MeshSize { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION;: Mesh element sizes.
                                                            (line  6160)
* MeshSizeFromBoundary Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6540)
* Min:                                   Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25575)
* Min ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ):        Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5095)
* MinAniso:                              Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25584)
* Modulo ( EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION ):     Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5098)
* MPI_Rank:                              Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5230)
* MPI_Size:                              Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5225)
* newc:                                  Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5252)
* newcl:                                 Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5261)
* NewModel;:                             Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5522)
* newp:                                  Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5242)
* newreg:                                Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5267)
* news:                                  Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5255)
* newsl:                                 Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5264)
* newv:                                  Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5258)
* NonBlockingSystemCall STRING-EXPRESSION;: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5502)
* NUMBER-OPTION -= EXPRESSION;:          Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5375)
* NUMBER-OPTION *= EXPRESSION;:          Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5378)
* NUMBER-OPTION /= EXPRESSION;:          Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5381)
* NUMBER-OPTION += EXPRESSION;:          Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5372)
* NUMBER-OPTION = EXPRESSION;:           Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5363)
* Octree:                                Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25593)
* OnelabRun ( STRING-EXPRESSION <, STRING-EXPRESSION > ): Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5505)
* OPERATOR-BINARY:                       Operators.         (line  4956)
* OPERATOR-TERNARY-LEFT:                 Operators.         (line  4956)
* OPERATOR-TERNARY-RIGHT:                Operators.         (line  4956)
* OPERATOR-UNARY-LEFT:                   Operators.         (line  4956)
* OPERATOR-UNARY-LEFT <1>:               Operators.         (line  4956)
* OPERATOR-UNARY-RIGHT:                  Operators.         (line  4956)
* OptimizeMesh STRING-EXPRESSION;:       Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6393)
* OrientedBoundary { TRANSFORM-LIST }:   Transformations.   (line  6021)
* OrientedCombinedBoundary { TRANSFORM-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  6033)
* Param:                                 Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25602)
* Parametric Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = "STRING" "STRING" "STRING";: Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6129)
* PartitionMesh EXPRESSION;:             Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6421)
* Periodic Curve { EXPRESSION-LIST } = { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6439)
* Periodic Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = { EXPRESSION-LIST } Affine | Translate { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6459)
* Periodic Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = { EXPRESSION-LIST } Rotate { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6473)
* Periodic Surface EXPRESSION { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6448)
* Physical Curve ( EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION> ) <+|->= { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Curves.
                                                            (line  5661)
* Physical Point ( EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION> ) <+|->= { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Points.
                                                            (line  5575)
* Physical Surface ( EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION> ) <+|->= { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Surfaces.
                                                            (line  5736)
* Physical Volume ( EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION> ) <+|->= { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.
                                                            (line  5812)
* Pi:                                    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5213)
* Plane Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Surfaces.
                                                            (line  5677)
* Plugin (STRING) . Run;:                Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6665)
* Plugin (STRING) . STRING = EXPRESSION | STRING-EXPRESSION;: Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6669)
* Plugin(AnalyseMeshQuality):            Gmsh plugins.      (line 25776)
* Plugin(Annotate):                      Gmsh plugins.      (line 25837)
* Plugin(BoundaryAngles):                Gmsh plugins.      (line 25871)
* Plugin(BoundaryLayer):                 Gmsh plugins.      (line 25897)
* Plugin(Bubbles):                       Gmsh plugins.      (line 25915)
* Plugin(Crack):                         Gmsh plugins.      (line 25928)
* Plugin(Curl):                          Gmsh plugins.      (line 25965)
* Plugin(CurvedBndDist):                 Gmsh plugins.      (line 25974)
* Plugin(CutBox):                        Gmsh plugins.      (line 25977)
* Plugin(CutGrid):                       Gmsh plugins.      (line 26034)
* Plugin(CutMesh):                       Gmsh plugins.      (line 26076)
* Plugin(CutParametric):                 Gmsh plugins.      (line 26095)
* Plugin(CutPlane):                      Gmsh plugins.      (line 26132)
* Plugin(CutSphere):                     Gmsh plugins.      (line 26162)
* Plugin(DiscretizationError):           Gmsh plugins.      (line 26194)
* Plugin(Distance):                      Gmsh plugins.      (line 26202)
* Plugin(Divergence):                    Gmsh plugins.      (line 26232)
* Plugin(Eigenvalues):                   Gmsh plugins.      (line 26243)
* Plugin(Eigenvectors):                  Gmsh plugins.      (line 26254)
* Plugin(ExtractEdges):                  Gmsh plugins.      (line 26272)
* Plugin(ExtractElements):               Gmsh plugins.      (line 26281)
* Plugin(FieldFromAmplitudePhase):       Gmsh plugins.      (line 26305)
* Plugin(GaussPoints):                   Gmsh plugins.      (line 26325)
* Plugin(Gradient):                      Gmsh plugins.      (line 26338)
* Plugin(HarmonicToTime):                Gmsh plugins.      (line 26348)
* Plugin(HomologyComputation):           Gmsh plugins.      (line 26379)
* Plugin(HomologyPostProcessing):        Gmsh plugins.      (line 26421)
* Plugin(Integrate):                     Gmsh plugins.      (line 26468)
* Plugin(Invisible):                     Gmsh plugins.      (line 26493)
* Plugin(Isosurface):                    Gmsh plugins.      (line 26520)
* Plugin(Lambda2):                       Gmsh plugins.      (line 26555)
* Plugin(LongitudeLatitude):             Gmsh plugins.      (line 26577)
* Plugin(MakeSimplex):                   Gmsh plugins.      (line 26587)
* Plugin(MathEval):                      Gmsh plugins.      (line 26598)
* Plugin(MeshSizeFieldView):             Gmsh plugins.      (line 26665)
* Plugin(MeshSubEntities):               Gmsh plugins.      (line 26676)
* Plugin(MeshVolume):                    Gmsh plugins.      (line 26691)
* Plugin(MinMax):                        Gmsh plugins.      (line 26707)
* Plugin(ModifyComponents):              Gmsh plugins.      (line 26726)
* Plugin(ModulusPhase):                  Gmsh plugins.      (line 26792)
* Plugin(NearestNeighbor):               Gmsh plugins.      (line 26854)
* Plugin(NearToFarField):                Gmsh plugins.      (line 26808)
* Plugin(NewView):                       Gmsh plugins.      (line 26864)
* Plugin(Particles):                     Gmsh plugins.      (line 26885)
* Plugin(Probe):                         Gmsh plugins.      (line 26946)
* Plugin(Remove):                        Gmsh plugins.      (line 26962)
* Plugin(Scal2Tens):                     Gmsh plugins.      (line 26998)
* Plugin(Scal2Vec):                      Gmsh plugins.      (line 27028)
* Plugin(ShowNeighborElements):          Gmsh plugins.      (line 27043)
* Plugin(SimplePartition):               Gmsh plugins.      (line 27060)
* Plugin(Skin):                          Gmsh plugins.      (line 27082)
* Plugin(Smooth):                        Gmsh plugins.      (line 27096)
* Plugin(SpanningTree):                  Gmsh plugins.      (line 27105)
* Plugin(SphericalRaise):                Gmsh plugins.      (line 27136)
* Plugin(StreamLines):                   Gmsh plugins.      (line 27167)
* Plugin(Summation):                     Gmsh plugins.      (line 27228)
* Plugin(Tetrahedralize):                Gmsh plugins.      (line 27256)
* Plugin(Transform):                     Gmsh plugins.      (line 27267)
* Plugin(Triangulate):                   Gmsh plugins.      (line 27310)
* Plugin(VoroMetal):                     Gmsh plugins.      (line 27322)
* Plugin(Warp):                          Gmsh plugins.      (line 27334)
* Point ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION > };: Points.
                                                            (line  5566)
* Point | Curve { EXPRESSION-LIST } In Surface { EXPRESSION };: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6425)
* Point | Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } In Volume { EXPRESSION };: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6431)
* PointsOf { TRANSFORM-LIST }:           Transformations.   (line  6038)
* PostProcessing.AnimationCycle:         Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23870)
* PostProcessing.AnimationDelay:         Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23865)
* PostProcessing.AnimationStep:          Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23875)
* PostProcessing.Binary:                 Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23880)
* PostProcessing.CombineCopyOptions:     Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23890)
* PostProcessing.CombineRemoveOriginal:  Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23885)
* PostProcessing.DoubleClickedGraphPointCommand: Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23854)
* PostProcessing.DoubleClickedGraphPointX: Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23895)
* PostProcessing.DoubleClickedGraphPointY: Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23900)
* PostProcessing.DoubleClickedView:      Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23905)
* PostProcessing.ForceElementData:       Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23910)
* PostProcessing.ForceNodeData:          Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23915)
* PostProcessing.Format:                 Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23920)
* PostProcessing.GraphPointCommand:      Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23860)
* PostProcessing.GraphPointX:            Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23927)
* PostProcessing.GraphPointY:            Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23932)
* PostProcessing.HorizontalScales:       Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23937)
* PostProcessing.Link:                   Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23942)
* PostProcessing.NbViews:                Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23948)
* PostProcessing.Plugins:                Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23953)
* PostProcessing.SaveInterpolationMatrices: Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23958)
* PostProcessing.SaveMesh:               Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23963)
* PostProcessing.Smoothing:              Post-processing options.
                                                            (line 23968)
* PostView:                              Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25628)
* Print STRING-EXPRESSION;:              Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5489)
* Print.Background:                      Print options.     (line 21433)
* Print.CompositeWindows:                Print options.     (line 21438)
* Print.DeleteTemporaryFiles:            Print options.     (line 21444)
* Print.EpsBestRoot:                     Print options.     (line 21449)
* Print.EpsCompress:                     Print options.     (line 21455)
* Print.EpsLineWidthFactor:              Print options.     (line 21460)
* Print.EpsOcclusionCulling:             Print options.     (line 21465)
* Print.EpsPointSizeFactor:              Print options.     (line 21470)
* Print.EpsPS3Shading:                   Print options.     (line 21475)
* Print.EpsQuality:                      Print options.     (line 21480)
* Print.Format:                          Print options.     (line 21486)
* Print.GeoLabels:                       Print options.     (line 21491)
* Print.GeoOnlyPhysicals:                Print options.     (line 21496)
* Print.GifDither:                       Print options.     (line 21501)
* Print.GifInterlace:                    Print options.     (line 21506)
* Print.GifSort:                         Print options.     (line 21511)
* Print.GifTransparent:                  Print options.     (line 21516)
* Print.Height:                          Print options.     (line 21521)
* Print.JpegQuality:                     Print options.     (line 21527)
* Print.JpegSmoothing:                   Print options.     (line 21532)
* Print.Parameter:                       Print options.     (line 21413)
* Print.ParameterCommand:                Print options.     (line 21406)
* Print.ParameterFirst:                  Print options.     (line 21418)
* Print.ParameterLast:                   Print options.     (line 21423)
* Print.ParameterSteps:                  Print options.     (line 21428)
* Print.PgfExportAxis:                   Print options.     (line 21543)
* Print.PgfHorizontalBar:                Print options.     (line 21549)
* Print.PgfTwoDim:                       Print options.     (line 21537)
* Print.PostDisto:                       Print options.     (line 21590)
* Print.PostElement:                     Print options.     (line 21560)
* Print.PostElementary:                  Print options.     (line 21554)
* Print.PostEta:                         Print options.     (line 21572)
* Print.PostGamma:                       Print options.     (line 21566)
* Print.PostSICN:                        Print options.     (line 21578)
* Print.PostSIGE:                        Print options.     (line 21584)
* Print.TexAsEquation:                   Print options.     (line 21596)
* Print.TexForceFontSize:                Print options.     (line 21601)
* Print.Text:                            Print options.     (line 21612)
* Print.TexWidthInMm:                    Print options.     (line 21606)
* Print.Width:                           Print options.     (line 21666)
* Print.X3dColorize:                     Print options.     (line 21661)
* Print.X3dCompatibility:                Print options.     (line 21617)
* Print.X3dEdges:                        Print options.     (line 21644)
* Print.X3dPrecision:                    Print options.     (line 21622)
* Print.X3dRemoveInnerBorders:           Print options.     (line 21627)
* Print.X3dSurfaces:                     Print options.     (line 21637)
* Print.X3dTransparency:                 Print options.     (line 21632)
* Print.X3dVertices:                     Print options.     (line 21651)
* Print.X3dVolumes:                      Print options.     (line 21656)
* Printf ( STRING-EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION-LIST ) > STRING-EXPRESSION;: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5403)
* Printf ( STRING-EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION-LIST ) >> STRING-EXPRESSION;: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5406)
* Printf ( STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION-LIST> );: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5393)
* Rand ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5101)
* Recombine Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } < = EXPRESSION >;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6527)
* RecombineMesh;:                        Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6413)
* Rectangle ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Surfaces.
                                                            (line  5717)
* RefineMesh;:                           Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6386)
* RelocateMesh Point | Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL };: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6407)
* RenumberMeshElements;:                 Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6518)
* RenumberMeshNodes;:                    Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6514)
* ReorientMesh Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6555)
* Restrict:                              Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25652)
* Return:                                User-defined macros.
                                                            (line  5137)
* ReverseMesh Curve | Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } ;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6549)
* Rotate { { EXPRESSION-LIST }, { EXPRESSION-LIST }, EXPRESSION } { TRANSFORM-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  5993)
* Round ( EXPRESSION ):                  Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5104)
* Ruled ThruSections ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.
                                                            (line  5807)
* Ruled ThruSections { EXPRESSION-LIST }: Extrusions.       (line  5872)
* Save STRING-EXPRESSION;:               Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6563)
* Save View[EXPRESSION] STRING-EXPRESSION;: Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6673)
* SendToServer View[EXPRESSION] STRING-EXPRESSION;: Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6679)
* SetChanged;:                           Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5444)
* SetCurrentWindow EXPRESSION;:          Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5436)
* SetFactory(STRING-EXPRESSION);:        Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5512)
* SetMaxTag Point | Curve | Surface | Volume ( EXPRESSION ): Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6106)
* SetName STRING-EXPRESSION;:            Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5509)
* SetNumber( STRING-EXPRESSION , EXPRESSION );: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5357)
* SetOrder EXPRESSION;:                  Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6418)
* SetString( STRING-EXPRESSION , STRING-EXPRESSION );: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5360)
* ShapeFromFile( STRING-EXPRESSION );:   Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5420)
* Show { : }:                            Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6120)
* Sin ( EXPRESSION ):                    Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5110)
* Sinh ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5113)
* Sleep EXPRESSION;:                     Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5496)
* Smoother Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST } = EXPRESSION;: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6570)
* Solver.AlwaysListen:                   Solver options.    (line 23786)
* Solver.AutoArchiveOutputFiles:         Solver options.    (line 23791)
* Solver.AutoCheck:                      Solver options.    (line 23796)
* Solver.AutoLoadDatabase:               Solver options.    (line 23801)
* Solver.AutoMergeFile:                  Solver options.    (line 23818)
* Solver.AutoMesh:                       Solver options.    (line 23811)
* Solver.AutoSaveDatabase:               Solver options.    (line 23806)
* Solver.AutoShowLastStep:               Solver options.    (line 23829)
* Solver.AutoShowViews:                  Solver options.    (line 23823)
* Solver.Executable0:                    Solver options.    (line 23566)
* Solver.Executable1:                    Solver options.    (line 23571)
* Solver.Executable2:                    Solver options.    (line 23576)
* Solver.Executable3:                    Solver options.    (line 23581)
* Solver.Executable4:                    Solver options.    (line 23586)
* Solver.Executable5:                    Solver options.    (line 23591)
* Solver.Executable6:                    Solver options.    (line 23596)
* Solver.Executable7:                    Solver options.    (line 23601)
* Solver.Executable8:                    Solver options.    (line 23606)
* Solver.Executable9:                    Solver options.    (line 23611)
* Solver.Extension0:                     Solver options.    (line 23666)
* Solver.Extension1:                     Solver options.    (line 23671)
* Solver.Extension2:                     Solver options.    (line 23676)
* Solver.Extension3:                     Solver options.    (line 23681)
* Solver.Extension4:                     Solver options.    (line 23686)
* Solver.Extension5:                     Solver options.    (line 23691)
* Solver.Extension6:                     Solver options.    (line 23696)
* Solver.Extension7:                     Solver options.    (line 23701)
* Solver.Extension8:                     Solver options.    (line 23706)
* Solver.Extension9:                     Solver options.    (line 23711)
* Solver.Name0:                          Solver options.    (line 23616)
* Solver.Name1:                          Solver options.    (line 23621)
* Solver.Name2:                          Solver options.    (line 23626)
* Solver.Name3:                          Solver options.    (line 23631)
* Solver.Name4:                          Solver options.    (line 23636)
* Solver.Name5:                          Solver options.    (line 23641)
* Solver.Name6:                          Solver options.    (line 23646)
* Solver.Name7:                          Solver options.    (line 23651)
* Solver.Name8:                          Solver options.    (line 23656)
* Solver.Name9:                          Solver options.    (line 23661)
* Solver.OctaveInterpreter:              Solver options.    (line 23716)
* Solver.Plugins:                        Solver options.    (line 23835)
* Solver.PythonInterpreter:              Solver options.    (line 23721)
* Solver.RemoteLogin0:                   Solver options.    (line 23727)
* Solver.RemoteLogin1:                   Solver options.    (line 23732)
* Solver.RemoteLogin2:                   Solver options.    (line 23737)
* Solver.RemoteLogin3:                   Solver options.    (line 23742)
* Solver.RemoteLogin4:                   Solver options.    (line 23747)
* Solver.RemoteLogin5:                   Solver options.    (line 23752)
* Solver.RemoteLogin6:                   Solver options.    (line 23757)
* Solver.RemoteLogin7:                   Solver options.    (line 23762)
* Solver.RemoteLogin8:                   Solver options.    (line 23767)
* Solver.RemoteLogin9:                   Solver options.    (line 23772)
* Solver.ShowInvisibleParameters:        Solver options.    (line 23840)
* Solver.SocketName:                     Solver options.    (line 23777)
* Solver.Timeout:                        Solver options.    (line 23845)
* Sphere ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.    (line  5766)
* Sphere | PolarSphere ( EXPRESSION ) = {EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION};: Other geometry commands.
                                                            (line  6123)
* Spline ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Curves.     (line  5603)
* Split Curve { EXPRESSION } Point { EXPRESSION-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  6055)
* SplitCurrentWindowHorizontal EXPRESSION;: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5428)
* SplitCurrentWindowVertical EXPRESSION;: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5432)
* Sqrt ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5107)
* Step ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5116)
* STRING -= { EXPRESSION-LIST };:        Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5309)
* STRING -= EXPRESSION;:                 Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5294)
* STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] -= { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5318)
* STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] *= { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5323)
* STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] /= { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5328)
* STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] += { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5313)
* STRING [ { EXPRESSION-LIST } ] = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5284)
* STRING *= EXPRESSION;:                 Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5298)
* STRING /= EXPRESSION;:                 Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5302)
* STRING += { EXPRESSION-LIST };:        Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5305)
* STRING += EXPRESSION;:                 Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5291)
* STRING = { };:                         Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5273)
* STRING = EXPRESSION;:                  Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5208)
* STRING = STRING-EXPRESSION;:           Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5333)
* STRING-OPTION = STRING-EXPRESSION;:    Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5366)
* STRING[] += Str( STRING-EXPRESSION-LIST ) ;: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5342)
* STRING[] = { EXPRESSION-LIST };:       Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5277)
* STRING[] = Str( STRING-EXPRESSION-LIST ) ;: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5337)
* Structured:                            Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25688)
* Surface ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST } < In Sphere { EXPRESSION }, Using Point { EXPRESSION-LIST } >;: Surfaces.
                                                            (line  5690)
* Surface Loop ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST } < Using Sewing >;: Surfaces.
                                                            (line  5724)
* Symmetry { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  6000)
* SyncModel;:                            Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5517)
* SystemCall STRING-EXPRESSION;:         Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5499)
* Tan ( EXPRESSION ):                    Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5119)
* Tanh ( EXPRESSION ):                   Built-in functions.
                                                            (line  5122)
* Threshold:                             Gmsh mesh size fields.
                                                            (line 25729)
* ThruSections ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.
                                                            (line  5803)
* ThruSections { EXPRESSION-LIST }:      Extrusions.        (line  5868)
* Torus ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.     (line  5785)
* TotalMemory:                           Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5239)
* Transfinite Curve { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } = EXPRESSION < Using Progression | Bump EXPRESSION >;: Structured grids.
                                                            (line  6316)
* Transfinite Surface { EXPRESSION-LIST-OR-ALL } < = { EXPRESSION-LIST } > < Left | Right | Alternate | AlternateRight | AlternateLeft > ;: Structured grids.
                                                            (line  6331)
* Transfinite Volume { EXPRESSION-LIST } < = { EXPRESSION-LIST } > ;: Structured grids.
                                                            (line  6347)
* TRANSFORM:                             Transformations.   (line  5976)
* TransformMesh { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST };: Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6380)
* TransformMesh { EXPRESSION-LIST };:    Other mesh commands.
                                                            (line  6375)
* TransfQuadTri { EXPRESSION-LIST } ;:   Structured grids.  (line  6357)
* Translate { EXPRESSION-LIST } { TRANSFORM-LIST }: Transformations.
                                                            (line  6010)
* UnsplitWindow;:                        Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5441)
* View "STRING" { STRING < ( EXPRESSION-LIST ) > { EXPRESSION-LIST }; ... };: Post-processing scripting commands.
                                                            (line  6683)
* View.AbscissaRangeType:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24118)
* View.AdaptVisualizationGrid:           Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24123)
* View.AngleSmoothNormals:               Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24128)
* View.ArrowSizeMax:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24133)
* View.ArrowSizeMin:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24138)
* View.Attributes:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 23985)
* View.AutoPosition:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24143)
* View.Axes:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24151)
* View.AxesAutoPosition:                 Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24162)
* View.AxesFormatX:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 23992)
* View.AxesFormatY:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 23997)
* View.AxesFormatZ:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24002)
* View.AxesLabelX:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24007)
* View.AxesLabelY:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24012)
* View.AxesLabelZ:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24017)
* View.AxesMaxX:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24167)
* View.AxesMaxY:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24172)
* View.AxesMaxZ:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24177)
* View.AxesMikado:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24157)
* View.AxesMinX:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24182)
* View.AxesMinY:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24187)
* View.AxesMinZ:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24192)
* View.AxesTicsX:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24197)
* View.AxesTicsY:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24202)
* View.AxesTicsZ:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24207)
* View.Boundary:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24212)
* View.CenterGlyphs:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24218)
* View.Clip:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24224)
* View.Closed:                           Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24229)
* View.Color.Axes:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24839)
* View.Color.Background2D:               Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24844)
* View.Color.Hexahedra:                  Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24799)
* View.Color.Lines:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24779)
* View.Color.Normals:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24824)
* View.Color.Points:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24774)
* View.Color.Prisms:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24804)
* View.Color.Pyramids:                   Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24809)
* View.Color.Quadrangles:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24789)
* View.Color.Tangents:                   Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24819)
* View.Color.Tetrahedra:                 Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24794)
* View.Color.Text2D:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24829)
* View.Color.Text3D:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24834)
* View.Color.Triangles:                  Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24784)
* View.Color.Trihedra:                   Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24814)
* View.ColormapAlpha:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24234)
* View.ColormapAlphaPower:               Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24239)
* View.ColormapBeta:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24244)
* View.ColormapBias:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24249)
* View.ColormapCurvature:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24254)
* View.ColormapInvert:                   Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24259)
* View.ColormapNumber:                   Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24265)
* View.ColormapRotation:                 Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24274)
* View.ColormapSwap:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24279)
* View.ColorTable:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24849)
* View.ComponentMap0:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24284)
* View.ComponentMap1:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24289)
* View.ComponentMap2:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24294)
* View.ComponentMap3:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24299)
* View.ComponentMap4:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24304)
* View.ComponentMap5:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24309)
* View.ComponentMap6:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24314)
* View.ComponentMap7:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24319)
* View.ComponentMap8:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24324)
* View.CustomAbscissaMax:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24329)
* View.CustomAbscissaMin:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24334)
* View.CustomMax:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24339)
* View.CustomMin:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24344)
* View.DisplacementFactor:               Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24349)
* View.DoubleClickedCommand:             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24022)
* View.DrawHexahedra:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24354)
* View.DrawLines:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24359)
* View.DrawPoints:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24364)
* View.DrawPrisms:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24369)
* View.DrawPyramids:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24374)
* View.DrawQuadrangles:                  Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24384)
* View.DrawScalars:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24389)
* View.DrawSkinOnly:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24394)
* View.DrawStrings:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24399)
* View.DrawTensors:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24404)
* View.DrawTetrahedra:                   Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24409)
* View.DrawTriangles:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24414)
* View.DrawTrihedra:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24379)
* View.DrawVectors:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24419)
* View.Explode:                          Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24424)
* View.ExternalView:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24429)
* View.FakeTransparency:                 Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24434)
* View.FileName:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24027)
* View.ForceNumComponents:               Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24439)
* View.GeneralizedRaiseFactor:           Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24445)
* View.GeneralizedRaiseView:             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24450)
* View.GeneralizedRaiseX:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24032)
* View.GeneralizedRaiseY:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24039)
* View.GeneralizedRaiseZ:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24046)
* View.GlyphLocation:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24455)
* View.Group:                            Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24053)
* View.Height:                           Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24461)
* View.IntervalsType:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24466)
* View.Light:                            Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24472)
* View.LightLines:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24477)
* View.LightTwoSide:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24482)
* View.LineType:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24487)
* View.LineWidth:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24493)
* View.Max:                              Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24503)
* View.MaxRecursionLevel:                Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24498)
* View.MaxVisible:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24508)
* View.MaxX:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24514)
* View.MaxY:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24519)
* View.MaxZ:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24524)
* View.Min:                              Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24529)
* View.MinVisible:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24534)
* View.MinX:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24540)
* View.MinY:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24545)
* View.MinZ:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24550)
* View.Name:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24058)
* View.NbIso:                            Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24555)
* View.NbTimeStep:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24560)
* View.NormalRaise:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24565)
* View.Normals:                          Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24570)
* View.NumberFormat:                     Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24063)
* View.OffsetX:                          Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24575)
* View.OffsetY:                          Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24580)
* View.OffsetZ:                          Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24585)
* View.PointSize:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24590)
* View.PointType:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24595)
* View.PositionX:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24601)
* View.PositionY:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24607)
* View.RaiseX:                           Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24613)
* View.RaiseY:                           Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24618)
* View.RaiseZ:                           Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24623)
* View.RangeType:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24628)
* View.Sampling:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24633)
* View.SaturateValues:                   Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24638)
* View.ScaleType:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24643)
* View.ShowElement:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24648)
* View.ShowScale:                        Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24653)
* View.ShowTime:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24658)
* View.SmoothNormals:                    Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24665)
* View.Stipple:                          Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24670)
* View.Stipple0:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24068)
* View.Stipple1:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24073)
* View.Stipple2:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24078)
* View.Stipple3:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24083)
* View.Stipple4:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24088)
* View.Stipple5:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24093)
* View.Stipple6:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24098)
* View.Stipple7:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24103)
* View.Stipple8:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24108)
* View.Stipple9:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24113)
* View.Tangents:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24675)
* View.TargetError:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24680)
* View.TensorType:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24685)
* View.Time:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24697)
* View.TimeStep:                         Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24692)
* View.TransformXX:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24703)
* View.TransformXY:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24708)
* View.TransformXZ:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24713)
* View.TransformYX:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24718)
* View.TransformYY:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24723)
* View.TransformYZ:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24728)
* View.TransformZX:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24733)
* View.TransformZY:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24738)
* View.TransformZZ:                      Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24743)
* View.Type:                             Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24748)
* View.UseGeneralizedRaise:              Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24753)
* View.VectorType:                       Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24758)
* View.Visible:                          Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24764)
* View.Width:                            Post-processing view options.
                                                            (line 24769)
* Volume ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.    (line  5753)
* Warning|Error ( STRING-EXPRESSION <, EXPRESSION-LIST> );: Other general commands.
                                                            (line  5410)
* Wedge ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Volumes.     (line  5797)
* Wire ( EXPRESSION ) = { EXPRESSION-LIST };: Curves.       (line  5656)

